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Speak It Fluently. "After Learning English" Can Be Made Into Complete Form: "After I
Speak It Fluently. "After Learning English" Can Be Made Into Complete Form: "After I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
As a human being, when we want to express our ideas, feelings, and thought, we can
use language for sure. It consists of various rules which are different from other language.
These rules can be applied either in formal or informal occasion depending on the
speakers or writers intention. They need to be applied in sentences or constructions. One
of them which is usually used in everyday communication is elliptical sentence or
construction. It is a kind of sentence in which the speaker deletes the item or items from
the sentence itself. Actually ellipsis can be seen from the structure, the place, and the
kind.
However, when we want to delete, we have to pay attention to the rule which stated
above. The rule is based on both linguistics and non linguistics context. Here is one
example of ellipsis based on linguistics context: After learning English, I am able to
speak it fluently. After learning English can be made into complete form: After I
learned English or after I have learned English. We will discuss further about this topic
through this paper.
1.4 Advantages
1. For authors, can add insight about elliptical, elliptical meaning, structure of elliptical,
the placement, and kinds elliptical.
2. For readers, can make the source in the manufacture of paper and add insight about
elliptical, elliptical meaning, structure of elliptical, the placement, and kinds elliptical.
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CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1 Elliptical
There are some definitions about what is elliptic sentence or contruction. An elliptical
clause (a form of elliptical construction) is a clause in which some words have been omitted.
(www. Ensiclopedia.com). In the grammar of a sentence, an elliptic construction is a
construction that lacks an element, but, recoverable or inferable from the context. The
elliptical construction is a sequence of words in which some words have been omitted.
Because of the logic or pattern of the entire sentence, it is easy to infer what the missing
words are.
An elliptical sentence does not mean a sentence with an ellipsis in it. An ellipsis is
three periods, symbolizing missing information. This form most often appears when using
only part of a direct quote. An elliptical sentence refers to sentences with information
missing. This form does not require an ellipsis. These sentences are grammatically correct
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only if the necessary information to understand the sentence has been supplied previously or
is clear from the context of the sentence.
Actually elliptical constructions is not only using in writing but its also often be used
in dialogue to shorten what is being said.
For Example :
1. Tony : I want to go home, and you ?
Rony : me too.
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2.2 Elliptical Structure
The structures of English elliptical construction are as follows:
a. Two positive statements that have same predicate (including object and complement)
can be arranged as follows:
subject + verb (be) + and +
so + verb (be) + subject
b. Two Negative statements that have same predicate (including object and complement)
can be arranged as follows:
Negative statement + and..neither positive auxiliary or be subject
subject negative auxiliary or be either
c. Two positive statements which contain compound verb (auxiliary/modal + verb) can
be arranged by using the pattern in point a.
Here are some examples:
1) He will come here soon. She will come here soon.
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He will come here soon, and so will she. Or
He will come here soon, and she will too.
d. Two negative statements which contain compound verb (auxiliary/modal + verb) can
be arranged by using the pattern in point b.
e. The combination of negative statements and positive statements with the same tense is
arranged by using the conjunction but. The pattern is as follows:
f. The combination of two positive statements which contains verb, noun, etc; in the
same tense is arranged by using the conjunction Bothand.
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Here are some of the examples:
1) I study English. He studies English.
Both I and he study English.
2) Amir was happy. Udin was happy.
Both Amir and Udin were happy.
g. The pattern below is used to state one of two actions in two sentences with same
tense. Either or + positive auxiliary (modal).
h. The pattern below is used to state none of: Neithernor+ positive auxiliary
(modal).
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2) Whats the matter? Stomachs sore. (My stomach)
3) Couldnt understand what he wanted (=I couldnt understand what he wanted.)
4) Seen Andy? (=Have you seen Andy?)
b. Personal pronouns can always be left out before ordinary verbs, if this leaves the meaning
clear.
For examples:
1) Wonder what shes doing.
2) Hope to see you soon.
3) Looks just like his father.
A personal pronoun cannot always be left out before an auxiliary verb. A subject
pronoun before a negative auxiliary verb, and sometimes before a modal auxiliary verb like
must, but the subject before affirmative have, be or will cannot be dropped.
For examples:
1) Cant do it.
2) Havent seen him.
3) Wont work, you know.
4) May see you tomorrow.
5) Must dust.
6) Doesnt know what she wants.
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For examples:
1) Cant go in there. (=You cant)
2) Need your oil changing.
3) Have to wait a bit, Im afraid.
4) Keeping well, I hope.
d. In questions, auxiliary verbs (do, have, be, or will) can be left out. The subject can be
dropped as well if this leaves the meaning clear.
For examples:
1) You ready?
2) Ready?
3) Your father got a car?
4) Anybody want more?
5) You be here tomorrow?
e. Ellipsis is very common in sentences that have some sort of tag stuck on the end.
For examples:
a. Cant swim, myself.
b. Dutch, arent you?
c. Going on holiday, your kids?
d. Like my pint, I do.
e. Getting in your way, am I?
Meanwhile, the places of ellipsis in a
Sentence are as follows:
1. Ellipsis of subject and (or Auxiliary) / (Modal).
For examples:
a. Ridwan ate a cheese sandwich and (Ridwan) drank a glass of coffee.
b. Yulia should clean the shed and Amir (should) mow the lawn.
c. The volcano erupted much more violently than (it) was foreseen.
d. Bakri must have been studying English and Farida (must have been) doing her
homework.
2. Ellipsis of predicate or predication
For examples:
a. I work in a factory, and my brother (works) on a farm.
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b. She will study today, and she may (study) tomorrow.
c. Its cold in December in England, but (it is cold) in July in New Zealand.
d. Arif is playing football for his school, and Yusuf (is playing football) for his club.
e. Adi will take the course, and Udin might (take the course) too.
3. Ellipsis of Direct Object or Subject Complement.
For examples:
a. Hasan likes (Dewi), and Agus hates, Dewi.
b. Ismail was happy, and Rahmad certainly seemed so (happy).
c. Nashir has recently become (a very diligent student), and his brother always was, a
very diligent student.
Examples:
a. I am happy if you are (happy).
b. Mary is dusting the furniture because Alice wont (dust the furniture).
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Although (he was) told to stop, he kept on working. If there is no subordinator, more
than one subordinator can be available, and maybe there are some possibilities for
time and aspect. Examples:
3) Post modification
Post modifying clauses or clause or phrase can often be considered relative clauses
which are reduced:
In appended clause only part of the preceding or the interrupted clause constitutes the
ellipsis, and an additional clause constituent is present:
Example:
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They are meant to wound, perhaps to kill. (= They are meant to wound. They are
perhaps meant to kill).
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1 Conclusion
Based on the description above, the writer can give a short explanation of elliptical
construction as follows. Ellipsis can be seen from the structure, the place, and the kind.
Viewed from the structure, when the sentences are positive we can use the structure of
elliptical construction: Subject + verb (be) + too, or So + verb (be) + subject; when the
sentences are negative we can use the pattern: Subject + negative auxiliary or be + either, or
Neither + positive auxiliary or be + subject.
Viewed from the place, we can apply ellipsis in the place of subject and (or auxiliary)
(modal), of predicate or predication, of direct object or subjective complement.
Kinds of ellipsis can be viewed from linguistic context and nonlinguistic context. Ellipsis
which depends on linguistic context can be in the form of adverbial finite clause, adverbial
non finite and verb less clauses which can be subdivided into participle clause and verb less
clause, post modification consisting of post modifying clauses, post modifying adjective
phrase, post modifying prepositional phrase, supplementing and appended clauses.
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REFERENCES
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