Detailing of Members

Beams
Slabs, one-way and two-way spanning
Flat slabs
Columns
Walls
Deep beams
Foundations: Pile caps, Column & wall footings
Tying systems
Detailing rules for particular situations
Detailing comparisons EC2 v BS 8110

Beams
EC2: Cl. 9.2

As,min = 0,26 (fctm/fyk)btd but 0,0013btd

As,max = 0,04 Ac
Section at supports should be designed for a
hogging moment 0,25 max. span moment
Any design compression reinforcement () should be
held by transverse reinforcement with spacing 15

Beams
EC2: Cl. 9.2

Tension reinforcement in a flanged beam at

supports should be spread over the effective width
(see 5.3.2.1)

Shear Design: Links

EC2: Cl. 6.2.3

Variable strut method allows a shallower strut angle

hence activating more links.
As strut angle reduces concrete stress increases
V
z

x
Angle = 45 V carried on 3 links

x
Angle = 21.8 V carried on 6 links

Short Shear Spans with Direct

Strut Action
EC2: Cl. 6.2.3 (8)
d
av

d
av

Where av 2d the applied shear force, VEd, for a point load

(eg, corbel, pile cap etc) may be reduced by a factor av/2d
where 0.5 av 2d provided:
The longitudinal reinforcement is fully anchored at the support.
Only that shear reinforcement provided within the central 0.75av is
included in the resistance.

Note: see PD6687-1:2010 Cl 2.14 for more information.

Shear reinforcement
EC2: Cl. 9.2.2

Minimum shear reinforcement, w,min = (0,08(fck)/fyk

Maximum longitudinal spacing, sl,max = 0,75d (1 + cot)

For vertical links sl,max = 0,75d
Maximum transverse spacing, st,max = 0,75d 600 mm

Curtailment
EC2: Cl. 9.2.1.3
(1) Sufficient reinforcement should be provided at all sections to resist the
envelope of the acting tensile force, including the effect of inclined cracks
in webs and flanges.
(2) For members with shear reinforcement the additional tensile force, Ftd,
should be calculated according to 6.2.3 (7). For members without shear
reinforcement Ftd may be estimated by shifting the moment curve a
distance al = d according to 6.2.2 (5). This "shift rule may also be used
as an alternative for members with shear reinforcement, where:
al = z (cot - cot )/2 = 0.5 z cot for vertical shear links
z= lever arm, = angle of compression strut
al = 1.125 d when cot = 2.5 and 0.45 d when cot = 1

Curtailment of reinforcement
EC2: Cl. 9.2.1.3, Fig 9.2

Concise: 12.2.2

Envelope of (M Ed /z +N Ed)

lbd
lbd

Acting tensile force

Resisting tensile force

lbd
al

lbd

Ftd

al
Ftd
lbd

lbd
lbd

lbd

Shift rule

For members without shear reinforcement this is satisfied with al = d

For members with shear reinforcement: al = 0.5 z Cot
But it is always conservative to use al = 1.125d

Anchorage of Bottom
Reinforcement at End Supports
EC2: Cl. 9.2.1.4
Tensile Force Envelope
al

Shear shift rule

Simple support (indirect)

Simple support (direct)

As bottom steel at support 0.25 As provided in the span

lbd is required from the line of contact of the support.
Transverse pressure may only be taken into account with
a direct support.

Simplified Detailing Rules for

Beams
Concise: Cl 12.2.4

How to.EC2
Detailing section

Supporting Reinforcement at
Indirect Supports
Concise: Cl 12.2.8
EC2: Cl. 9.2.5
A

supporting beam with height h1

supported beam with height h2 (h1 h2)

B
h 2 /3

h 2 /2

Plan view
The supporting reinforcement is in
addition to that required for other
reasons

h 1 /3

h 1 /2

The supporting links may be placed in a zone beyond

the intersection of beams

Solid Slabs
One-way and two-way spanning
EC2: Cl 9.3

Solid slabs
EC2: Cl. 9.3

Curtailment as beams except for the Shift rule al = d

may be used
Flexural Reinforcement min and max areas as beam
Secondary transverse steel not less than 20% main
reinforcement
Reinforcement at Free Edges

Solid slabs
EC2: Cl. 9.3

Where partial fixity exists, not taken into account in design: Internal
supports: As,top 0,25As of Mmax in adjacent span
End supports:
As,top 0,15As of Mmax in adjacent span
This top reinforcement should extend 0,2 adjacent span

Flat slabs
EC2: Cl 9.4

Flat Slabs - Introduction

What are flat slabs?

