Physics Project Report on Electromagnetic Induction

Physics Project Report on Electromagnetic Induction :

Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) : In 1831 Michael Faraday discovered the

effect called Electromagnetic Induction just converse to the magnetic effect
of electric current.

When a coil made of copper wire is placed inside a magnetic field, magnetic
flux is linked with the coil. Faraday found that when the magnetic flux linked
with the coil is changed, an electric current starts flowing in the coil, provided
the coil is closed one. The current and e.m.f. so produced are called induced
current and induced e.m.f. The induced current and the e.m.f. in the coil last
only so long as the magnetic flux linked with the coil keeps on changing.

Thus electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon of production of electric

current (or e.m.f.) in a coil when the magnetic flux linked with the coil is
changed.

Faradays Experiment

The following experiment performed by Faraday led to the discovery of the

electromagnetic induction.

When the strength of magnetic field is varied :

Consider two coil P and S wound on an iron rod. Iron rod is connected with
galvanometer, battery and tapping key. When tapping key is pressed and
when it is released galvanometer shows deflection showing the presence of
induced current.

Explanation : When the tapping key is pressed then magnetic flux linked with
the coil S changed because of increase in magnetic field of coil P and induced
current is produced and when it is released magnetic flux is again changed
and induced current is produced. But when the tapping key is kept pressed
then the magnetic flux linked with coil do not changed and induced current
do not produce so galvanometer shows no deflection.

Faradays Laws of Electromagnetic Induction :

The results of Faradays experiment on electromagnetic induction are known

as Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction. These are stated as below :

1. Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit (a loop of wire or a coil or an

electric circuit in general) changes, induced e.m.f. is produced.

2. The induced e.m.f. lasts as long as the change in magnetic flux continuous.

3. The magnitude of induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to the rate of

change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.

Lenzs Rule :

Lenzs rule is a convenient method to determine the direction of induced

current produced in the circuit.

Lenzs law states that the induced current produced in a circuit always flows
in such a direction that it opposes the change or cause that produce it.

Let us now apply Lenzs law to find the direction of flow of induced current in
the circuit.

On pressing the key the current in the coil P flows in clockwise direction and
magnetic lines of force are directed from left to right. Then magnetic flux
linked with the coil S changed. The direction of induced current should be
such that it should oppose the direction of flow of magnetic field lines. So
induced current in the coil S is in the direction opposite to the magnetic field
in P. Hence, direction of induced current in coil S is from right to left. So
induced current in coil S should flow in anticlockwise direction.

Expression for Motional e.m.f. :

Consider that a uniform magnetic field B confined to the region PQRS and a
coil ABCD is placed inside the magnetic field. The direction of magnetic field
is perpendicular to the plane of the coil and in inward direction.

Consider that at any time t, the part BA = CD = x(say) of the coil inside the
magnetic field. If l is the length of the arm BC of the coil, then area of coil
inside the magnetic field at any time t.

A = BCX CD = lx

Therefore magnetic flux linked with the coil at any time t.

f = BA = Blx

Suppose that the coil is pulled out of the magnetic field with velocity n. As the
coil is pulled out magnetic flux linked with the coil changes. The time rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with the coil is given by

If e is induced e.m.f. produced, then

e = -Bln

The negative sign shows that induced e.m.f. opposes to the coil being pulled
out of magnetic field.

Mutual Induction :

Consider two coil P and S are placed very close to each other. Coil P consists
of battery and tapping key and coil S consists of galvanometer G. When the
key of coil P is pressed then magnetic flux is building and induced e.m.f.
produced in it opposes the flow of magnetic flux. Because coil P and coil S are
very close to each other. So magnetic flux also changed in coil S and induced
current is produced which opposes the direction of flow of magnetic lines of
force in coil P.

The phenomenon according to which an opposing e.m.f. is produced in a coil

as a result of change in current or magnetic flux linked with a neighboring coil
is called mutual induction.

Coefficient of Mutual Induction :

Suppose that current I is flowing through coil P and f be the magnetic flux
linked with coil S

faI

f = MI

M = Coefficient of mutual induction.

Let e be the induced e.m.f. in coil S.

e=

(-ive sign shows opposition of induced e.m.f.)

M=e/

The mutual inductance of two coils is said to be one Henry, if a rate of change
of current of 1 ampere per second in one coil induces an e.m.f. of 1 volt in
neighboring coil.

Self Induction

Consider a coil connected to a battery and a tapping key. When key K is

pressed magnetic lines of forces starts growing through it and induced e.m.f.
is produced. Direction of induced e.m.f. is opposite to that of growth of
current. On the other hand when key is released the current in the coil
decreases and e.m.f. is produced in opposite direction. Thus during both
growth and decay of current an opposite induced e.m.f. is produced. This
e.m.f. is called back e.m.f.

The phenomenon according to which an opposing induced e.m.f. is produced

in the coil as a result of change in current or magnetic flux linked with the coil
is called self induction.

Coefficient of Self Induction :

Suppose when key is pressed, current I flows through the coil and magnetic
flux f linked with the coil.

faI

f = MI

L is called coefficient of self induction.

Let e be the induced e.m.f.

e=

e = (-ive sign shows opposing nature of induced e.m.f.)

M=e/

Self inductance of a coil is said to be one Henry if a rate of change of current

of 1 ampere per second induces an e.m.f. of one volt.

Eddy Currents :

Eddy currents are the currents induced in a conductor, when placed in a

changing magnetic field. They are also known as Focaults Currents.

Following experiment explain the origin of eddy currents. Introduce a soft iron
core inside a solenoid and connect it to the source of alternating current.
Place a metallic disk over soft iron core.

Explanation : When the circuit is switched on the current starts growing and
hence magnetic flux linked with disk also increases. Thus disk is converted to
small magnet. If soft irons upper face acquires north polarity. Then metallic
disks lower surface acquires north polarity and due to repulsive force

metallic disk placed over soft iron core is thrown up into the air.

Application of Eddy Currents :

1. Dead Beat Galvanometers :

The oscillation of a moving coil galvanometer generally take a long time to

die out. But by winding its coil on a metallic frame made of copper or
aluminium the galvanometer can be made dead beat. It is because, due to
production of eddy currents in a metallic frame. The coil of galvanometer
comes to rest very soon.

2. Speedometer :

In speedometer, a small magnet is geared to the main shaft of the vehicle.

The magnet is mounted in an aluminium cylinder with the help of hair
springs. Due to rotation of magnet eddy currents are produced which led the
drum to oppose the motion of relating magnet drum experience torque and
gets deflected at certain angle.

3. Electric Brakes :

A metallic drum is coupled to the wheels of train ; so that when train rotates
drum also rotates. In order to stop the train magnetic field is applied to
rotating drum. The eddy currents produced oppose the motion of drum. Since
drum is connected to wheels of train, it comes to halt.

Bibliography

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