Introduction-

{
K
KEFEF
Historical Review
K

K
K
KAM
KFM
KFM

{
{
K
W
Analog Communications System
K

W
K+5V
{
W
{E
F{EF
K1-1KEF

--


1-1

-

E F
F
KE

K
K
K
W
W(AM) J
(Amplitude
KModulation)
(FM) J

K(Frequency Modulation)
(PM) J

K(Phase Modulation)

KEF

(modulated wave)
--


K
PMFMAM
KK(Demodulated Signal)
1-2


W
Ease of Radiation J

E
FK
K
{ 3000100
10F 3000100
KE 300
K

{ 300100 K

K1-2

--


K30
WKEF
{{
K
Simultaneous Transmission of many Signals J
K
K
K

K

{
Frequency K
Division Multiplexing (FDM)
K
Electromagnetic Spectrum-

K
{ 1-1K
W
c
= f
[m] (1-1)
W
L300000000ZWC
KW




--


W-

100km-10km 3kHz-30kHz (VLF)
10km-1km 30kHz-300kHz (LF)
1000m-1km 300kHz-3MHz (MF)
1000m-10m 3MHz-30MHz (HF)
100m-10m 30MHz-300MHz (VHF)
10m-1m 300MHz-3GHz (UHF)
10cm-1cm 3GHz-30GHz (SHF)
1cm-1mm 30GHz-300GHz (EHF)

,M: medium ,F: Frequency ,H: High , L: Low ,V: very

.E: Extremely, S: Super, U: Ultra

-
EFK
(1 KHz)1
(100 KHz)100
(10 MHz)10
K
W
(1-1)K

c 3 10 8
= 1000Hz : = = = 300 Km
f 1000
c 3 10 8
5
= 10 H = = = 3 Km
f 10 5
c 3 10 8
=10 Hz :6 = = = 30 m
f 10 6

--


{ K
EF
1-1

K

K
(LF){(VLF)J
K
KW(MF)J
{
W(HF)J
K
W(VHF)J
{
K{{
{ W(UHF)J
K{
W(SHF)
K{
K{W(EHF)J
{
{
K1-2

300-3400{Voice Frequency VF
K

--


K2 -1

C VHF 500 MHG - 1GHz
D L 1GHz - 2GHz
E S 2GHz - 3GHz
F S 3GHz - 4GHz
G C 4GHz - 6GHz
H C 6GHz - 8GHz
I X 8GHz - 10GHz
J X 10GHz - 12.4GHz
J Ku 12.4GHz - 18GHz
J K 18GHz - 20GHz
K K 20GHz - 26.5GHz
K Ka 26.5GHz - 40GHz

EHF, SHF , UHF
K(300MHz 300GHz)
WEHF
{1016Hz1012Hz J
{Visible{infraredW

Kultraviolet
K1018HzX-rays J
Gama rays J
K1020Hz
( cosmic photons) J
K1032Hz
LaserFiber Optics

E4.285C1014HzF
14
KE7.5C10 HzF
K1-3

--


1-3

Bandwidth -
K

(BWlnf){
K(BWch )
K


K


K
Bw inf Bw ch (1-2)
WBWinf
KWBWch
1-2
500
K5000
K(BWch)K
K
K
W
K
Bwch = 5000 - 500 = 4500 KHz
(Bwinformation)K
Bwinf = 3400 - 300 = 3100 KHz

--


K
K
BWinf = 30 MHz - 3 MHz = 27 MHz

K
Transmission Modes -
W
KSimplex (SX)K
Half Duplex K
KEF(HDX)
Full Duplex K
K{(FDX)
K
KFull/Full Duplex(F/FDX)

Noise -

K
K
W
Uncorrelated Noise--

W{
External NoiseK

{
W

K{{
- -


(Internal Noise) K
{
K {
Johnson Noise
K
K
K
{White Noise
K
K

K
KPartition noiseShot noiseK
K
K
transit noise
{
K
Correlated Noise --

K

K
{

KAmplitude Modulation: AMthunderstorms

K100MHz
K
FMWFrequency Modulation
K[88MHz 108 MHz]
- -


K Thermal noise
Johnson
WK
N = KTB (1-3)
:
(Watts)WN
(Hertz)WB
(Kelvin)WT
WKelvin
T = C + 273
1.38 10 23
Joules
ZWK
Kelvin
{dBDecibel
WK10(1 3)10
NdB = 10 Log ( KTB ) [ dB] (1-4)
W
KWNdB

1-3
K1017
W
KJ
KJ
W
K
N = KTB =1.38 X 10-23 X (17+273) X 10 X 103 =4 X10 -17Watts
K
NdB = 10 Log ( KTB ) = 10 Log (4 X10-17 ) -164 dB

