ModelingofGasTurbineandIts

ControlSystem
DrMSRMurty

GasTurbineScheme

Brayton Cycle
Thecycleismadeupoffourcompletely
irreversible processes:
12Isentropic Compression;
23ConstantPressureheataddition;
34IsentropicExpansion,and
41ConstantPressureheat
T
rejection

TemperatureEntropydiagram

Brayton Cycle
Airisfirstcompressedinanadiabaticprocesswithconstant
entropywithinthecompressor(process12),usuallyanaxial
compressor.Pressureof1320timesthatofatmosphericis
achievedafterthecompressionstage.
Fuel,eitherliquidofgasisthenmixedwiththecompressed
airandburntinthecombustor(process23).Afterwhich,the
hotgassesisallowedtoexpandthroughtheturbine(process
34).Thisgasexpansiondrivesthebladesoftheturbineand
consequentlytheshaftofthegeneratorconnectedtoit.

TransferFunctionBlockDiagram:
Rowens Model

GTControlsmodelled
Therearefourblocksrelatedwithspeed/load
control,temperaturecontrol,fuelcontrol,and
aircontrol.
Speed/loadcontrol:determinesthefuel
demandaccordingtotheloadreferenceandthe
rotorspeeddeviation
Temperaturecontrol: restrictstheexhaust
temperaturenottoinjurethegasturbine.The
measuredexhausttemperatureiscomparedwith
thereferencetemperature.Theoutputisthe
temperaturecontrolsignal.

GTControls
Thefueldemandiscomparedwiththe
temperaturecontrolsignalinthefuelcontrol
block.Thelowervalueisselectedbythelow
valueselector,anditdeterminesthefuelflow
Theaircontrolblockadjuststheairflow
throughcompressorinletguidevanes(IGV)
soastoattainthedesiredexhaust
temperature.Theexhausttemperatureiskept
lowerthanitsratedvalue(say1%).

AirflowControl
Theadjustableairflowisabout30%ofthe
ratedairflow.Theadjustingspeedisslow
comparedwiththefuelflow.
Theairflowisproportionaltotherotorspeed.

GTOperatingparameters

Wf=fuelflow,
W=theairflow,Te=Exhausttemperature,
Tr =referencetemp.Tf =turbineinlettemp

GenerationofValveControlsignal

PowerOutput

Temperaturecontrol

RotorInertia

SimplifiedGTModel

PIDGovernorDetailedModel

Thedroopcircuitincludesan
intentionalfiltertimeconstant,
Td,of0.8s.

GTModelsinPSS/E

GASTGasturbinegovernormodel
Simplemodel
GAST2AGasturbinegovernormodel
SimilartotheRowen model
GASTWDGasturbinegovernormodel
SuitableforWoodwardgovernors

GASTModelinPSS/E
Fuelvalveopening
Flow

ExhaustTemp

R (speed
droop)

0.05

Ambient
temperature
T2 (>0) (sec) T3 (>0) (sec) load limit, AT KT

T1 (>0)
(sec)

0.4

0.1

VMAX

VMIN

0.95

Dturb

-0.05

StepchangeinSpeedReference

Eachdivision10Seconds

Eachdivision10Seconds

TwinShaftGT

PermanentDroopusingCDP
CompressorDischargePressure(CDP)rather
thanvalvepositionorelectricalpower
feedbackisusedforpermanentdroopsetting
onsomeunits
TypicalvaluesofCDPversusoutputpoweris
showninthetable

Thediscontinuitybetween25%
and40%poweriswhenthewater
injectionandinletguide
vanesgointoservice.

OnlineStep
response

OfflineStepresponse

Typicalfrequencyresponsecurves

OUTERLOOPCONTROLS:
Loadcontrol
Someunitsareoperatedwithanouterloop
activepowercontroller.DigitalUnitController
producesapulsetothegovernorraiseor
lowerinputthatisproportionaltothe
distanceawayfromtheMWsetpoint.
Thegovernorisprogrammedtorampthe
referenceatarateof0.3%/swhenreceiving
thesepulses.

