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Cnchebiendonghop PDF
Cnchebiendonghop PDF
GIO TRNH
Bin son
Thc s L M HNG
NM 2005
PHN I
NHNG QU TRNH C BN
TRONG CH BIN THC PHM NG HP
PHN II
1
n sau nm 1975, ngnh cng nghip hp min Nam mi c ch trng
v pht trin, sn xut c nhiu mt hng thc phm c gi tr.
Cho n nay, nc ta th nghim nghin cu c hng trm mt hng v
a vo sn xut c hiu qu, t cht lng cao. Trong c cc mt hng c gi tr
trn th trng quc t nh: da, chui, da chut, nm rm ng hp...Cc vng c
nh my sn xut hp thc phm: H Ni, Hi Phng, Nam nh, Sn Ty, Bin
Ha, ng Nai, Thnh Ph H Ch Minh, Kin Giang, Cn Th, Tin Giang ...
2. ngha
Ngnh cng nghip hp thc phm pht trin mnh c ngha to ln ci
thin c i sng ca nhn dn, gim nh vic nu nng hng ngy. Gii quyt
nhu cu thc phm cc vng cng nghip, cc thnh ph, a phng thiu thc phm,
cho cc on du lch, thm him v cung cp cho quc phng. Gp phn iu ha
ngun thc phm trong c nc. Tng ngun hng xut khu, trao i hng ha vi
nc ngoi.
Hin nay nh cc ngnh c kh, in lc, cht do, v.v... pht trin mnh,
lm cho cng nghip hp c c kh, t ng ha nhiu dy chuyn sn xut.
Cc ngnh khoa hc c bn nh: ha hc, vi sinh vt hc, cng ngh sinh hc ang
trn pht trin: c ng dng nhiu trong cng nghip thc phm ni chung v
hp ni ring, lm cho gi tr dinh dng ca thc phm c nng cao v ct gi
c lu hn.
3
* hp nhuyn th khng gia v
- hp thy sn c gia v :
* hp c c gia v
* hp mc c gia v
- hp c sauce (st) c chua: c ch bin t cc loi c bin, hp, sy
hoc rn, cng vi sauce (st) c chua.
- hp c ngm du: c ch bin t cc loi c qua cc qu trnh hun
khi, sy, hp hoc rn, ngm trong du .
* hp c ngm du
* hp c hun khi ngm du
* hp ln hun khi ngm du
Ch bin s b bng c hc
Bi kh - Ghp kn
4
Bo n - Dn nhn
Thnh phm
5
CHNG I
QU TRNH CH BIN S B NGUYN LIU BNG C HC
5
S dng my phn loi thy lc: My phn loi da theo ni khc nhau
trong cht lng do khi lng ring ca nguyn liu chnh lch nhau. My phn loi
thy lc dng phn loi nguyn ht: u, lc ( u phng) v.v...
II. RA
1. Khi qut
- Sau khi la chn phn loi, nguyn liu c a qua khu ra. giai on
r ny nhm mc ch l loi tr cc tp cht, bi, t ct bm xung quanh nguyn
liu, ng thi lm gim 1 lng ln vi sinh vt nguyn liu.
- Gia sc trc khi git m cn tm ra cho chng bng nc m (trong phng
chuyn dng) v khng nn cho gia sc n ung t 12 - 24 gi ty theo loi gia sc
(vic nh ch n ung ca gia sc trc khi git m nhm thi bt cht tiu ho, m
bo c iu kin v sinh ca vic m x.
Yu cu nguyn liu sau khi ra: Phi sch, khng b dp nt, t b tn tht
cht dinh dng (khi r trnh nguyn liu tip xc vi nc lu).
6
Tiu chun
Ch tiu
Ch tiu vt l
Khng
Mi v 100 ml
trong (ng Dienert) 5o
Mu sc (thang mu coban)
6,0 7,8
Ch tiu ha hc 50 - 100 mg/l
pH 50 mg/l
CaO 0,3 mg/l
MgO 0.2 mg/l
Fe2O3 1,2 2,5 mg/l
MnO 0.5 mg/l
BO43- 0,1- 0,3 mg/l
SO42- khng
NH4+ khng
NO2- 0,1 mg/l
NO3- 0,05 mg/l
Pb 2,0 mg/l
As 5,0 mg/l
Cu 0,3 - 0,5 mg/l
Zn
F < 100 cfu/ ml
< 20
Ch tiu vi sinh > 50
Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh khng c
Ch s Coli (S Coli/1lt nc)
Chun s Coli (S ml nc c 1 Coli)
Vi sinh vt gy bnh
Nc c cng cao s lm cho nguyn liu rau qu chc hn (nh vi, nhn,
da chut ...) nhng mt s rau h u (c nhiu tinh bt) d b sng. Ni chung
cng ca nc ra khng qu 20 mg ng lng/lt, nu khng qu 15 mg ng
lng/lt. Khi dng nc c nhiu hp cht ca st, mu sn phm d b sm mu, do
phn ng gia st vi tanin.