- -


Signal to Noise ration --

K

K
WK
S P
= s (1-5)
N Pn

S Ps
= 10 Log (1-6)
N dB Pn
W
S
KW

N dB
W Ps
KW PN

W
S Vs

N = 20 Log (1-7)
dB Vn

S I
= 20 Log s (1-8)
N dB In

1-4
{0.01W10W
W
S
K

K
N
S
K K

N dB

- -


W
S P 10
= s = = 1000 K
N Pn 0 . 01
S Ps
= 10 Log = 10 Log (1000) = 30dB K
N dB Pn
Spectral Analysis-

K
{
K

{ {
{
K

K
Fourier Expansion --
V(t)

{ K
K{
{T{ V(t)
WK
v ( t ) = A 0 + A1 cos( wt ) + A 2 cos( 2 wt ) + ... + A n cos( nwt ) +

B 0 + B1 Sin ( wt ) + A2 sin( 2 wt ) + ... + An sin( nwt ) (1-9)

W(1 9)

V(t) = A 0 + fundamenta l + 2 nd harmonic +
(1-10)
3 rd harmonic + . + n th harmonic
W
K(DC value)WA0

- -


WFundamental
K(f1)
W2nd harmonic
K f =2.f1
2

K
Bn . B2, B1, An . , A1 , A0
W
T
1
A0 =
T v ( t ) dt
0
(1-11)
T
2
An =
T v ( t ) cos( nwt ) dt
0
(1-12)
T
2
B n =
T v ( t ) sin( nwt ) dt
0
(1-13)

(1-9) V(t)(1-7)
W
V(t) = A0 + A1 cos wt + A2 cos 2 wt + .. t An cos nwt (1-14)
W(1-9)V(t)
V(t) = A0 + B1 sinwt + B2 sin 2 wt + .. t Bn sin nwt (1-15)

1-5

KEF
v(t)

+2V

t
0 T/4 3T/4 T
2V

0.5 m s

- -


K K
KEF K
K K

W
WEF K

v ( t ) = A 0 + A1 cos( wt ) + A 2 cos( 2 wt ) + ... + A n cos( nwt )

T 3T
T 4 4 T
1 1 1 1
Ao = v ( t ) dt = 2 dt + 2 dt + 2 dt = 0
T 0
T 0
T T T 3T
T
2 4 4
A 1 =
T 0
v ( t ) cos( t ) dt =
T4 3T
4 T

2 8
T 0
A1 = 2 cos( wt ) dt + 2 cos( wt ) dt + 2 cos( wt ) dt =
T
4
3T
4


8
A2= 0 & A3 =
3
W
8 8
v (t ) = cos( t ) cos( 3 t )
3
W K
1 1
f = = 3
= 2000 Hz
T 0 . 5 10
f=2KHz
W K
fs = 3f = 3x2K = 6KHz

- -


K
V(f)

8

3

2KHz 6KHz F (Hz)

- -


K K
K
K
K
K K


K{{{W K
K K
K K


K
K
K K
K K
K K

W
K K
K K
K K


K K
K K

- -


K K
Amplitude K
KFrequency ModulationModulation


K527
K K
{ K
K K
K K

W
K(1-6)(1-5)


0.02 20
K
K K
K K


K K
KV(t) K
K K

- -

EF

 EFW
Amplitude Modulation (AM) Transmission

K K
KEF K
K K
K AM K
K K
W
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
KAM J
K J
K J
K J
12W

- -

EF

-

{
(information)
K
(Carrier)
Km(t) {{
K(PM){(FM){(AM)

{
{
{
AM K
K(demodulation)
{
K(AM)
Amplitude Modulation -
(AM)J

Km(t)
AM Modulator J

2-1K(Modulated wave){
K

KW2-1

- -

EF

Generation of AM SignalsEFJ
{
Amplitude Modulation Double Sideband Full Carrier (AM SBFC)
KAM"AM DSBFC"

{Vm(t)=Em Sin(2 fmt)2-2
VAM(t)Vc(t)=Ec Sin(2 fct)
K
{AM 2-2
2-2K

K
{
AM
K

KAM{{2-2

(Modulated Wave Characteristics)J
WEF
K(fc)
- -

EF

KEF
KEF
KEF
AM Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth-
AM Frequency SpectrumJ

{
E10F{

K
K
K2-3(fc)

Carrier

Lower Sideband Upper Sideband

Lower Side Frequencies Upper Side Frequencies

F (Hz)

fc fm(max) fc fc fm(max)

AM2-3
Wfc2-3
Upper Sideband (USB)
Wfc+fm fc
f c USB f c + f m (2-1)
Upper Side Frequency (USF)USB
WUSF
f usf = f c + f m (2-2)

