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Surds
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
ustralian Curriculum
10 10A
Shutterstock.com/totojang1977
for the A
n Chapter outline
n Wordbank
Proficiency strands
U
U
F
F
R
R
p
2 that cannot
9780170194662
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Surds
(STAGE 5.3) define rational and irrational numbers and perform operations with surds
(STAGE 5.3) describe real, rational and irrational numbers and surds
(STAGE 5.3) add, subtract, multiply and divide surds
(STAGE 5.3) expand and simplify binomial products involving surds p
a b
(STAGE 5.3) rationalise the denominator of expressions of the form p
c d
SkillCheck
Worksheet
StartUp assignment 13
MAT10NAWK10091
c 3(1 2w)
f k(1 2k)
81
25
100
75
72
16
50
64
32
Stage 5.3
b 4(y 3)
e 5(2a 3)
c (3x) 2
b (4m) 3
(m 3)(m 7)
(2d 3)(1 3d)
(x 4) 2
(a 5)(a 5)
b
e
h
k
(y 1)(y 4)
(1 5p)(4 3p)
(y 3) 2
(t 7)(t 7)
c
f
i
l
(n 2)(n 3)
(3a 2f )(a 5f )
(2k 1) 2
(3m 4)(3m 4)
9780170194662
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
for the A
ustralian Curriculum
10 10A
Stage 5.3
a
b
Integers
4
26
3
= 3
= 4,
= 26,
1
1
1
, 8 6
5, 2,
11
3
0.5, 71 = 7.125,
8
3
5
6
4
11
Example
Surds
Recurring decimals
Terminating decimals
Transcendental numbers
Non-surds whose decimal value also have no
pattern and are non-recurring, for example,
= 3.14159, cos 38 = 0.7880...,
0.0097542
= 0.666 ...
= 0.833 ...
= 0.3636 ...
p p p p p
56 135 289 99 81
Solution
p
p
56 7:4833 . . .
135 11:6189 . . .
p
p
99 9:9498 . . .
81 9
p p
p
So the surds are 56, 135 and 99.
Example
p
289 17
d 0:26_
p
48
Solution
a 37:5% 37:5 3
100 8
[ 37.5% is a rational number.
p
b 4 256 4
p
[ 4 256 is a rational number.
15
_
[ 0:26 is a rational number.
p
e
48 6:928 203 23 . . .
p
[ 48 is an irrational number.
9780170194662
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Surds
Stage 5.3
Square roots
p
p
The symbol
stands for the positive square root of a number. For example, 4 2 (not 2).
Furthermore, it is not possible to find the square root of a negative number. It is only possible to find
the square root of a positive number or zero, because the square of any real number is positive or zero.
Summary
p
For x > 0, x is the positive square root of x.
p
For x 0, x is 0.
p
For x < 0, x is undefined.
Worksheet
Surds on the number
line
MAT10NAWK10092
p
3 10 2:1544:::
3
0:6
5
2 0:6666:::
3
Example
35_
10
2
2_
3
irrational (surd)
120%
rational (percentage)
rational (fraction)
120% 1.2
p
5 2:2360:::
irrational (surd)
rational (fraction)
p 3.1415
irrational (pi)
p
2 on a number line.
Solution
Step 1
Using a scale of 1 unit to 2 cm,
draw a number line as shown.
Step 2
Construct a right-angled triangle on
the number line with base length and
height 1 unit as shown. BypPythagoras
Z
2
X
0
Step 3
With 0 as the
use compasses with
pcentre,
radius XZ 2 to draw an arc to meet the
number line at A as shown.
p The point A
represents the value of 2 and should be
approximately 1.4142
Z
2
X
0
9780170194662
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
for the A
Exercise 1-01
ustralian Curriculum
Stage 5.3
Which one of the following is NOT a surd? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
p
p
p
p
A 84
B 196
C 27
D 160
7
8
1
d 3
7
3
j
11
See Example 1
p
4:9
p
288
p
e 3 27
p
50
k
3
See Example 2
f 1:35_
p
p
4
l
p
h 271%
i
5 3 103
2
Arrange each set of numbers in descending order.
p
4 p p
_ 27
a 1 ; 2;
b 3 20; 2:6;
7
2
9
Express each real number correct to one decimal place and graph them on a number line.
p
b 74%
c 4
d 12
a 14
5
11
p
5
p
3
g
h 187%
f 2
e 15
9
2
p
Use the method from Example 3 to estimate the value of 2 on a number line.
p
a Use the method from Example 3 to estimate the value of 5 on a number line by
constructing a right-angled triangle with base length 2 units and height 1 unit.
g
10 10A
p
3
64
See Example 3
p
2 is irrational
9780170194662
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Surds
Stage 5.3
If a 2 is even, then a is also even because any odd number squared gives another odd
number.