Nu dng ngun nc sng, h th phi qua h thng lc trong v st trng.
Lc v lm trong nc bng cch cho qua nhiu lp si, ct, than hoc dng phn st
trng. C th dng clorin, hoc cc hp cht cha Cl2: Clorur vi, Javel...
3. Nguyn l ca qu trnh ra
Qu trnh ra nhm m bo 2 giai on:
* Ngm cho b cc cu bn
* v xi nc cho sch ht bn.
Thi gian ra ph thuc vo giai on u tc l ph thuc vo tnh cht ha l
ca cht bn, sc bm cht ca n vo nguyn liu ra v kh nng tc dng ca dung
dch ra, c th s dng my nh:
- My ra thng quay
7
Thng quay gy ra 1 tc dng c hc, ch st ln mt ngoi nguyn liu ra.
Thng quay thng c cu to hnh nn, nn vic vn chuyn nguyn liu ra qua my
lin tc.
- My ra sng lc
My ra sng lc lm vic theo phng php xi. Nguyn liu trong qu trnh
ra, do tc dng chuyn ng ca sng, b c st ln nhau, ln mt sng v c nc
t trn phun xung xi sch. Do sng t nghing v tc dng lc 2 chiu ca sng lm
cho nguyn liu chuyn lin tc t ch vo n ch ra. My dng ra cc loi
nguyn liu nh qu trn cng hoc cc loi ht, ngoi ra cn dng lm ngui nguyn
liu sau khi x l nhit.
- My ra bng thy lc
Dng trong cc nh my hp ra cc loi ht nh u, ng non em vo
ng hp vv... N ng thi va ra,va tch ring ra cc tp cht nng ln vo nhau
nh sn, ct, st vn ... v cc tp cht nh nh v, rc ri hoc cc ht thi lp vv...
- My ra bi cho
My ny l 1 thng ng nc, trong c gn my khuy loi bi cho. Khi my
khuy quay, nguyn liu di chuyn cng vi vi nc v c lm sch. Sau h
thng hoa sen s trng sch t ct. My ny c hiu qa ra cao, dng cho cc loi
qu cng nh c rt, khoai ty...
- My ra bn chi
B phn c ra l cc bn chi gn trn trc quay. Nguyn liu c ra li
bng tia nc phun, loi my ny thng dng ra cc loi qa c cu to chc, b
mt x x.
8
Nng NaOH thng s dng 1,5 2 %. Qu xanh, kch thc ln, cn nng
cao hn qu chn, kch thc nh. Nhit dung dch NaOH cng cao th tc dng
bc v cng mnh, nhng khng nn qu cao, s lm chn mm nguyn liu. Thi gian
ngm ko di t vi giy n vi pht. Gia nguyn liu v dung dch ngm cng cn
c mt t l xc nh.
Bng 1.2. iu kin thc hin bc v mt s qu bng NaOH
Nng Nhit Thi gian T l
Loi qu dung dch ngm ngm ngm nguyn liu -
(%) (oC) (s) dung dch ngm
Mn 10 70 80 150 240 1/10 1/15
o 1 2,5 - 30 60 -
i 4 70 80 300 1/5 1/10
Mi qut 1,2 75 80 5-8 1/20 1/30
(Nguyn Vn Tip v ctv. 2000)
Sau khi ngm trong dung dch NaOH, nguyn liu c ra li trong nc lun
lu loi v v lm sch NaOH bm vo nguyn liu. Nguyn liu sau khi ra phi
m bo sch NaOH, th li bng cch nh vi git phenolphtalein khng thy xut
hin mu hng.
2.2. Phng php bc v bng nht
bc v loi qu c mi, c chua, ngi ta nhng vo nc si. Nu chn
cam, qut trong nc 90 100oC trong 20 60 giy hay 80 90oC trong 60 90 giy
th tc bc v, tch mi, tc x tng gp 4 ln so vi khng chn.