- -

EF

W
WfUSF
Wfc
KEFWfm

Lower Sideband (LSB) W
W
f c f m LSB f c (2-3)
Lower Side Frequency LSB
WLSF(LSF)
f Lsf = f c f m (2-4)
AM Bandwidth J
W2-3EF
BW AM = (fc + fm ) ( f c fm )= 2 fm
WAM
BW AM = 2 fm [Hz] (2-5)
W
K(Hz)AMWBWAM
K(Hz)EFWfm
2-1
{EAMDSBFC modulatorF
Kfm= 5kHzfc=100kHz
W
KLSBUSB K
BWAM K
KfmZ3kHz(USF) K
KfmZ3kHz(LSF) K
K K
- -

EF

2-1
W(2-1)K
f c USB f c + f m
100 kHz USB 105 KHz
(2-3)
f c f m LSB f c

95 KHz LSB 100 KHz

(2-5)K
BW AM = 2 f m = 2 5 KHz = 10 KHz

(2-2)K
f usf = f c + f m = 100 KHz + 3 KHz = 103 KHz
2-4K
f Lsf = fc fm
= 100 KHz - 3 KHz = 97 KHz
K

- -

EF

-
Coefficient of Modulation and Percent Modulation
Coefficient of ModulationJ
AM
WK
Em
m = (2-6)
Ec

EFWm
EFWEm
K
KEFWEc
Percent Modulation (M)
W{
Em
M = 100 % (2-7)
Ec
2-4Ec , Em , m

K EmEc {2-4
W2-4
V max = Ec + Em (2-8)
V min = Ec Em (2-9)

- -

EF

(2-9) , (2-8)
1
Ec = (Vmax Vmin ) (2-10)
2
2-92-8
1
E m = (Vmax + Vmin ) (2-11)
2

AMWVmax
AMWVmin
EAMF
{
Em

W
Em = EUSF + ELSF (2-12)
(2-12)

K

EUSF=ELSF (2-13)
(2-12)(2-13)
Em
E USF = E LSF = (2-14)
2
W(2-14)(2-10)
1
E USF = E LSF = (V max V min ) (2-15)
4
W
[Volts]WEUSF
[Volts]WELSF

- -

EF

K(2-7)Em=Ec100%
K(2-9)100%Vmin=0

W

K100%AM2-5

AM2-2

W
K J
K J
AM J
K J
KJ

- -

EF

2-2
W(2-15) J
1
E USF = E LSF = (V max V min ) = 1 (18 2 ) = 8V
4 2
(2-10) J
1
Ec = (Vmax + Vmin ) = 1 (18 + 2 ) = 10V
2 2
Ec=10V
(2-11) J
1
Em = (Vmax Vmin ) = 1 (18 2) = 8V
2 2
(2-6) J
Em 8
M = = = 0 .8
Ec 10

(2-7)J
E m
M = 100 % = 0 . 8 100 % = 80 %
Ec

AM-
AM Voltage Distribution (AM) Vam(t)
{ { {
KAM
{
W
V c (t ) = E c sin( 2 f c t ) (2-16)

(Volts)WVc(t)
(Volts)WEc
Wfc
W
AM(repetation rate) J
KEF
- -

EF

KAM J
{Em+EcAM J
WAM
V am ( t ) = [Ec + E m sin( 2 f m t ) ]sin 2 f c t (2-17)

W [Ec + Em sin(2f mt )]
(Volts)WEm
(Hz)Wfm
(2.6)
Em = mEc (2-18)
W(2.15)(2.8)
V am (t ) = [Ec + mE c sin( 2 f m t ) ]sin( 2 f c t ) (2-19)

V am ( t ) = [1 + m sin( 2 f m t ) ]E c sin( 2 f c t )

V am ( t ) = E c sin( 2 f c t ) + mE c sin( 2 f m t )( E c sin( 2 f c t )) (2-20)

G
1
sin sin = [cos( ) cos( + ) ] (2-21)
2
W(2-20)(2-21)
mE c mE c
V am ( t ) = E c sin 2 f c t cos 2 ( f c + f m ) t + cos 2 ( f c f m ) t (2-22)
2 2


(Volts)WEc Sin(2fct)
(Volts)W mEc cos 2 ( f c + f m )t
2
mE
(Volts)W c cos 2 ( f c f m )t
2

- -

EF

W(2-22)
K K
Ec(mod ulated ) = Ec(un mod ulated ) (2-23)
K K
{100% K
Ec
KE F
2
W
E m = E usf + E Lsf
Ec E
Em = + c = Ec
2 2
W
Vmax = Ec + Em = Ec + Ec = 2 Ec
Vmin = Ec Em = Ec Ec = 0
Em=1F
{
K2-5 .{Vmin=0Vmax= 2 Ec
2-6K
(2-22)(AM DSBFC)

