Exercise 1

In a Rankine cycle, steam leaves the boiler 4 MPa and 400C. The condenser
pressure is 10 kPa. Determine the cycle efficiency & Simplified flow diagram
for the following cases:
a. Basic ideal cycle
b. Reheat cycle with 2 turbine stages where the steam at 400 kPa is heated
back to 400 C
Also calculate the moisture content at turbine outlet and compare it to case
(a)
c. Regenerative cycle, where some portion of the steam is extracted at 400
kPa and fed to an open feedwater heater to pre-heat the feedwater to
saturated liquid at 400 kPa
Also calculate the weight fraction of steam extracted at 400 kPa
d. Actual cycle where the turbine efficiency is 86%, pump efficiency is 80%,
Pump outlet pressure 5 Mpa, and the total piping pressure drop
between boiler to turbine and pump to boiler is 0.2 Mpa (other
pressure drop is considered insignificant)

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Exercise 1c Menghitung efisiensi
Dari jawaban sebelumnya:
h5 = 3213.6 h6 = 2685.6
h7 = 2144.1 h1 = 191.8
kondisi condenser tidak berubah (h1 dan h7 tetap),
namun laju alir massa berubah (karena sebagian
steam diekstrak sebesar y). Sehingga menghitung
Qcond menggunakan:
Qcond = (1-y) h1-h7
= (1-0.1654)* -1952.3 kj/kg = -1629.14 kj/kg
Untuk menghitung efisiensi tinggal menghitung Q
boiler = h5-h4
Karena h5 tetap, yg perlu dicari adalah h4
Dari kurva T-S terlihat titik 3 pada sat. Liquid
(asumsi, karena tidak mungkin dua fase kavitasi
di pompa), dari soal diketahui P3 = 400 kPa. Lalu
diperoleh v = 0.001084 m3/kg; h3 = 604.7
W pompa high pressure (34) dihitung dari : v(P4-
P3) = 3.9 kJ/kg
h4 = h3+Wpump,high P = 604.7+3.9 = 608.6
Qboiler = h5-h4 = 2605
Efisiensi = 1-Qboiler/Qcond = 37.5%

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Exercise 1c Mencari y
Koreksi: utk mencari y, lebih mudah menggunakan neraca
energi di feed water heater:
h6(y) + h2 (1-y) = h3

Diperoleh y = 0.1654
*langkah mencari h2 sama dengan mencari h4 di pompa high
pressure

Karena neraca energi di turbin yg benar harusnya

memperhitungkan daya turbin:
Energi masuk = Energi keluar
h5 = Wturbine + h6*(y) + h7*(1-y)

Turbine ideal = isentropic, sehingga berlaku:

s5 = s6 = s7 (tidak terpengaruh stage/pressure outlet) =
6.7690
Dari s6, pada P = 400 kPa, bisa dicari X6 & h6
Dari s7, pada P = 10 kPa, bisa dicari X7 & h7
Lalu dari neraca energi di turbin:
Entalpi masuk = Entalpi keluar koreksi lihat diatas
h5 = h6(y) + h7(1-y) koreksi lihat diatas

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 Exercise 1d - Turbine
Turbine
Pada kondisi inlet 3.8 Mpa/380 C:
h5 = 3169.1 s5 = 6.72
Pada saat kondisi isentropis:
s6s = s5 = 6.72
Lalu dicari x6s = (s6s-s6f)/(s6g-s6f)
x6s = 0.8098
h6s = hf (1-x6s) + hg (x6s) = 2129.5
Secara umum langkah pengerjaan mirip Daya turbine dihitung menggunakan
dengan contoh 1a. Yang berbeda adalah: efisiensi isentropis:
Adanya pressure drop (mengubah kondisi T,P untuk Wt = t*(h5-h6s) = 894.1 kJ/kg
mencari H/S dari tabel)
Adanya efisiensi isentropis di pompa dan turbin

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 Exercise 1d - Pompa
Pompa
Pada kondisi inlet 10 kPa/42 C:
v = 0.001009 m3/kg
Daya pompa:
Wp = v (P2-P1)/p = 6.3 kJ/kg

Wnet = Wt-Wp = 887.8 kJ/kg

Langkah pengerjaan mirip dengan turbine. Qboiler = h4-h3 (langsung didapat

Di dalam soal tidak disebutkan adanya dari tabel) = 3041.8
Pressure drop antara Turbine-Condenser-
Pump. Dalam aplikasinya, Lokasi condenser
biasanya berada persis di bawah turbine, cycle = Wnet/Qboiler = 29.2%
dan lokasi pompa juga di bawah condenser,
sehingga kalaupun ada P biasanya sangat
kecil dan bisa diabaikan
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Exercise 2

The temperature at the beginning of the

compression process of an air-standard Otto cycle
with a compression ratio of 8 is 540 R, the
pressure is 1 atm, and the cylinder volume is 0.02
ft3. The maximum temperature during the cycle is
3600 R. Determine:
(a) the temperature and pressure at the end of
each process of the cycle,
(b) the thermal efficiency, and
(c) the mean effective pressure, in atm
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Exercise 3

A gas-turbine power plant operating on an ideal

Brayton cycle has a pressure ratio of 8. The gas
temperature is 300 K at the compressor inlet
and 1300 K at the turbine inlet. Utilizing the air-
standard assumptions, determine
(a) the gas temperature at the exits of the
compressor and the turbine,
(b) the back work ratio, and
(c) the thermal efficiency.

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Exercise 4
In an air-standard Brayton cycle the air enters the compressor at 0.1
MPa and 15C. The pressure leaving the compressor is 1.0 MPa, and
the maximum temperature in the cycle is 1100 C. Determine:
a. The pressure and temperature at each point in the cycle.
b. The compressor work, turbine work, and cycle efficiency.
For each control volume analyzed, the model is ideal gas with constant specific
heat at 300 K, and each process is steady state with no kinetic or potential energy
changes.

Recalculate answer (a) and (b) if it the compressor efficiency is 80%,

turbine efficiency is 85%, and pressure drops between the compressor
and turbine are 15 kPa

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Exercise 4
Pada soal diasumsikan berlaku sifat gas ideal
dengan panas spesifik yg konstan. Sehingga
untuk menghitung efisiensi langsung
menggunakan:

Untuk menghitung daya pompa, turbin, dan

exchanger diperoleh dari:

Note: nilai h2;h1 tidak dapat diambil

dari tabel A-22, karena diasumsikan Cp
konstan

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Perbandingan korelasi utk Cp konstan dan Cp = f(T)

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Perbandingan korelasi utk Cp konstan dan Cp = f(T)

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