2.3. Phng php lm sch nguyn liu bng c hc
Dng my lm sch, ty theo yu cu lm sch m s dng my thch hp
- Lm sch v c
Dng lm sch v la: khoai ty, c rt... Bn cht ca qu trnh lm sch v
bng my l to nn s va chm v ch xt ca nguyn liu ln b mt nhm ca thit
b, lm cho lp v trn b mt ca nguyn liu b trc ra ri dng nc xi i.
- nh vy c
Tng t nh cc my lm sch v c, nguyn tc lm vic ca my nh vy
c l to nn s va chm, ch xt ln b mt c vy trc ra, ri dng vi nc xi
i.
9
Hnh 1.1. My tch v c
- Tch ht c chua
L mt h thng nhiu my phi hp, va tch v, ht c chua, va ch mn
thnh pure. H thng my gm: My nghin 2 trc quay, my ly tm hnh nn, my
ch, my nghin 1 trc quay.
1. Ct nguyn liu
Ty theo mc ch lm nh v c tnh nguyn liu, ngi ta dng cc loi dao:
Thng, dao a hay dao cong. V cu to li dao, c 2 loi: Li dao phng ct
nguyn liu mm, li rng ca ct nguyn liu cng.
3. ng ha
ng ha l lm ti, mn cc thc phm lng (lm cho cc phn t ca sn
phm c kch thc rt nh, gim t 265 m n vi chc micrometer) nhm tng
mn ca sn phm, lm cho sn phm khng b phn lp.
My ng ha: nguyn tc lm vic ca my l dng p lc cao, y sn phm
i qua cc khe h rt nh (p sut ca sn phm vo khong 150 kg/cm2 v khi ra khi
khe nh ch cn khong 2 - 3 kg/cm2) Khi thay i p sut mt cch t ngt v tc
tng ln nhiu, lm cho sn phm b ti nh ra.
10
Kch thc ca khe h c th iu chnh c t 0,1 - 0,15 mm. Tc chuyn
ng ca sn phm qua khe h: 150 - 200 m/s.
ng i ca sn phm
ng i
ca sn phm
11
Hnh 1.3. Thit b ng ha
12
V. PHN CHIA NGUYN LIU
Qu trnh phn chia nguyn liu nh ch, p, lc, lng, ly tm nhm 2 mc ch
- Loi b phn nguyn liu c ga tr dinh dng thp hoc khng n c gi
l b, cn.
- Lm cho nguyn liu ng nht v trng thi v thnh phn ch bin c
thun li v nng cao cht lng thnh phm.
1. Ch
- Phng php ch dng trong sn xut c chua c c v nc qa c tht qa,
mt qa, ngha l dng phn chia nguyn liu rau qa c cu to mm thnh 2
phn: phn lng qua ry sn xut sn phm chnh, phn b cn li trn ry.
- Ry c lm bng thp khng r c c l nh, vi kch thc: 0,5; 0,75; 1;
1,5 mm.
sn xut nc qu c, ngi ta thng dng l ry c : 0,50 - 0,75 mm.
sn xut c chua c c, mt chui, da dng l ry c : 1,0-1,5mm.
- Nng sut my ch c tnh theo cng thc :
DL2
Q = 0,07 n (kg/h)
tg
D: ng knh ca ry (m)
L: Chiu di cnh p (m)
: gc nghing ca cnh ch so vi trc quay
n: S vng quay/pht
: Tng din tch l ry so vi din tch ry (23 - 45 %)
5. Trc quay
1. Vt xon ti nguyn liu
6. Mt ry
2. Phu nhp liu
7. Ca tho b ch
3. Bi cho chuyn nguyn liu
4. Cnh ch
Hnh 1.4. Cu to ca my ch
13
14
2. p
- Trong sn xut nc rau qu, p l phng php ch yu tch dch bo ra
khi nguyn liu. Trong qu trnh p, hiu sut p l ch tiu quan trng nht. Hiu
sut p ph thuc vo cc yu t :
* Phm cht ca nguyn liu
* Phng php s ch
* Cu to, chiu dy, chc ca khi nguyn liu
* p sut p
- Hiu sut p c tnh theo cng thc :
B = a ( 1 + 2 ) k. b (%)
16
4. Lng
lm trong nc qu, ngi ta cn dng phng php lng gn. Lng l
qu trnh ri ca cc ht huyn ph di tc dng ca trng lc. Tc lng ca cc
ht rn trong mi trng lng s khng i khi trng lng ca ht rn cn bng vi
sc cn ca mi trng.