AM DSBFC2-6
(cycle)W(2-22)
K
90180
E-F
K(2-22)
- -

EF

2-3
K20Vp500KHz AM

10kHz

WK7.5Vp
K J
K J
K J
K J
KJ
K J
K J
K J
2-3
(2-4) , (2-2)J
f usf = f c + f m = 500 K + 10 K = 510 KHz
f Lsf = f c f m = 500 K 10 K = 490 KHz
W(2-7), (2-6)WJ
E m 7.5
m= = = 0.375
Ec 20
Em 7 .5
M = 100 % = 100 % = 37 . 5 %
Ec 20
(2-23)J
Ec(modulated) = Ec(un modulated) = 20V
W(2-22)J
mE c 0.375 20
E USF = E LSF = = = 3.75V
2 2
W(2-9) , (2-8)J
Vmax = E c + E m = 20 + 7.5 = 27.5V
Vmin = Ec Em = 20 7.5 = 12.5V
- -

EF

W(2-22)J
mEc mEc
Vam (t ) = Ec sin 2f c t cos 2 ( f c + f m )t + cos 2 ( f c f m )t
2 2
W
V am ( t ) = 20 sin( 2 500 Kt ) 3 . 75 cos( 2 510 Kt ) + 3 . 75 cos( 2 490 Kt )
K
WJ

AM Power DistributionAM-
W
V2
P= (2-24)
R
W
2
V rms
P av = (2-25)
R

V
V rms = (2-26)
2
(2-25)(2-26)
V2
Pav = (2-27)
2R

- -

EF

.R (2-27)
E C2
PC = (2-28)
2R
W
(Volts)WPc
(Volts)WEc
(Ohms)WR
K
2
mEC

2 R m 2 EC2
Pusf = PLsf = = (2-29)
2R 8R
W(2-29)(2-28)
1 2
PUsf = PLsf = m PC (2-30)
4
AM
PT = PC + PUsf + PLsf
1 2 1 2
TP = PC + m PC + m PC (2-31)
4 4
m2
PT = 1 + 2 PC (2-32)


{(2-31)
W(2-32)
K
W2-7(2-31)

- -

EF

KAM DSBFC2-7
W100%
PC
PUsf = P Lsf = (2-33)
4
(2-30)m=1

PC
P TUsf = (2-34)
2
100%W
(2-34)(2-33)

K
AM BSBFC
{

KAM DSBFC
2-4
WAM DSBFC
W100%10w{10Vp
W
K K
K
K K
K K

- -

EF

K K
2-4
(2-28)K
E C2 10 2
PC = = 5W
2R 2 10
(2-30)K
1 2 1
PUsf = PLsf = m PC = (12 )5 = 1.25W
4 4
K100% m=1


K
PC 5
PTUsf = = = 2 . 5W
2 2
(2-30)K
m2 12
PT = 1 + 2 PC = (1 + 2 ) 5 = 7 . 5W

K

- -

EF

AM Current CalculationsAM-

K
K
W
Pt I t2 R I t2
= 2 = 2 (2-35)
PC IC R IC

m2
1 + PC
Pt 2 m2
= =1+ (2-36)
PC PC 2
W
It m2
=1+ (2-37)
IC 2
(2-35)
m2
IT = IC 1+ (2-38)
2
W
(A)WIt
(A)WIc
W2-5
100%10w10w
(AM DSBFC)
2-5
(2-38)
m2
IT = IC 1+
2

- -

EF

ITIc
PC 10
PC = I C R I C = = = 1A
R 10
12
IT = (1 ) (1 + ) = 1 . 225 A
2

Modulation by a Complex information-
{{
{
K{
{
K
(fm1, fm2)

2-8K
Kfm1, fm2

fc fm2 fc fm1 fc fc+fm1 fc+fm2

KK2-8
2-8E22-2F
K fm1, fm2AM

- -

EF

m1 E c
V am ( t ) = E c sin 2 f c t cos 2 ( f c + f m 1 ) t +
2
m1 E c m E
cos 2 ( f c f m 1 ) t 2 c cos 2 ( f c + f m 2 ) t +
2 2 (2-39)
m2 Ec
cos 2 ( f c f m 2 ) t
2
K

W
mt = m1 + m2 + ... + mn
2 2 2
(2-40)

Wmt
KWm1, m2, . mn

W{
m t2
PT = 1 + 2 PC (2-41)

1 2
PUsf = PLsf = mt PC (2-42)
4
1 2
P
tsb = mt PC (2-43)
2

2-6
200wAM DSBFC
W
Km3 = 0.5, m2 = 0.4 , m1 = 0.2
W
K K
K K
K
- -

EF

2-6
(2-40)K
mt = m12 + m 22 + m32 = (0.2) 2 + (0.4) 2 + (0.5) 2 = 0.67
(2-43)K
1 2 1
Ptsb = mt PC = (0.67) 2 (200) = 22.445W
2 2
(2.41)K
m t2 ( 0 . 67 ) 2
PT = 1 + 2 PC = 1 + 2
( 200 ) = 122 . 445 W

