Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DSE Mathematics
(Compulsory Part)
a 2 2ab + b 2 (a b) 2
a 3 + b3 (a + b)(a 2 ab + b 2 )
a 3 b3 (a b)(a 2 + ab + b 2 )
Page 1
x
x
+3x
+3
1
x = +2x
q
a
7 13
2
< i.e.
b b 2 4ac
.
2a
7 + 13
7 13
or
2
2
Discriminant
( = b 2 4ac )
Nature of roots
>0
=0
<0
no real roots
b
a
product of roots = =
c
a
x= 7
Page 2
2
x=0
x 1
2 x( x 1) = 0 Multiply both sides by x 1.
2 x2 + x = 0
x + 2x = 0 .
x + 2x = 0
x = 2 x
( x ) 2 = (2 x) 2 Square both sides.
x = 4x2
x2 x 2 = 0
4x2 x = 0
( x + 1)( x 2) = 0
x(4 x 1) = 0
x = 1 or
x=2
x = 0 or
2x
1
(rejected)
4
= (2 ) = u
x 2
u (u 1) = 0
u = 0 or u = 1
u2 u = 0
u (u 1) = 0
u = 0 or u = 1
Since 2 = u , we have
2 = 0 (rejected) or 2 = 1
x
x=
Logarithmic Equations
e.g. Solve (log 3 x) 2 log 3 x = 0 . (2)
Exponential Equations
e.g. Solve 2 2 x 2 x = 0 . (1)
2
log 3 x = 0 or log 3 x = 1
x=0
x = 1 or
x=3
Complex Numbers
Complex number a + bi , where a and b are real numbers and i 2 = 1, i.e. i = 1 .
a + bi is purely real if and only if b = 0 .
a + bi is purely imaginary if and only if a = 0 and b 0 .
Addition
Subtraction
(a + bi ) + (c + di ) = (a + c) + (b + d )i
(a + bi ) (c + di ) = (a c) + (b d )i
Multiplication
Division
(a + bi )(c + di ) = (a + bi )(c) + (a + bi )(di )
a + bi a + bi c di ac + bd bc ad
=
=
+
i
= (ac bd ) + (ad + bc)i
c + di c + di c di c 2 + d 2 c 2 + d 2
Equality
a + bi = c + di if and only if a = c and b = d .
Page 3
a>0
a<0
k
(a) To complete the square for x2 kx, add . Then
2
2
k
k
k k
x kx + = x 2 2 x + = x
2
2
2 2
2
(b) For a quadratic function y = a(x h) + k,
(i) if a > 0, then the minimum value of y is k when x = h,
(ii) if a < 0, then the maximum value of y is k when x = h.
2
Laws of Indices
For integral indices p and q, let a, b be real numbers.
For rational indices p and q, let a, b be nonnegative numbers.
1. a p a q = a p + q
ap
2.
= a p q , where a 0
q
a
3. (a p ) q = a pq
4. (ab) p = a p b p
p
7.
ap
a
=
, where b 0
bp
b
1
= a p , where a 0
p
a
a 0 = 1, where a 0
8.
5.
6.
Page 4
log a a = 1
3.
4.
5.
a log a M = M
log b N
7. log a N =
, where b > 0 and b 1
log b a
Note:
log a x is undefined for x 0 .
6.
Percentages
new value = initial value (1 + percenatge change)
new value initial value
percentage change =
100%
initial value
Selling problems
A book is marked at $78 for sale. A customer is offered a 10% discount. Find the selling price.
selling price = marked price (1 discount percent)
= $78 (1 10%) = $70.2
Simple and compound interest
A= P+I
simple interest I = P r % n
compound interest I = P (1 + r %) n P
where A: amount, P: principal, I: interest, r: interest rate per period, n: number of periods.
Ratio
Given a : b = 3 : 4 and b : c = 6 : 7 . Find a : b : c .
Since L.C.M . of 4 and 6 is 12
a : b : c = 9 :12 :14
Page 5
a :b
= 3: 4
b:c = 6:7
a : b : c = 9 :12 :14
x+ z
If x, y, z form an arithmetic sequence, then y =
.
2
Geometric sequence
a, ar , ar 2 , ar 3 , L . Common ratio = r . First term T (1) = a
nth term T (n) = ar n 1
Let the sum of the first n terms be S (n) = T (1) + T (2) + T (3) + L + T (n) , then
S (n) =
a (r n 1)
, r 1
r 1
a
, 1 < r < 1
1 r
If x, y, z form a geometric sequence, then y 2 = xz , i.e. y = xz .