Solid concrete floors of constant thickness
They have flat soffits

Particular rules for flat slabs

Distribution of moments
EC2: Figure I.1

Concise Figure 5.11

Particular rules for flat slabs

Distribution of moments
EC2: Table I.1

Concise: Table 5.2

Particular rules for flat slabs

EC2: Cl. 9.4

Concise: 12.4.1

Arrangement of reinforcement should reflect behaviour

under working conditions.
At internal columns top reinforcement of area 0.5At
should be placed in a width = 0.25 panel width.
At least two bottom bars should pass through internal
columns in each orthogonal direction.

Particular rules for flat slabs

EC2: Figure 9.9

Concise Figure 5.12

Design reinforcement at edge and corner reinforcement

should be placed within the be
cz

cz

cy

cy

y
be = cz + y

z
be = z + y/2

Flat slabs Top steel example

Flat slabs Top steel example

Equivalent frame method

8m

Flat slabs Top steel example

TR 64 Figure 14
Reduction in maximum hogging moment
at columns

Flat slabs Top steel example

Flat slab example design information
Area of reinforcement to resist full negative moment, At = 8000mm2
Panel width = 8.0m
Column strip width = 4.0m

Middle strip width = 4.0m

0.5 At in a width of 0.125 panel width either side of the column ie:
4000mm2 in width of 2m

Distribution of top reinforcement

Assume a total area of steel, At = 8000 mm2
Distribution 75% Column strip & 25% Middle strip
6000 mm2
2000 mm2

Bending moment (kNm/m)

600
500

Centre column strip:

4000 mm2 or 2000 mm2/m

400

Outer column strip:

0.75 x 8000 4000
= 2000 mm2 or 1000 mm2/m

300

Middle strip:
0.25 x 8000 = 2000 mm2
or 500 mm2/m

200
100
0

Distance (m)

Punching shear

Punching Shear
Cl. 6.4

Figure 8.3

Punching shear does not use the Variable Strut inclination method
and is similar to BS 8110 methods
The basic control perimeter is set at 2d from the loaded area
The shape of control perimeters have rounded corners
2d

2d
u1

2d

u1
2d

bz

by

u1

Punching Shear Reinforcement (1)

EC2: Cl. 6.4.5

Outer control
perimeter

Figures 12.5 & 12.6

Outer perimeter of shear

reinforcement

0.75d
kd

1.5d (2d if > 2d from

column)

0.5d

0.75d

0.5d

Outer control
perimeter
kd

Section A - A

The outer control perimeter at

which shear reinforcement is not
required, should be calculated
from:
uout,ef = VEd / (vRd,c d)
The outermost perimeter of
shear reinforcement should be
placed at a distance not
greater than kd ( k = 1.5)
within the outer control
perimeter.

Punching Shear Reinforcement (2)

EC2: Cl. 6.4.5

Figure 8.10

Where proprietary systems are used the control perimeter at which

shear reinforcement is not required, uout or uout,ef (see Figure) should be
calculated from the following expression:
uout,ef = VEd / (vRd,c d)
uout,ef
uout
2d

> 2d

1,5d

1,5d
d

Columns
EC2: Cl 9.5

Columns
EC2: Cl. 9.5.2

h 4b
min 12
As,min = 0,10NEd/fyd but 0,002 Ac
As,max = 0.04 Ac

(0,08Ac at laps)

Minimum number of bars in a circular column is 4.

Where direction of longitudinal bars changes more than
1:12 the spacing of transverse reinforcement should be
calculated.