If a is even, then it is divisible by 2 and can be expressed in the form 2m, where m is an
integer.
) a2 2m2 2b2
4m2 2b2
2m2 b2
b2 2m2
[ b 2 is even
[ b is even
[ a and b are both even.
This contradicts p
the
assumption that a and b have no common factor. Therefore, the
assumption
that
2 is rational is false.
p
[ 2 must be irrational.
1 Usepthe
to show that these surds are irrational.
method of proof justpdescribed
a
3
b
5
2 Compare your proofs with those of other students.
Puzzle sheet
Simplifying surds
MAT10NAPS10093
Technology worksheet
Excel worksheet:
Simplifying surds quiz
MAT10NACT00019
Technology worksheet
Excel spreadsheet:
Simplifying surds
MAT10NACT00049
Summary
For x > 0 (positive):
p2 p p
x x3 xx
p
x2 x
Example
p2
4 7
p2
5 2
Solution
p2
12 12
p2
p
p
b 4 7 4 734 7
p2
7
42 3
a
16 3 7
p
p
4 7 means 4 3 7
p2
p2
5 2 52 3
2
25 3 2
50
112
9780170194662
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
for the A
ustralian Curriculum
10 10A
Stage 5.3
Summary
The square root of a product
For x > 0 and y > 0:
p p p
xy x 3 y
p
A surd n can be simplified if n can be divided into two factors, where one of them is a square
number such as 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49,
Example
Video tutorial
Simplifying surds
p
b
108
p
c 4 45
p
288
d
3
MAT10NAVT10002
Solution
a
p p p
8 43 2
p
23 2
p
2 2
4 is a square number.
b Method 1
p p p
108 36 3 3
p
63 3
p
6 3
Method 2
p p p
108 4 3 27
p p
23 93 3
p
2333 3
p
6 3
p
p
Method 2 involves simplifying surds twice ( 108 and 27). Method 1 shows that
when simplifying surds, you should look for the highest square factor possible.
p p
p
p p p
c 4 45 4 3 9 3 5
d 288
144 3 2
p
3
3
4333 5
p
p
12 2
12 5
3
4 p
12 2
1
3
p
4 2
9780170194662
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Surds
Stage 5.3
See Example 4
See Example 5
Exercise 1-02
1
f p45
g p48
k p288
l p108
p
242
q
162
Simplifying surds
p2
3 3
p2
g 3 5
c
p
c p28
h p200
m p75
r
245
p
d p150
i p96
n p147
s
125
p
c 8 72
p
40
2
p
3125
i
p10
n 7 68
p
h 9 68
p
m 3 75
p2
5 10
p2
h 5 2
d
p
e p700
j p63
o p32
t
512
p
243
9
1 p
72
j
p
2
52
o
6
p
Which one of the following is equivalent to 4 50 ? Select A, B, C or D.
p
p
p
p
B 20 2
C 8 2
D 20 5
A 8 5
p
250
Which one of the following is equivalent to
? Select A, B, C or D.
10
p
p
p
p
5
10
B
C 2 10
D 5 10
A
10
2
Decide whether each statement is true (T) or false (F).
p
p
p p
p
p2
b
18 9
c
9:4 9:4
d
75 5 3
a 3 5 15
p
p
e
3 1:7
f The exact value of 10 is 3.162 277 8
10
p
6
64
9780170194662
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
for the A
ustralian Curriculum
10 10A
Stage 5.3
Puzzle sheet
Just as you can only add or subtract like terms in algebra, you can only add or subtract like
surds. You may first need to express all the surds in their simplest forms.