Sum to infinity =
Page 6
= 0.1 +
0.06
1 6 1
= +
=
1 0.1 10 90 6
2
y = ax + bx + c
By substitution
Ax + B (ax 2 + bx + c) + C = 0
Bax 2 + ( A + Bb) x + ( Bc + C ) = 0
Since A, B, C , a, b, c are known, x can be find by quadratic formula.
( Ax + C )
Having found x, y =
.
B
By graphical method
Inequalities
Rule 1 If a < b and b < c , then a < c .
Rule 2 Addition to both sides does not change the inequalities sign.
a < b then a + c < b + c
Rule 3 For c > 0, a < b then ac < bc .
For c < 0, a < b then ac > bc .
Graphical representation
Page 7
x+ y 3
x0
(b) Hence find the maximum and minimum value of f ( x, y ) = x 2 y subject to the above
constraints. Consider the intersecting points
(x,y)
f ( x, y ) = x 2 y
2
(0,1)
6
(0, 3)
6
(4, 1)
Maximum value = 6 and minimum value = 6
Alternative method:
Draw a dotted line of x 2 y = 0 .
To determine the extremes of x 2 y , move the dotted line vertically and find the two critical
positions such that the line is about to leave the shaded region. The value of x 2y at the two
extreme positions give the maximum and minimum.
Page 8
2 14LL1
16 200LL10 ( A)
16
2 3LL 1
16
2 7 LL 0
12LL 8
0LL12 (C )
2 1LL 1
0LL1
Transformations of functions
The following table summarizes the transformations of the graph of a function y = f ( x) and the
corresponding transformations of the function.
Transformation of the graph
y = f ( x) + k
y = f ( x) = k
y = f (x + k)
y = f (x k)
y = f ( x)
y = f ( x)
1
times the original, where k > 1
k
1
Reduce along the x-axis
times the original, where 0 < k < 1
k
Page 9
y = kf ( x)
y = f (kx)
a+b+c+d
(a + b)h
2
4a
xy
2
2 r
r2
b
Rhombus
aa
a
y
x
a
Area
Circle
r
Sector
2 r
+ 2r
360o
r2
Volume
Surface Area
a3
6a 2
blh
2(bh + bl + hl )
360o
Solids
Cube
a
Cuboid
b
l
h
Page 10
Ah
Base perimeter h + 2 A
r 2h
2 rh + 2 r 2
1
Ah
3
1 2
r h
3
rl + r 2
4 3
r
3
4 r 2
Cylinder
Pyramid
Cone
Sphere
Eulaers formula
Page 11
2
3
l1
A1 l1 V1
l1 A1 V1
=
,
=
,
=
=
A2 l2 V2
l2 A2 V2
l2
l1 : length of figure 1, l2 : corresponding length of figure 2
A1 : face area of figure 1, l2 : corresponding face area of figure 2
V1 : volume of figure 1, l2 : volume length of figure 2
Congruent Triangles
Properties of congruent triangles:
If ABC XYZ, then
(i) A = X, B = Y, C = Z,
(ii) AB = XY, BC = YZ, CA = ZX.
Conditions for congruent triangles:
(i) SSS
(ii) SAS
(iii) AAS
(iv) ASA
(v) RHS
Similar Triangles
Properties of similar triangles:
If ABC ~ XYZ, then
(i) A = X, B = Y, C = Z,
(ii)
AB BC CA
=
=
.
XY YZ ZX
(i) AAA
(ii)
3 sides prop.
AB BC CA
=
=
XY YZ ZX
Page 12
Reflection
axis of relection
Rotation
Enlargement
Centre of rotation
Geometry
Abbreviation
Meaning
Abbreviation
Meaning
s at a pt.
a + 47o = 180o
corr. s, AB // CD
vert. opp. s
c = 50o
a = 40o
alt. s, AB // CD
int. s, AB // CD
b = 50o
c + 150o = 180o
Page 13
ext. of
a + b + c = 180
c = a+b
base s isos.
If AB = AC, then
B = C
prop. of isos.
If AB = AC and one of
the following
conditions
(i) BD = DC
(ii) BAD = CAD
(iii) AD BC
prop. of equil.
If AB = BC = AC, then
A = B = C = 60
Pyth. theorem
In ABC, if
C = 90 , then
a2 + b2 = c2
Mid-pt. Thm.
sum of polygon
In ABC, if
a + b 2 = c 2 , then
C = 90
2
If AM = MB and AN =
NC, then MN // BC
1
and MN = BC
2
prop. of trapezium
Intercept Thm.