AM Modulator and Demodulator circuits-
AM Modulator CircuitJ
K AM{
{ K K

AM K
KAMK
WAM

W2-9

- -

EF

(2-22) Vout(t)
2-9AM
{KAM
W
Vout (t ) = C1Vin1 (t ) + C 2Vin2 (t ) + C 3Vin3 (t ) + ... (2-44)
2-9
Vin (t ) = E m sin(2f m )t + EC sin(2f C )t (2-45)
W(2-43)(2-44)
Vout (t ) = C1 [E m sin(2f m )t + EC sin(2f C )t ]2 + C 2 [E m sin(2f m )t + EC sin(2f C )t ]2 (2-46)

W2-22
Vout (t ) = C1 E C sin( 2f C )t C 2 E m E C cos 2( f C + f m)t +
C 2 E m E C cos 2( f C f m)t + C1 E m sin( 2f m )t + C 2 E m2 sin 2 (2f m t ) + (2-47)
C 2 E C2 sin 2 (2f C t )
(Fc-Fm), (Fc+Fm)2-47
{AM
(2-47)
(2-47) (2.22)
AM (2-22)(2-47)
W

KAMW2-10

AM
W

- -

EF

K(npn)AMW2-11
AM Demodolator CircuitK
{ AM
(Rectifier Circuit)W

(Square law detector)(Envelope Detector)
W
Envelope Detector
AM

W2-12

- -

EF

The Function of the circuit

K(Am as input wave)AM

KE2-12)
C
F{
K

E
R
K
K

KEF-AMEFK2-12

- -

EF

K
K

{
K2-12EFEAMF
AM Transmitters EF-
W
(Low Level transmitter) K
,(100kHz 300kHz)
{(Microphone)W
2-13K(Phonograph record)(CD Rom)
K

2-13
(High Level transmitter) K

K
K2-14

K2-14
- -

EF

EFW
Amplitude Modulation Reception

W
K K
K K
KAM K

W
K J
KEF J
KEF J
KAM J
4:

- -

EF

Introduction-

K
KAM
KAM{{AM


KEFK(RF)
{(Demodulation)

.(Receiver)
KAM 3-1

AM3-1

Characteristics of AM Receiver AM-

AM

W
The RF Section J
W
K(RF) K
K K
K K
The Mixer and Converter SectionJ

- -

EF

(Intermediate Frequencies (IF)

IFJ
K{
KAMJ
AM

K
J
K

Receiver Parameters -

K(RF)
ESelectivityFJ

K
Bandwidth ImprovementJ

K
W
B RF
BI = (3-1)
B IF
W
xzWBI
xHzzWBRF
[Hz]WBIF

- -

EF

W

NFi = 10 Log B I (3-2)

[decibel] WNFi
3-1
AM(NFiF

K10kHz200kHz


(3-2) , (3-1)
B RF 200
NFi = 10 Log B I = 10 Log = 10 Log = 13dB
B IF 10
Sensitivity J


K
Dynamic Power range J
{
K
Fidelity Factor J

K

KW K
KW K
KW K
Insertion Loss (IL)J

- -

EF

K
W
Pout
IL = 10 Log (3-3)
Pin
J
(Noise Temperature and Equivalent Noise Temperature)
WW
N
T = (3-4)
KB
W
[Kelvin]WT
[watts]WN
K= 1.38 10 23 Joules WK
Kelvin
(Hertz)WB

(Te)J
(Signal to noise ratio)
K
1000 20TeK
K
WTe
Te = T ( F 1) (3-5)
(Kelvin)WTe
(Kelvin)WT
KEFWF

- -

EF

AM-
W
Coherent receiversJ

E F
K(Oscillator)
Non coherent receiversJ


K
W
3-2(The Super heterodyne AM receiver)
KW

3-2

W{(3-2)E F
{{{{
KK
fc
{FLOK 455
FLO=Fc+FIF
455(Fc)
- -

EF

E FK(FIF = 455kHz)
{
K
{ 455
{455
455 K
{K
{K
K
{

K

K

{
K K
KEFIC=FLO FCFfc
FLO=FC+FIFZ1000+455=1455kHzW 1000kHzfc
{Fc= 1455+455=1910kHz

1910kHz K455 kHzFc Fco
{2FIF=910kHz1000kHz E F

K
K910kHz70kHz
(IF)E3-2F
K (FLO)
{{



K
K


- -

EF

K1600550
20551005
114595
K
K

EF
{K
K E
F
K
K
K
K
K
{
EF
K

- -

EF

KAM

KAM

(BI)(BIF)
K320kHz(BRF)16

(RF)
(NFi)
K10kHz(IF)40kHz

16dB(Te)
KT=27C

K


K500kHz
K

- -

W

WW
Amplitude Modulation: Single Side band (SSB)

