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Stress PDF
Stress PDF
2
Stresses in machine
elements
Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur
Lesson
3
Strain analysis
Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur
Instructional Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the student should learn
2.3.1 Introduction
No matter what stresses are imposed on an elastic body, provided the material
does not rupture, displacement at any point can have only one value. Therefore
the displacement at any point can be completely given by the three single valued
components u, v and w along the three co-ordinate axes x, y and z respectively.
The normal and shear strains may be derived in terms of these displacements.
A B
x
u A' B'
is the angle made by the displaced line BC with the vertical and is the angle
made by the displaced line AD with the horizontal. This gives
u v
y x
y u x v
= = and = =
y y x x
y
u
u+ y
y
u
y
y
C'
B'
v+
v
y
y B C
D'
A' v
v+ x
v x
A u D x
u
u+ x
x
1
1 = [ 1 (2 + 3 )]
E
1
2 = [ 2 (3 + 1 ) ]
E
1
3 = [ 3 (1 + 2 ) ]
E
From the point of view of volume change or dilatation resulting from hydrostatic
pressure we also have
= K
where =
1
3
( x + y + z ) = ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) and = ( x + y + z ) = (1 + 2 + 3 )
1
3
G=E
2(1 + )
Considering now the hydrostatic state of stress and strain we may write
1
( 1 +2 + 3 ) = K(1 + 2 + 3 ) . Substituting 1, 2 and 3 in terms of 1 , 2 and 3
3
we may write
1
( 1 +2 + 3 ) = K [(1 + 2 + 3 ) 2 (1 + 2 + 3 )] and this gives
3
K=E .
3(1 2)
(1 2 ) ( x + y + z ) + 3T
1
=
E
=
1
3K
( x + y + z ) + 3T .
1
Combining this with x = x ( y + z ) + T we have
E
E x 3K( 3T) ET
x = +
1+ 1+ 1+
3K
Substituting G = E and = we may write the normal and shear
2(1 + ) 1+
stresses as
x = 2G x + 3KT
y = 2G y + 3KT
z = 2G z + 3KT
xy = G xy
yz = G yz
zx = G zx
These equations are considered to be suitable in thermoelastic situations.
50mm 1 KN /mm
4 KN/mm
100mm
2.3.7.1F
t
Now, z = where, t is the thickness and t is the change in thickness.
t
Therefore, the change in thickness = 7.5 m.
Q.2: At a point in a loaded member, a state of plane stress exists and the
strains are x= -90x10-6, y= -30x10-6 and xy=120x10-6. If the elastic
constants E , and G are 200 GPa , 0.3 and 84 GPa respectively,
determine the normal stresses x and y and the shear stress xy at the
point.
A.3:
250
Axial stress x = = 127.3MPa
( 0.05 )
2
Now, lateral strain, L = and this gives
D
= 9.5 m.
In the absence of any applied load, the force developed due to thermal
expansion, F = E t A = 848KN