OuterLoopControl:pf/VAr Controller
Manygasturbineunitsareequippedwitha
pf/VAr controllerwhichisinservicewhenever
theunitisonline.Thisisanouterloopcontrol,
whichmonitorsgeneratorstatorreactivecurrent
andcontrolstoafixedVAr orpf setpoint.
Thecontrollerisoftenusedinpf mode,
controllingtounitypowerfactor.
Thecontrolstructureisanintegratorwithgain
feedbacktotheAVRsetpoint.

Pf/VARController
Toridethroughsystemtransientdisturbances,
thecontrolshouldbeasslowaspossible,
however,toolongasettingwillresultin
operatorinterventionandovershootinthe
resultingunitoperatingpoint.

Simulink Model
Ka
Step

Ke

T a.s+1

T e.s+1

s+1

T ransfer Fcn

T ransfer Fcn2

T ransfer Fcn1

Scope

Vt
Kf.s
T o Workspace

T fa.s+1
T ransfer Fcn3

Kr
t

T r.s+1
Clock

T ransfer Fcn4

SIM ULAT ION OF AVR

AVR1_dat.m required

T o Workspace1

1.0

1.0
Aligv

In1

0.2
Tr1

T re
-KFuel T emp
Control

1
s

Tm

Fsr

In3

Xne

Fsrn

In1

Fa

GAS FUEL
SYST EM

In1
Out1
In2

-KFb

Tx2

Tx

VALVE
POSITIONER

min
FUEL
LIMITS

Out1
In1

In3

0.23

In2 Out1

Tx3

Out1In2

Out1
In2

Fsrt

Out1

In1

Txm1

In1

1/Tt

Tx1

Radiation
sheild

T hermo
couple

Xnr

Wg

Wx

IGV actuator

Out1

In1

In2

IGV limits

IGV T emp
Control

Tre

Out1

0.46

0.46

0.3/T t

1
s

In1

Out1
In2

Out1
In2

In1

In1

Out1
In2

Out1
In2

Fc

Zg

Akf
ROTOR

SPEED
GOVERNOR

Wf

In1

1
s

ROT OR SPEED

T load

1/T 1

Out1

F2
In2

n
To Workspace1

FIG NO.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A GAS TURBINE

Scope

t
Clock

To Workspace

Scope1

SIMULATION OF GT GOVERNOR SYSTEM

1.009
Different positioner gains
1.008
1.007

Speed(p.u)

1.006
1.005
1.004
1.003
1.002
1.001
1
0.999

10

20

30

40

50
60
Time(Sec)

70

80

90

100

Combinedcycle
Heatenginesareonlyabletouseaportionof
theenergytheirfuelgenerates(usuallyless
than30%).Theremainingheatfrom
combustionisgenerallywasted.
Combiningtwoormore"cycles"suchasthe
Braytoncycle (GasCycle)andRankinecycle
(SteamCycle)resultsinimprovedoverall
efficiency.

SimpleGTcycle
FUEL

AIR
INLET

COMBUSTOR
EXH AU ST
G AS

DRIVEN
EQUIPMENT

COMPRESSOR

TURBINE

Combinedcycleplant

CombinedCycle(Brayton&RankineCycles)
EXHAUST GAS
LOW PRESSURE STEAM
(For Deaeration)
AIR
INLET

FUEL
INTERMEDIATE PRESSURE STEAM
(To Intermediate Pressure Steam Turbine)
COMBUSTOR
HIGH PRESSURE STEAM
(To High Pressure Steam Turbine)

GENERATOR

HEAT RECOVERY
STEAM
GENERATOR
GENERATOR
ELECTRIC
POWER

COMPRESSOR

TURBINE

ELECTRIC
POWER

GAS TURBINE

STEAM TURBINE

HIGH
INTERMEDIATE
PRESSURE PRESSURE
STEAM
STEAM

CONDENSATE RETURN TO HRSG

STEAM
EXHAUST

HRSG
Steamisgeneratedbyfiring
hotexhaustgasesfromGas
turbines(GTs)
Remainingsteamrequiredis
generatedbyfiring
Supplementaryfuel.