W
K
KK
KK
KK
{
{ K
K
WG
K-
W-
KW J J
KW J J
KW J J
KW J J
KW J J
-
7W

- -

W

Introduction -
(AMDSBFC)
K

K
K

K

K

(AM DSBFC)

K

W
K
W
K
Single Sideband Systems-
{K
K
W

---
AM Single Side band Full Carrier (SSBFC)
-
4-1K{
KW

KW4-1

- -

W

{
W
mEc mEc
Vam (t ) = Ec sin 2f c t cos 2 ( f c + f m )t + cos 2 ( f c f m )t (1-4)
2 2
W
W{
mE c
VSSBFC (t ) = E c sin 2f c t cos 2 ( f c + f m )t (4-2)
2
(4-2)
K{
Pt = PC + PUSB
m2
Pt = PC + PC (4-3)
4
m2
Pt = (1 + ) PC
4
Wm=1100%
4
PC = Pt
5
1 (4-4)
PUSB = Pt
5
(4-4)
K
K
W
BW SSBFC = f m (4-5)

WBWSSBFC
Wfm

Vmax = E C + EUSB (4-6)

- -

W

Vmin = EC EUSB (4-7)

mE C
EUSB = (4-8)
2
100%{(4-7)(4-8)
Vmin (%) = 50% E C (4-9)
100%4-8
4-2K 50%
K100%

K100%4 2
4-1
KPc=100W
Km=0.8K(SSB)
K K
K K
K
:
m2 1
PUSB = PC = (0.8) 2 100 = 16W K
4 4
Pt = PC + PUSB = 100 + 16 = 116 W K
Pt=116 W{PC=100 W{PUSB=16 WK
E F86%
F14%
E
K
- -

W

W--
AM Single Side band Suppressed Carrier (SSBSC)
W
W

K4-3
{ {4-1
KEF
mE c
VSSBFC (t ) = cos 2 ( f c + f m )t (4-10)
2
100%4-10
W {
KFm

W
m2
Pt = PUSB = PC (4-11)
4
BW = f m (4-12)

4-2
Pc=200w
Km=1
K K
K K
K
W
m2 1
PUSB = PC = (1) 2 200 = 50 W K
4 4
Pt = PUSB = 50 W K
- -

W

W K

K

W--
AM Single side band Reduced Carrier (SSBRC)
W
K 10%
WK

K4-4
W
mEc ( reduced )
VSSBFC (t ) = Ec ( reduced) sin 2f c t cos 2 ( f c + f m )t (4-13)
2
W(4-13)10%
(0.1)Ec
VSSBFC(t ) = (0.1)EC sin 2f ct cos2 ( f c + f m )t (4-14)
2
(4-14)
W
Pt = PC + PUSB
E C2 ( reduced ) 1 2 (4-15)
Pt = + m PC
R 4

EC ( reduced ) = 0.1EC

m2
Pt = ( 0 . 01 + ) PC
4

- -

W

BW = C (4-16)

4-3
Ec=20V
R=5m=1
K K
K K
K K
K

W
E C2 ( reduced ) (0.1E C ) 2 0.01E C2
PC = = =
R R K
R
0.01 400
PC = = 0.8W
5
m2 1
PUSB = PC = (1) 2 (0.8) = 0.2 W K
4 4
Pt = PC + PUSB = 0.8 + 0.2 = 1W K
F 80%K
{
20E

W
K

W--
Amplitude Modulation: Vestigial Sideband (VSB)
K
K K

KE25%F

- -

W

{
4-5K

(VSB)4-5
(VSB)
W1.25
BWVSB =1.25BWSSB =1.25f m (4-17)
KVSB

W--
Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC)
{
K

4-K

K6

K4-6

W
mE c m 2 Ec
VDSBFC (t ) = cos 2 ( f c + f m )t + cos 2 ( f c f m )t (4-18)
2 2
E F(4-18)
W
- -

W

Pt = PUSB + PlSB
m2 m2
Pt = PC + PC (4-19)
4 4
m2
Pt = PC
2

BWDSBFC = 2f m (4-20)
(4-19)

K
-
Comparison of Various AM Systems
KE F
{

{
{
K

E
F

K
K
{
K

{ K


F75%
{ E {
{ K

K
{(micro wave link)
{

- -

W

{
K

W
K K
{

K
K

K
K {

K EF {

K
K(PCM)

- -

W

W
KW J
KW J
KW J
KW J
KWJ
W J
KW J
KW J
KW J

K


KEF


{
K

{
{{
K{

- -


W
Angle Modulation

W
K K
K(PM) K
K(FM) K
K FM(PM) K
K K
W
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
12W

- -


Introduction -
K { W

K(PM)(FM)
K

{ (AM)
KK
1936K
1931
FM1939{FM
K
{
{
K{{

(AM)
K

-
Angle Modulation and Instantaneous Frequency
K
W
V (t ) = EC cos[2 f C + (t )] (5-1)
W(5-1)K (t )
V (t ) = EC cos[ (t )] (5-2)