Columns
EC2: Cl. 9.5.3

150mm

scl,tmax

150mm

scl,tmax = min {20 min; b ; 400mm}

scl,tmax should be reduced by a factor 0,6:
in sections within h above or below a beam
or slab
near lapped joints where > 14.
A min of 3 bars is required in lap length
scl,tmax = min {12 min; 0.6b ; 240mm}

Column starter bars - foundations

Column starter bars should be anchored, with a full compression
lap length.
Bends and hooks cannot be considered to contribute to the
compression anchorage
The compression anchorage length should therefore be taken as
41 for concrete class C25/30 (smaller for higher concrete
classes)
The effect of cover cannot be considered (2)
Whittle has recently reported on some testing that shows that it
may be considered. Reduces anchorage length to 29 (class
C25/30)

Whittle, R. Are modern pad footings and pile caps too shallow? Concrete May
2011 pp 53- 55, The Concrete Society

MPA - The Concrete Centre

33

Walls
EC2: Cl 9.6

Walls
Vertical Reinforcement
As,vmin = 0,002 Ac (half located at each face)
As,vmax = 0.04 Ac

(0,08Ac at laps)

svmax = 3 wall thickness or 400mm

Horizontal Reinforcement
As,hmin = 0,25 Vert. Rein. or 0,001Ac
shmax = 400mm
Transverse Reinforcement
Where total vert. rein. exceeds 0,02 Ac links required as
for columns
Where main rein. placed closest to wall links are required.
(at least 4No. m2)

Deep beams
EC2: Cl 9.7

Foundations
EC2: Cl 9.8

Tying systems
EC2: Cl 9.10

Detailing rules for particular

situations
PD 6687-1:2010 Annex B
Replacement for EC2: Annex J

PD 6687-1:2010 Annex B

Detailing Comparisons
Beams

EC2

BS 8110

Main Bars in Tension

Clause / Values

Values

As,min

9.2.1.1 (1):
0.0013 bd

0.26 fctm/fykbd

0.0013 bh

As,max

9.2.1.1 (3):

0.04 bd

0.04 bh

Main Bars in Compression

As,min

--

0.002 bh

As,max

9.2.1.1 (3):

0.04 bd

0.04 bh

Spacing of Main Bars

dg + 5 mm or or 20mm

smin

8.2 (2):

Smax

Table 7.3N

dg + 5 mm or
Table 3.28

Links
Asw,min

9.2.2 (5):

(0.08 b s fck)/fyk

0.4 b s/0.87 fyv

sl,max

9.2.2 (6):

0.75 d

0.75d

st,max

9.2.2 (8):

0.75 d 600 mm

d or 150 mm from main bar

9.2.1.2 (3) or 15 from main bar

Detailing Comparisons
Slabs

EC2

BS 8110

Main Bars in Tension

Clause / Values

Values

As,min

9.2.1.1 (1):

As,max

0.04 bd

0.26 fctm/fykbd
0.0013 bd

0.0013 bh
0.04 bh

Secondary Transverse Bars

As,min

9.3.1.1 (2):

0.2As for single way

slabs

0.002 bh

As,max

9.2.1.1 (3):

0.04 bd

0.04 bh

Spacing of Bars
dg + 5 mm or or 20mm

smin

8.2 (2):

Smax

9.3.1.1 (3): main 3h 400 mm

secondary: 3.5h 450 mm
places of maximum moment:
main:

2h 250 mm

secondary: 3h 400 mm

dg + 5 mm or
3d or 750 mm

Detailing Comparisons
Punching Shear

EC2

BS 8110

Links

Clause / Values

Values

Asw,min

9.4.3 (2):
(fck)/fyk

Link leg = 0.053 sr st

Total = 0.4ud/0.87fyv

Sr

9.4.3 (1):

0.75d

0.75d

St

9.4.3 (1):

Spacing of Links
1.5d

within 1st control perim.: 1.5d

Columns

outside 1st control perim.: 2d

Main Bars in Compression

As,min

9.5.2 (2): 0.10NEd/fyk 0.002bh

0.004 bh

As,max

9.5.2 (3):

0.06 bh

0.04 bh

Links
Min size

9.5.3 (1) 0.25 or 6 mm

0.25 or 6 mm

Scl,tmax

9.5.3 (3): min (12min; 0.6 b;240 mm)

12

9.5.3 (6): 150 mm from main bar

150 mm from main bar