If AB// CD // EF, then
BD : DF = AC : CE .
sum of ext. s of
polygon
Sum of all exterior
angles of n-sided
convex polygon = 360o
AD = BC and AB = DC
Page 14
diag. of //gram
A = C and
B = D
AO = CO and
BO = DO
prop. of rhombus
prop. of rectangle
prop. of //gram
diagonals bisect
interior angles
diagonals are
prop. of // gram
equal diagonals
prop. of square
If ON AB , then AN
= BN.
prop. of rhombus
prop of rectangle
If OM AB ,
ON CD and AB =
CD, then OM = ON.
If AN = BN, then
ON AB
at centre twice at
ce
If OM AB ,
ON CD and OM =
ON, then AB = CD.
q = 2p
converse of in
semi-circle
in semi-circle
If AB is a diameter,
then APB = 90.
Page 15
If AOB = COD,
) )
then AB = CD
) )
If AOB = COD,
then AB = CD
If AB = CD , then
AOB = COD
) )
If AB = CD, then
AOB = COD
If AB = CD , then
AB = CD
arcs prop. to s at centre
) )
If AB = CD, then
) )
AB = CD
AB : CD = x : y
arcs prop. to s at ce
) )
A + C = 180 and
B + D = 180
AB : CD = m : n
Converse of s in the
same segment
If p = q, then A, B, C
and D are concyclic.
DCE = A
opp. s supp.
If a + c = 180 (or
b + d = 180o ), then A,
B, C and D are
concyclic.
If p = q, then A, B, C
and D are concyclic.
converse of tangent
radius
tangentradius
If PQ is the tangent to
the circle at T, then
PQOT.
Page 16
If PQOT, then PQ is
the tangent to the
circle at T.
in alt. segment
A tangent-chord angle
of a circle is equal to
an angle in the
alternate segment.
ATQ = ABT
converse of in alt.
segment
If ATQ = ABT, then
PQ is the tangent to the
circle at T.
.
CD is the altitude of AB in ABC.
Page 17
1.
2.
3.
These 4 points exist for any triangle. But they may or may not coincide.
There exists exactly one circle with incentre as centre such that it touches all the 3 sides of
the triangle. (i.e. the 3 sides are tangents.)
There exists exactly one circle with circumference as centre such that it passes through all the
3 vertices of the triangle.
Coordinates Geometry
Let the points A, B be ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) respectively.
Distance formul,
AB = ( x1 x2 ) 2 + ( y1 y2 ) 2
x + x y + y2
midpoint of AB = 1 2 , 1
2
2
nx + mx2 ny1 + my2
If AP : PB = m : n , then P = 1
,
m+n
m+n
Straight lines
y2 y1
x2 x1
Let m1 , m2 be slopes of lines L1, L2 respectively and L1, L2 are not vertical lines.
Then L1 // L2 , m1 = m2 , L1 L2 , m1m2 = 1 .
Equation of straight lines
Point slope form
y y1 = m( x x1 )
General form
Ax + By + C = 0
A
Slope =
if B 0 (if B = 0, is undefined)
B
C
xintercept =
if A 0 (if A = 0, the line does not cut the xaxis)
A
C
yintercept =
if B 0 (if B = 0, the linen does not cut the yaxis)
B
Slope of AB =
Page 18
2 2
2
Radius
D E
+ F
2 2
Polar coordinates
Trigonometric identities
sin
1. tan =
cos
2.
sin 2 + cos 2 = 1
3.
sin(90o ) = cos
4.
cos(90o ) = sin
5.
tan(90o ) =
1
tan
6.
sin(90o + ) = cos
7.
cos(90o + ) = sin
8.
tan(90o + ) =
Page 19
1
tan
sin(180 ) = sin
Graphs of y = cosx
Graphs of y = tanx
Page 20
Page 21
Data Handling
Simple Statistical Diagrams and Graphs
Pie chart
Stem-and-leaf diagram
e.g.
e.g.
Weights of 10 dogs
leaf (1 kg)
5
6
1
1
7
3
4
6
2
1
Histograms
e.g. The histogram on the right is constructed
from the frequency distribution table below.
Hourly
wage
($)
25 29
30 34
35 39
40 44
45 49
Class
boundaries
($)
24.5 29.5
29.5 34.5
34.5 39.5
39.5 44.5
44.5 49.5
Class
mark
($)
27
32
37
42
47
Frequency
15
22
11
4
3
Frequency polygon
e.g. The following table shows the amount of time spent by 60 customers in a supermarket.