Example
Solution
p
p
p
a 5 11 7 11 12 11
p
p
p
p
p
c 3 64 25 68 64 2
p p pp pp
d 80 20 16 5 4 5
p
p
4 52 5
p
6 5
p p p pp pp pp
e 8 27 18 4 2 9 3 9 2
p
p
p
2 23 33 2
p
p
5 23 3
Exercise 1-03
p
p
p
c 3 64 25 6
p
p
f 5 20 3 125
p
p
p
b 8 53 55 5
Simplifying each surd.
p
pp
p
pp
f 5 20 3 125 5 4 5 3 25 5
p
p
532 5 335 5
p
p
10 5 15 5
p
5 5
b
e
h
k
p
p
11 2 8 2
p
p
5 17 5 17
p
p
p
5 62 64 6
p
p
p
8 10 5 10 3 10
p p
c 5 6 6
p
p
f 3 10 2 10
p
p
p
i 3 34 35 3
p
p
p
l 10 3 3 3 12 3
9780170194662
MAT10NAPS10094
See Example 6
p
p
p
b 11 10 7 2 4 10
p
p
p
p
d 3 15 3 2 4 15 5 2
p
p
p
p
f 4 63 32 65 3
p
p
p
p
h
13 8 7 7 13 3 7
p
p
p
j 4 10 3 5 4 10
11
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Surds
Stage 5.3
Worksheet
Multiplying and dividing
surds
p p
p p
p p
108 27
c
20 80
d
28 63
p p
p p
p p
h 5 11 99
2 5 125
g
40 90
p
p
p
p p
p
l
50 32
k
200 7 2
27 5 3
p
p p
p
p
p
3 20 245
o 7 12 5 48
p 4 27 2 243
p
p
p
p
p
p
2 98 3 162
s 5 6 2 150
t 4 50 3 18
p
p
p p p
v p
3
112 p2252 p
w p32
8p 12 p
y
98 3 20 2 8
z 3 96 2 150 24
MAT10NAWK10095
Puzzle sheet
Summary
Surds
MAT10NAPS00043
Technology worksheet
Excel worksheet:
Simplifying surds quiz
p p p
xy x 3 y
r p
x x
p
y
y
MAT10NACT00019
Technology worksheet
Excel spreadsheet:
Simplifying surds
MAT10NACT00049
Example
p p
6 3 14
p p
e
54 4 2
p
p
c 4 3 3 10 3
p
p
f 5 27 3 3 6
Solution
a
p p p
7 3 5 35
p
p
p p
c 4 3 3 10 3 4 3 10 3 3 3 3
40 3 3
120
p
p
p
54
e
54 4 2 p
2
p
27
p p
93 3
p
3 3
12
p p p
6 3 14 84
p p
4 3 21
p
2 21
p
p
90
d 12p
43 9
3 10
433
12
p
p
p p
f 5 27 3 3 6 5 3 3 3 27 3 6
p
15 162
p p
15 3 81 3 2
p
15 3 9 2
p
135 2
9780170194662
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
for the A
Example
Simplify
ustralian Curriculum
10 10A
Stage 5.3
8
p
p
5 2 3p4 12
:
10 8
Solution
p
p
p
p
5 2 3 4 12 20 24
p 2 3
p
10 8
10 8
Exercise 1-04
1
j
4 5
p
m 12 14 4 6
p p
p 5 60 4 15
p
p
s 12 63 4 3 7
p p
6 3 11
p p
53 5
p
p
2 7 3 5 3
p p
4 3 3 27
p
p
18 3 8 3
p p
3 44 3 2 99
p p
8 32 3 27
p
p
7 18 3 3 24
p p
b
30 4 5
p
p
e 3 98 4 6 14
p
128
h p
2
p
p
k 36 24 4 9 8
p
3 2
n
12
p
p
q 6 843 2
p
8 50
t p
2 200
c
f
i
l
o
r
u
x
p p
53 8
p
p
8 336 3
p
p
7 534 5
p
p
3 5 3 4 10
p
p
10 2 3 2 8
p
p
5 8 3 4 40
p p
90 3 72
p
p
3 48 3 2 12
See Example 7
p
40p14
c
5 2
p
7 18
f p
2
p
p
i 15 18 4 3 6
l
p
p
16 30 4 8 5
p
p
80 4 4 5
p
42 54
p
r
6 3
p p
u 6 3 4 243
o
9780170194662
13
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Surds
Stage 5.3
See Example 8
p
p
Simplify 20 10 4 5 2: Select A, B, C or D.
p
p
B 15 5
C 10
A 4 5
D 20
p
p
3 12p3
8 6
4 27
p
p
10 p686
3
3
p12
e
5 28 3 18
p
p
5 83
p2 90
10 24
p
p
8 80 3 3p2
p
f
4 536 8
Mental skills 1
Percentage of a quantity
Learn these commonly-used percentages and their fraction equivalents.