(t ) = 2 f C + (t ) (5-3)

- -


K (t )
W
d (t )
i (t ) = (5-4)
dt
W(5-4)(5-3)
d (t )
i (t ) = C + (5-5)
dt
C = 2 f C
KW (t )
d (t )
KW
dt

-
Phase and Frequency Modulation (PM and FM)
K(FM)(PM)
{(PM)
{
W
(t ) = Vm (t ) (5-6)
W
radian
x zW
Volts
KW Vm (t )
(FM)
W
d (t )
= f Vm (t ) (5-7)
dt
W
t
(t ) = f Vm ( )d + (t o ) (5-8)
to

x zW f
- -


0W (t o )
{
(5-1)(5-8) , (5-6)
W
V PM (t ) = E C cos[2f C t + Vm (t )] (5-9)
t

V FM (t ) = E C cos 2f C t + f Vm ( )d (5-10)

(5-10) , (5-9)
K

K
W(5-5)(5-6){
dVm (t )
i ( PM ) (t ) = C + (5-11)
dt
W(5-5)(5-7)
i ( FM ) (t ) = C + f Vm (t ) (5-12)
(5-12) , (5-11)

K

W -
Theoretical Generation of PM and FM waves
(5-3)
(FM) , (PM)
W

- -


K(FM)(PM)5-1

5-1
K

V (t ) = 10 cos(200t + )
3
W

(t ) = 200t +
3
d (t )
i (t ) = = 200
dt
i = 2 f i = 200 f i = 100 Hz

- -


Modulation Index -
WK
W
m = Vm (5-13)
W
Wm
LWKp
KWVm
?
K?
5-2
WEF
V (t ) = 2 cos(2 2000t )
W
m = Vm= 2.5 2 = 5rd

WK
W
fVm
m = (5-14)
fm
f
m = (5-15)
fm
W
KW f = f Vm

Wfm
KWkf

- -


5-3

KHz
f =5
V

V (t ) = 2 cos(2 2000t )
:
FMK
KHz
f = f Vm = 5 2V = 10 KHz
V
FMK
f 10 KHz
m = = = 5
fm 2 KHz
-
Frequency Analysis of Angle Modulated Waves

K
F
KE
f c f m , f c 2 f m ,..., f c nf m

K
(5-{

W1)
V (t ) = EC cos[2 f C + (t )] (5-16)
(5-16)(5-6)
V (t ) = EC cos[2 f C + Vm (t )] (5-17)
W
Vm(t ) = V cos m t (5-18)
W(5-17)(5-18)

- -


V (t ) = E C cos [2 f C + V cos m t ]
V (t ) = E C cos [2 f C +m cos m t ] (5-19)
WE5-13FmV
+
n
cos( + m cos ) = J n (m) cos( + n cos + ) (5-20)
2
KmnJn(m)
(5-19)(5-20)
+
n
V (t ) = E C J n (m) cos( C t + n m t + ) (5-21)
2
(5-21)

J o (m) cosC t + J1 (m)cos(C + m )t + 2


V (t ) = EC J1 (m)cos(C m )t + J 2(m)cos(C + m )t + (5-22)
2 2

J 2(m)cos(C m )t + ...
2
(5-22)

f c f m , f c 2 f m ,..., f c nf m W(fc)

{{

J2(m), J1(m)
5-1K
K

- -


Jn[m]5-1
m Jo J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J8 J9 J10 J11 J12 J13 J14

0.00 1.00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

0.25 0.98 0.12 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

0.5 0.94 0.24 0.03 - - - - - - - - - - - -

1.0 0.77 0.44 0.11 0.02 - - - - - - - - - - -

1.5 0.51 0.56 0.23 0.06 0.01 - - - - - - - - - -

2.0 0.22 0.58 0.35 0.13 0.03 - - - - - - - - - -

2.4 0.00 0.52 0.43 0.20 0.06 0.02 - - - - - - - - -

2.5 - 0.05 0.5 0.45 0.22 0.07 0.02 0.01 - - - - - - - -

3.0 - 0.26 0.34 0.49 0.31 0.13 0.04 0.01 - - - - - - - -

4.0 - 0.04 - 0.07 0.36 0.43 0.28 0.13 0.05 0.02 - - - - - - -

5.0 - 0.18 - 0.33 0.05 0.36 0.39 0.26 0.13 0.05 0.02 - - - - - -

6.0 0.15 - 0.28 - 0.24 0.11 0.36 0.36 0.25 0.13 0.06 0.02 - - - - -

7.0 0.30 0.00 - 0.30 - 0.17 0.16 0.35 0.34 0.23 0.13 0.06 0.02 - - - -

8.0 0.17 0.23 - 0.11 - 0.29 - 0.10 0.19 0.34 0.32 0.22 0.13 0.06 0.03 - - -

9.0 - 0.09 0.25 0.14 - 0.18 - 0.27 - 0.06 0.20 0.33 0.31 0.21 0.12 0.06 0.03 0.01 -