TypicalIndustrialCogenerationSystem
EXHAUST
BYPASS
SILENCER

EXHAUST
SILENCER
DIVERTER
VALVE

AIR INLET
FILTER

HEAT
RECOVERY
STEAM
GENERATOR
(HRSG)

GENERATOR

GAS
TURBINE

SUPPLEMENTARY
BURNER

PROCESS
STEAM

SteamTurbine

CombinedCyclePowerPlant

Captive Power Plant - General Overview

AUX
BOILERS

NAPHTHA
GAS OIL

4 x 125 TPH

Refinery Fuel Oil

8X30MW

GAS TURBINE

NAPHTHA
GAS OIL
11KV

8 X 125 TPH

33KV

HRSG

4 X 30 MW
STEAM
TURBINE

TOREFINERY
11KV

TOGEB132/220kV

33KV

HPsteam42Kg/cm2
Power

Steam
MPsteam17Kg/cm2

INSTALLED CAPACITY
PRESENT GENERATION
EXPORT TO GEB CAPABILITY

360 MW
269 MW
80 MW

1500 TPH
979 TPH
------------

To
Refinery

GAS TURBINES

5 Nos, GE Frame-6 machines supplied by BHEL, Hyderabad

3 Nos, GE Frame-6 machines supplied by NP, Italy.
GT # 1 & 4 are having BLACK START CAPABILITIES.
All gas turbines are capable to run at base load with spread well within the
limit :

MachineDesignoutputDesignoutputSiteoutput
MW(ISO)MW(350C)(MW)

PG 6541
PG 6551
PG 6561

37.52
38.48
38.82

32.64
33.48
33.77

28.7
28.7
28.7

HRSG
HRSGloadwithGTatbaseloadinunfiredmode:
HHPSteam(TPH)
BHELHRSGs(06nos.)
5355
DBPSHRSG(01No.)
5355
ThermaxHRSG(01No.)
5355
HRSGloadwithGTatbaseloadinfiredmode:
Steam(TPH)Design(TPH)Max(TPH)
BHELHRSGs(06Nos.) 125 125NA
DBPSHRSGs(01No)
125
125NA
ThermaxHRSGs(01No.)
125
125134*
(*Steamflowforonehourin08hrs.shift)

Steam Turbine
All 4 STGs are tested to deliver 30 MW of power.
Steam turbines are provided with HP and MP extractions
Maximum steam flow through one steam turbine shall be as follows
262 TPH HHP steam (Max)
Pr: 109 Kg/CM^2 @ 505 DegC

MP
133
TPH

LP
60
TPH

180 TPH HP steam (Max)

149 TPH HP steam (Normal)
Pr: 44.8 Kg/CM^2 @ 383 DegC
80 TPH MP steam (Max)
53 TPH MP steam (Normal)
Pr: 18.8 Kg/Cm^2 @ 282 DegC

60 TPH to Condenser (Max.)

20 TPH to Condenser (Min.)

Normal steam flow

HP section =15.27 MW
MP section = 5.73 MW
LP section = 11.81 MW

Auxiliary Boilers

All 4 Auxiliary Boilers are capable to deliver 125 TPH , at 115 KG/CM2(g)
and 510 Deg C.

10 % overload margin i,e 137 TPH at 110 KG/CM2 (g) and 5100 C also tried
for 01hr.

PRDS
Six PRDS are provided to supply HP, MP & LP steam to the process.
PRDS is sized to meet the demand normally met by two steam turbines on the
basis that one trips whilst another is out of service for maintenance.
Design flow rates (TPH) of PRDS are :
Min.NormalMax.
HHPtoHP
21.480186.3
HPtoMP
24.947.4138
MPtoLP
9.134.9120
Startup&letdown

12.525
(HHPtoHP)

STEAM SYSTEM
BoilersNos.Nos.inoperationGeneration(TPH)
AuxiliaryBoilers
HRSGs
Total

4
8
12

4
8
12

500
880
1380

Auxiliary boilers able to ramp up 9 MT /Min/boiler in case of emergency

without much pressure variation at HHP level
Able to meet steam demand when both PRTs trip.
Able to supply HP and MP steam, without pressure drop, if STG trips.

