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00 Fall 2001
Example Problems for Week 4
Solution 4.1
a. From the rst law for an adiabatic system, dU = dW where dW is the work done on
the system by the applied electric eld.
Z
U = W = V0 E~ dD~
The linear response means that D~ = ~E~ and dD~ = ~dE~ . Substitution and integration
give the following form for the change in internal energy.
U = W = V20 E~ T ~E~
0 10 1
V 0 0 E1 C
U = 20 E1 E2 E3 B C B
11
@ 0 22 0 A @ E2 A
0 0 33 E3
0 1
11 E1
U = V0 E1 E2 E3 B @ 22 E2 CA
2 33 E3
U = V20 11 E12 + 22 E22 + 33 E32
b. THIS PART OF THE PROBLEM IS TO SERVE AS AN ILLUSTRATION. YOU
ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS MATERIAL IN THIS COURSE.
It is necessary to rotate the properties of the crystal to coincide with the orientation
of the crystal axes with respect to the laboratory reference frame. This is done using
the matrix of cosines, A~. Let ~L = A~~ be the dielectric constant referred to the lab
reference frame.
0 1
cos sin 0
A~ = B@ ; sin cos 0 CA
0 0 1
And so,
0 10 1
cos sin 0 0 0
~L = B
@ ; sin cos 0 CA B@ 0 22 0 CA
11
0 0 1 0 0 33
0 1
11 cos 22 sin 0
~L = B@ ;11 sin 22 cos 0 CA
0 0 1
And the change in internal energy is given by the following.
U = E12 11 cos + E22 22 cos + E3233 + E1E2 (22 ; 11 ) sin
c. When the crystal has tetragonal symmetry the following holds.
Ua = 11 (E12 + E22 ) + 33 E32
Ub = 11 (E12 + E22 ) cos + 33 E32
On inspection these are equal when cos = 1 or = =2. We've shown that if a
tetragonal crystal is rotated 90 degrees about its c-axis the crystal properties are
indistinguishable from those before the rotation. This is an illustration of Neumanns
Principle.
Z V;1 PdV
dU =
U = ; PdV
V 0
Solution 4.3
dU = dQ + dW
dU = ;PdV
AP 2dV + 2APV dP = ;PdV
2APV dP = ;(AP 2 + P )dV
dP = ; dV
Z P1 dPAP + 1 Z V1 2dV AV
=;
P0 AP + 1 V0 2AV
1 ln V0 = 1 ln P1
2A V1 A P0
V0 12 P1
V1 = P0
1 1
V02 P0 = V12 P1 = constant
The equation of the adiabats for this gas is V 12 P = constant. Note that the equation for
the adiabats of the ideal gas is similar, PV
= constant.