Percentage
50%
25%
12.5%
75%
20%
10%
33 13 %
66 23 %
1
2
1
4
1
8
3
4
1
5
1
10
1
3
2
3
Fraction
1
3 32
8
4
2
2
f 66 % 3 60 3 60
3
3
1
3 60 3 2
3
c 12:5% 3 32
15 3 3
45
2
14
20 3 2
40
b 33 13 % 3 120
c 20% 3 35
d 66 23 % 3 36
e 10% 3 230
f 12 12 % 3 48
g 50% 3 86
h 20% 3 400
k 25% 3 160
l 10% 3 650
o 20% 3 60
p 75% 3 180
i 75% 3 24
m 12.5% 3 88
33 13 % 3 45
66 23 % 3 21
9780170194662
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
for the A
ustralian Curriculum
10 10A
Stage 5.3
Surd expressions involving brackets can be expanded in the same way as algebraic expressions of
the form a(b c) and (a b)(c d).
Example
Solution
a
5+ 7
= 3 5+3 7
= 15 + 21
Example
b 2 11 3 11 5 2
= 2 11 3 11 2 11 5 2
= 6 11 10 22
= 66 10 22
10
Solution
p p p p p p p p p p
7 5 3 2 3 7 3 2 3 5 3 2 3
p p p p
p p p
p
733 2 73 3 533 2 53 3
p p
p p
3 14 21 3 10 15
p
p
p
p
pp
pp
5 3 2 3 5 3 2 2 10 5 3 2
b 3 2 10
p
p
p p
p
p
3 3 5 3 3 3 2 2 10 3 5 2 10 3 3 2
p
p
p
p
3 5 9 2 2 50 6 20
p
p
p
p
3 59 22 5 2 6 2 5
p
p
p
p
3 5 9 2 10 2 12 5
p
p
15 5 19 2
Summary
(a b) 2 a 2 2ab b 2
(a b) 2 a 2 2ab b 2
(a b)(a b) a 2 b 2
9780170194662
15
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Surds
Stage 5.3
Example
11
Solution
p p2 p2
p p p2
7 5
7 23 73 5
5
Using (a b) 2 a 2 2ab b 2
p
7 2 35 5
p
12 2 35
p
p2 p2
p
p p2
b 2 3 3 5 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 5 3 5 Using (a b) 2 a 2 2ab b 2
p
4 3 3 12 15 9 3 5
p
12 12 15 45
p
57 12 15
p pp p p2 p2
5 2
5 2
5 2
c
Using (a b)(a b) a 2 b 2
a
52
3
p
p
p2
3 11 4 3 11 4 3 11 42
Using (a b)(a b) a 2 b 2
9 3 11 16
83
Exercise 1-05
See Example 9
See Example 10
16
p pp
7 3
72
p
p p p
d 3 2 5 5 22 5
p p
p
p
f 5 32 2 4 33 2
p
p
p p
h
72 5 3 52 7
b
9780170194662
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
for the A
ustralian Curriculum
p2
Which expression is equivalent to 5 7 ? Select A, B, C or D.
p
p
D 32 5 7
A 12
B 32
C 32 10 7
10 10A
p
2
c
52
p2
p
g 3 22 5
Stage 5.3
See Example 11
p2
d 3 10
p p2
h 2 5 3
p
p
25
5 24
p
2
d 4 35
p p2
f 3 10 2
b
9780170194662
17
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Surds
Stage 5.3
Worksheet
Rationalising the
denominator
MAT10NAWK10201
p p
3 5 7
1
3
Surds of the form p ; p ; p ; p ; have denominators that are irrational. These expressions may
5 2 7 2
3
be rewritten with a rational denominator by multiplying both the numerator and denominator by the surd
that appears in the denominator. This method is called rationalising the denominator.