Time spent
(min)
11 20
Class mark
(min)
15.5
No. of
customers
9
21 30
25.5
21
31 40
35.5
16
41 50
45.5
51 60
55.5
61 70
65.5
Page 22
Data Handling
Cumulative frequency polygon
The following table shows the age distribution of 50 teachers in a school
20 24 25 29
30 34 35 39 40 44
Age
2
9
18
11
6
Frequency
The cumulative frequency table of the above data is constructed below
19.5
24.5
29.5
34.5
39.5
44.5
Cumulative
0
2
11
29
40
46
Frequency
The cumulative frequency polygon of the above data is constructed below
Page 23
45 49
4
49.5
50
Data Handling
Measures of Dispersion
Range
Ungrouped data: range = largest datum smallest datum
Grouped data: range = highest class boundary lowest class boundary.
Inter-quartile range
Ungrouped data:
Standard deviation
( x1 x ) 2 + ( x2 x ) 2 + ( x3 x ) 2 + L + ( xn x ) 2
n
For grouped data,
f1 ( x1 x ) 2 + f 2 ( x2 x )2 + f 3 ( x3 x ) 2 + L + f n ( xn x ) 2
f1 + f 2 + f 3 + L + f n
Standard Score
For a set of data with mean x and standard deviation , the standard score z of a given datum x is
xx
given by z =
.
Normal distribution
Characteristics of a normal curve:
1. It is bell-shaped.
2.
3.
Page 24
Data Handling
Probability
Theoretical probability
In the case of an activity where all the possible outcomes are equally likely, the probability of an
event E, denoted by P(E), is given by
number of outcomes favourable to the event E
Theoretical probability P( E ) =
total number of possible outcomes
where 0 P ( E ) 1 .
Note that P(impossible event) = 0 and P(certain event) = 1
Experimental probability
The experimental probability P(E) of an event E is defined as follows:
number of times event E occurs in an experiment
P( E ) =
or
total number of trials
P ( E ) = relative frequency of event E
For a large number of trials, the experimental probability is close to the theoretical probability
which is deduced from theories.
Permutation
An arrangement of a set of objects selected from a group in a definite order is called a
permutation.
(i) The number of permutations of n distinct objects is n!.
e.g. Arrange 5 students in a row.
Number of arrangements = 5! = 120
(ii) The number of permutations of n distinct objects taken r at a time, denoted by Prn , is
n!
.
(n r )!
e.g. Choose 5 out of 7 students, and arrange them in a row.
Number of arrangements = P57 = 2520
Combination
A selection of r objects from n distinct objects regardless of their order is called a combination.
n!
The number of combinations of n distinct objects taken r at a time, denoted by C rn , is
.
(n r )!r!
e.g. Choose 2 from a list of 12 friends to invite to a party.
Number of ways of choosing = C 212 = 66
Additional law of probability
Mutually exclusive events events that cannot occur at the same time..
If events A and B are mutually exclusive, then
P ( A B ) = P ( A) + P ( B )
If events E1 , E2 , E3 , L , En are mutually exclusive events, then
P ( E1 E2 E3 L En ) = P ( E1 ) + P ( E2 ) + P( E3 ) + L + P( En )
If events A and B are not mutually exclusive, then
P ( A B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) P ( A B ) where P ( A B ) 0
Multiplication Law of Probability
If the probability that one event occurs is not affected by the occurrence of another event,
these two events are called independent events.
Multiplication law of probability for independent events:
If A and B are two independent events, then P ( A B ) = P ( A) P ( B )
If the probability that one event occurs is affected by the occurrence of another event, these
two events are called dependent events.
Page 25
Data Handling
Multiplication law of probability for dependent events:
If A and B are two dependent events, then P ( A B ) = P ( A) P ( B | A) , where
P ( B | A) is the probability that event B occurs given that event A has occurred.
Expected value (i.e expectation)
E ( X ) = P1 x1 + P2 x2 + P3 x3 + L + Pn xn , where P1 , P2 ,L are probabilities of events E1 , E2 , L and
x1 , x2 , L are the corresponding value of E1 , E2 , L .
Complementary events
If A and A are complementary events, then
(1) A happens if A does not happen and B does not happen if A happens;
(2) P ( A A ') = 0 (i.e. mutually exclusive);
(3) P ( A ') = 1 P ( A)
Page 26