CPPGenerationandDistributionOverview
X
1321

1322
132kVGEBBUS
1323
132kVRPLBUS

1324

1325
RIL

1326

1327

RPL

GTG#8

GTG#3

GTG#2

STG#2

GTG#1

STG#1

STG#3

GTG#4

GTG#5

GTG#6

GTG#7

STG#4

A7

B4

B8

A6

B7

B11

A12

A3

B5

A3

B11

B3

A3

B10

A4

A5

ESEE94101

A7

BUSB

ESRU77202

MRS#2BOARD#1

MRS#2BOARD#2

RPL

RPL

RPL
BUSA

A12

ESRU77201

MRS#1:BOARD#2

RIL
BUSB

B4

ESEE94102

MRS#1:BOARD#1

BUSA

A4

BUSA

BUSB

BUSA

BUSB

1.AROM.733CTA

1.AROM.PX.TR.1B

1.SULPHERA

1.CRUDE2B

1.CRUDE2A

1.COKERA

1.FCCB

1.HYDJN5.75MWM

2.PPSTRMA/BA

2.AROM.PX.TR.2B

2.UTILITY2A

2.UTILITY1A

2.RTFS/S2A

2.TNSHIPA

2.HYDRJNB

2.TNSHIPB

3.PPSTRMCA

3.AROM.PX.TR.3B

3.HYDRGNA

3.CRUD2,4.4MWM

3.COKERB

3.PLATFMR/HNUUA

3.UTILITY1B

3.UTILITY2B

4.AROM.PX.TR.1A

4.PPSTRMA/BB

4.CRUDE14.4MWM

4.SULPHERB

4.RRTFA

4.PRT1FCC

4.CPP772B

4.HYDJN5.75MWM

5.AROM.PX.TR.2A

5.PPSTRMCB

5.HYDJN5.75MWM

5.PLATFMR/HNUUB

5.PLATFMR7.3MW

5.MTFL1C1

5.RRTFB

5.MTFL2C1

6.AROM.TATORYA

6.AROM.TATORYB

6.CRUDE1B

6.RTFS/S2B

6.CPP772A

6.MTFL1C2

6.PRT2FCC

6.MTFL2C2

7.AROM.PX.TR.3A

7.AROM.733CTB

7.PLATFMR7.3MW

7.CPP941B

7.CRUDE14.4MWM

7.FCC10MWM

7.RTFS/S1B

8.CPP941A

8.RTFS/S1A

8.FCCA

9.CRUDE1A

9.PLATFMR7.3MW

10.CRUD2,4.4MWM

PowerPlantControl
Plantparametersaretobemaintainedby
closedloopcontrol
Boiler:Steamparameterslikepressure,
temperature,otherprocessparameterslike
furnacepressure,drumlevel
Turbine Generator:Power(MW),speedor
frequency

NeedforControl
Mismatchingenerationandconsumption
causesdeviationinplantparameter
Mismatchinsteamflow:pressurechange
Mismatchinheatflow:temperaturechange
Mismatchinpower:speedchange
Mismatchingasflow:furnace.pr.change

ControlSystems

GTGControlSystem(GEMarkV)
STGControlSystem(GHHBorsig)
BurnerManagementSystem(ABPLC):48
FoxboroDCS

ControlSystems
DistributedcontrolSystem(Foxboro) 38nodes
EmergencyShutdownSystem(Triconex) 26no.
Fire&GasSystem(Wormald) 35no.
MachineConditionMonitoringSystem(Bentley
Nevada) 23no.
AutomaticTankGaugingSystem(SAAB) 259no.

ElectricalLoadDistributionManagementSystem

Two major functions

Load management System (LMS)
Electrical Distribution Management System (EDMS)
LMS functions:
Load shedding
Active/Reactive power control
Synchronisation
EDMS main functions:
Data logging & reporting
circuit breaker control
Power System Event Recording & Alarm Annunciation's

CombinedCyclePlant:Schemefor
Modeling

ModelofCombinedCycle
PowerPlant