Lc y, vn tc lng l :
2 2 1
V = r ( 1 2 ) g (m/s)
9
r Bn knh ht (m)
1, 2 Khi lng ring ca ht v ca nc qu (kg/m3 )
nht ng lc ca nc qu (Ns/m2 )
g Gia tc trng trng (9.81 m/s2)
Trn thc t ch dng phng php lng tch cc ht ln hn 10-4 cm, v
tc lng ca cc ht < 10-4 cm rt chm.
5. Ly tm
c dng phn tch huyn ph trong nc qu bng cc my ly tm.
Di tc dng ca lc ly tm, cc ht huyn ph trong nc qu b vng ra. Tc
tch cc ht y theo lc ly tm, xc nh theo cng thc:
2
2 1 2n
V = r 2 ( 1 2 ) R (m/s)
9 60
19
CHNG II
QU TRNH CH BIN S B NGUYN LIU BNG NHIT
2. Mc ch
Chn hp nguyn liu nhm cc mc ch:
- nh ch cc qu trnh sinh ha xy ra trong nguyn liu, gi mu sc ca
nguyn liu khng hoc t b bin i
i vi nguyn liu thc vt, di tc dng ca enzyme peroxidase,
polyphenoloxidase trong cc nguyn liu thng xy ra qu trnh oxy ha cc cht
cht, to thnh flobafen c mu en. Chn, hp, un nng lm cho h thng enzyme
b ph hy nn nguyn liu khng b thm en.
i vi nguyn liu ng vt, qu trnh chn, hp lm cho qu trnh phn gii
b nh ch. Nc chn nguyn liu c th c s dng lm nc rt hp
17
- Lm thay i trng lng v th tch ca nguyn liu cc qu trnh ch bin
tip theo c thun li
Khi gia nhit, cc nguyn liu cha nhiu tinh bt ht nc s trng n, nh
u kh sau khi chn s tng th tch gn 2 ln v khi lng tng 1,85 ln, nn khi
thanh trng s chng chn, dung dch rt vo khng b ht nhiu. Vi nguyn liu giu
protid, do b ng t di tc dng ca nhit, s lm gim th tch v trng lng. S
thay i trng lng v th tch ca nguyn liu sau khi gia nhit lm cho sn phm n
nh, p ng cc yu cu v t l ci - nc v thnh phn cc cu t trong hp.
- Gim t l tn tht nguyn liu v nng cao hiu sut ch bin
i vi nguyn liu thc vt, qu trnh chn, hp lm cho tinh bt b h ha,
gip nguyn liu n hi, kh gy v khi xp hp. Mt khc, khi chn protopectin thy
phn thnh pectin ha tan, lm cho vic bc v b ht nhanh v ph liu t. Lm tng
thm thu ca cht nguyn sinh, lm cho dch bo thot ra d dng (khi p nc
qu) hoc dung dch nc rt d ngm vo nguyn liu (trong sn xut qu nc
ng, mt ming, rau ngm gim)
i vi nguyn liu ng vt, khi x l nhit th colagen chuyn thnh gelatin
gip cho qu trnh tch tht ra khi xng, da d dng, do nng cao hiu sut ch
bin.
- ui kh c trong gian bo ca nguyn liu
Nhm hn ch tc dng ca Oxy xy ra trong hp, trnh phng hp, n mn v
hp st, oxy ha vitamin...Chn cn lm gim cc cht c mi v khng thch hp nh
v ng (mng, c tm) cc hp cht lu hunh (rau ci, ci bp, gia cm)
- Lm cho rau qu c mu sng hn do ph hy mt s cht mu
Khi chn trong dung dch acid citric hoc NaHSO3...nhng cht ny s ph hy
mt s hp cht mu, lm cho nguyn liu c mu sng hn.
- Lm gim lng vi sinh vt bm trn b mt ca nguyn liu
Mc d x l nhit khng cao lm, vi thi gian khng di, nhng c th
tiu dit mt s vi sinh vt km chu nhit bm trn b mt nguyn liu.
Chlorophyl B Pheophytin B
Nhit, acid
- Mu anthocyan
Trong nguyn liu, anthocyan thng tn ti dng phc hp leucoanthocyan.