10.0 - 0.25 0.05 0.25 0.06 - 0.22 - 0.23 - 0.01 0.22 0.32 0.29 0.21 0.12 0.06 0.03 0.01

(m)
5-1
5-2KJn[m]
K10m

KmJn[m]5-2

- -


5-4
{m=1{FM
Vm(t)=Vm sin (2 1000t)

Vc(t)=10 sin (2 5x105t)
W
K K
K K
K
W
K3m=15-1 K
W K
J0 = 0.77 (10) = 7.7 V
J1 = 0.44 (10) = 4.4 V
J2 = 0.11 (10) = 1.1 V
J3 = 0.02 (10) = 0.2 V
W K

-
Bandwidth requirement for Angle Modulated
4-5
WK
{ W
{(AM)
W
B = 2. f m (5-24)
{W
W
B = 2f (5-25)

- -


W
W
B = 2(n f m ) (5-26)
W
WN
KEFWFm
(Carson){193928W

W
[
B = 2 f + f m (max) ] [Hz ] W
WF
EFWfm(max)

(5-24) Ffm(max)
{Fm(max) F{


K(5-25)
98%K
EFK
K
5-5
{F =10kHzFM
KFc= 500kHz{Ec=10v{Fm=10kHz
W
K K
K
K

- -


B = 2 ( n x fm) K
m = 1 n=3
B = 2 ( 3 x 10 ) = 60 KHz.
B = 2 (F + Fm(max) F K
B = 2 (10 + 10 ) = 40 kHz
K


K

K

-
Average Power of an Angle Modulated Wave

{AM
K

K
EF
E C2
PC = (5-28)
2R

Pt = P0 + P1 + P2 + P3 + .... + Pn (5-29)
E 02 V 2 V 2 V 2 V2
Pt = + 2 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n (5-30)
2R 2R 2R 2R 2R
W
WPL
WP0
- -


WP1
WP2
WP3
nWPn
WE0 = J0 Ec
WV1: J1 Ec
KnWVn = Jn Ec
5-1J0, J1 , Jn
(5-30)2K

Kfcfc
-
F5-5FM K
KERL = 50 Ohms
K K

W
102
PC = =1 W EF
2(50)
Pt = 1.0051 W EF
K

K

-
Practical Generation of Angle Modulated Waves
FMK
KFM5-3


- -


1
fc = (5-31)
2 Lc
W{
1
f = (5-32)
2 L (c + c )
C f
EHF L K

KFM5-3

KPMK
KPM5-4
{
K

PM5-4

- -


K10v5kHzFM
W
K
2V K



K5V2 radPM
W
K
K2v K



KKKKKKKKKFM
Vm(t) =10 sin 2 2000t

K K
K
K K


Kp= 1.5 PM
Vm(t) = 2 sin (2 2000t)
W
K K
K K

- -


W
{Vm(t) = Vm sin 22000t{FMm=2
Vc(t) = 8 sin (2 800Kt)
K J
K J
K J
K J
K2.5J

- -


Wayane Tomasi `` Electronic communication systems fundamental through advanced `` .

Schaums outlines `` Analog and digital communications`` McGraw Hill (1993).

Horld B. Killen `` Communication techniques`` Macmilan publishing company New

York (1985).

Louis E. Frenzel `` Communication electronics principles and applications`` McGraw

Hill 3 rd edition (2000).

Gary M. Miller`` Modern electronic communications`` Prentice Hall International Inc

(1996).

Dornhofer G. and Nies A. ``STE 6.1.6 High frequency circuits using plug in system
electrical engineering and electronics`` Lybold Didactic GMBH (1990).

Lathi B.P. `` Modern digital communication systems`` second edition, Rinehart and
Winston Inc., Orlando 32887 (1989). The translated copy by. Dr. Ibrahim El khadi, Dr.
Abdelaziz El rouisi amd Dr. Adel Ali `` King Saoud University``.

Saad Ali El Haj Bakri and Mohamad abderhman El harbi`` Intoduction to

communication`` King Saoud university (1988).

- -


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.................................................................... EFW
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................................................................................. AM-
.............................................................................. AM-
............................................................................... AM-
....................................................................... -
.......................................................................... -
................................................................................ EF-
....................................................................................................
.......................................................... EFW
................................................................................................ -
- -


........................................................... AM-
............................................................................... -
......................................................................AM-
....................................................................................................
........................................................ WW
................................................................................................. -
......................................................................... -
............................................. ---
..................................... W--
....................................... W--
....................................................... W--
............................................. W--
............................................................. -
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- -