Example
12
p
2p
1
3
Solution
p
p
2
3
3
2
a p p 3 p
because p 1
2
2
2
p2
3 2
2
p
3
2
3
3
3
Because p
; it is easier to approximate p by mentally multiplying by 1.4142
2
2
2
2
than by dividing 3 by 1.4142.
p
3
5
5
b p p 3 p
3
4 3 4 p3
5 3
4p
33
5 3
12
Exercise 1-06
See Example 12
18
p
p
p
5
8 2 8 2
c p p 3 p
5
3 5 3p5
8 10
3p
3
5
8 10
15
p
p
p
21
21
3
p p 3 p
d
3
3
3
p p
6 3
By rationalising the denominator, which surd is equivalent to p2 ? Select the correct answer
6
A, B, C or D.
p
p
p
6
6
2 6
A 2 6
B
C
D
3
6
3
Rationalise the denominator of each surd.
1
b p1
c p1
d p3
e p2
f p
a p1
3
7
7
2
2
3
p
p
p2
5 3
2
3
2
1
1
7
p
i p
k p
l
h p
j p
g p
3 5
4 5
2 3
3 5
4 7
2 6
p
3
Which surd is equivalent to p ? Select A, B, C or D.
2 5
p
p
p
p
15
15
A
C
B 2 15
D 5
10
3
9780170194662
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
for the A
ustralian Curriculum
10 10A
p
27
Which surd is equivalent to p ? Select A, B, C or D.
3 18
p
p
p
5
2
C
D 6
B
A 1
2
6
6
2
Rationalise the denominator of each expression.
p p
p
p
p
2 3
1 5
5 3
2p
1
p
p
p
a
b
c
d
5
2
2 2
3 6
Simplify each expression, giving the answer with a rational denominator.
p
2
3 p1
a p1 p1
b p p3
c p
5
3
2 3
7
2
2
Stage 5.3
Power plus
1
2
3
p
3
1
1
p2 ? Explain.
p
p 3
a Is it true that
3 2
3 2 3 2
p
1p 3 3 p2 : Is the denominator rational?
b Simplify
3 2
3 2
c Use a calculator to check that the value of your answer to part b is equal to the
1p :
value of
3 3
p
p
The conjugate of 3 2 is 3 2: Find the conjugate of:
p p
p
p
p
a 52 3
b 2 3
c
51
d
7 3
The process shown in question 1 involves rationalising a surd with a binomial
denominator. By first finding the conjugate of the denominator, rationalise the
denominator of each expression below.
p
2
1p
2 p
c p 1 p
b p
d
a
51
2 3
52 3
7 3
The largest cube that can fit into a sphere must have its eight
vertices touching the surface of the sphere. Express the side
length, s, of the cube in terms of the diameter, D, of the sphere.
9780170194662
19
Chapter 1 review
n Language of maths
Puzzle sheet
Surds crossword
MAT10NAPS10202
approximate
binomial
denominator
expand
irrational number
perfect square
product
Pythagoras theorem
quotient
rational number
rationalise
real number
root
simplify
square number
square root
surd
undefined
n Topic overview
Copy and complete this mind map of the topic, adding detail to its branches and using pictures,
symbols and colour where needed. Ask your teacher to check your work.
Surds and irrational
numbers
Simplifying
surds
Adding and
subtracting surds
Multiplying and
dividing surds
Surds
Rationalising the
denominator
20
Binomial products
involving surds
9780170194662
Chapter 1 revision
1
Which one of the following is a rational number? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
p
p
C 2 5
B 39
D 2p
A 1 25
c 0:56_
p
g 3 8
p
d 3 5
p
h 5 3
p
b
98
p
f 7 28
p
c
275
p
g 4 288
p
d
128
p
h 5 45
p
i 7 48
1 p
24
2
p
n 2 225
5
p
k 2 3125
3
p
o 2 162
3
p
m 2 44
4
p p
18 3 3
p
12
p p
6 3 24
p
k p
27 3 2 3
9780170194662
1 p
32
2
p p
p
b 3 5 50 2 125
p
p
p
d 4 45 3 63 5 80
p
p
f 7 44 2 99
See Exercise 1-04
p p
c
63 8
p p
f
98 3 7
p
75
i p
3 3
p
p
4 90 3 7p
8
p
l
5 32 3 6 10
See Exercise 1-05
b
d
f
h
p
p
101 5 2
p
7 42
p
p p
p
3 7 2 53 7 2 5
p p
p
p
5 10 3 22 10 5 2
See Exercise 1-06
1
p
5 7
p
4 p 2
f
3 2
c
21