Anthocyan l cht ha tan trong nc. Do , khng nn chn nguyn liu cha
anthocyan trong mi trng c nhiu nc.
Nhit Oxy ha
Leucoanthocyan Anthocyan
Mt
- Mu caroten
Caroten tng i bn nhit, v vy t b bin i trong qua trnh chn, hp. Mt khc,
trong qu trnh tn tr, nguyn liu c chn, hp th hm lng caroten li n nh
hn nguyn liu khng chn.
3.3. V mi v
Cc cht mi thng hin din trong nguyn liu l cc hp cht ester d bay
hi. V vy, mi v gim mt t sau khi chn, hp.
19
3.4. V cu trc
Mt trong nhng mc ch ca qu trnh chn, hp l lm mm cu trc ca rau
qu, to iu kin d dng khi cho vo bao b hoc tch v, ht ra khi tht qu. Tuy
nhin, i vi mt s sn phm th qu trnh chn, hp, lm mm cu trc khng mong
mun. M mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm mm cu trc l do protopectin bin
thnh pectin. V vy, duy tr cng ca sn phm, ta c th cho thm CaCl2 vo
nc chn, to thnh phc pectat calci.
2. Mc ch
Rn nguyn liu trong sn xut hp nhm cc mc ch:
- Tng gi tr cm quan ca sn phm.
- Tng gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm.
20
- Tiu dit h thng men v vi sinh vt.
3. Qu trnh rn
3.1. Yu cu v tnh cht ca du m dng rn
C th dng du hoc m, nn dng du tinh ch.
Du rn phi t cc yu cu sau:
- Mi v: khng i, kht, c mi c trng.
- Mu sc: trong, sng, khng lng cn.
- Lng m v cc cht bay hi khng qu 0.3 %.
- Ch s acid ca du < 0.2.
3.2. Phng php rn
*Giai on rn: Phi tin hnh rn ng ch :
- i vi rau, nhit rn : 120 - 1600C.
- i vi tht c, nhit rn: 140 - 1800C.
Thi gian rn 5 - 20 pht, thay i ty theo loi nguyn liu, nhit l rn v
lng nguyn liu a vo rn.
Nguyn liu cho vo rn phi ng u v phi ngp hn trong du. Lp
nguyn liu phi thp hn mt thong ca du t 5 - 10 cm.
Trong qu trnh rn, phi kim tra cht lng ca du. Khi ch s acid ca du
ln hn 4 th phi thay du, nhng nu cha c mi i kht, mu cha ti thm th cho
php tip tc rn, nhng khng cho php ch s acid vt qu 5.
*Giai on lm ngui:
Nguyn liu sau khi rn c lm ngui ngay n nhit 35 - 400C, c th
lm ngui bng cc phng php sau:
- Phng php n gin nht l dng qut gi, khng kh lu thng lm ngui
nguyn liu. Vi phng php ny, dy chuyn sn xut c th b gin on v vi sinh
vt trong khng kh li xm nhp vo sn phm.
- Lm ngui nguyn liu rn trong thit b chn khng, vi p sut t 700 -
710mmHg. Nguyn liu c lm ngui nhanh ti 35 - 400C ch trong vi pht. Vi
phng php ny m bo dy chuyn sn xut lin tc, khng s nhim vi sinh vt
vo sn phm.
- Ngoi ra cn lm ngui nguyn liu bng cch nhng vo du ngui. Phng
php ny rt ngn c thi gian rt nhiu, v h s truyn nhit t sn phm n du
ln gp 40 - 50 ln h s truyn nhit t sn phm n khng kh. Phng php ny c
nhc im l hm lng cht bo trong nguyn liu sau khi lm ngui cao, ch thch
hp cho sn phm c ngm du.
4. rn
Ngi ta xc nh cht lng rn v thi im ngng rn bng hnh thc bn
ngoi, mi v sn phm v bng rn. Trong nh gi rn, ngi ta nh gi bng
2 rn: rn biu kin v rn thc t.
21
- rn biu kin: Ch t l nguyn liu gim i sau khi rn, so vi nguyn
liu trc khi rn. c xc nh theo cng thc:
A B
X = 100 (%)
A
Vi A : Trng lng nguyn liu trc khi rn (kg).
B : Trng lng nguyn liu sau khi rn (kg).
rn biu kin c dng kim tra hay tnh ton cc ch tiu, nh mc
kinh t k thut v tnh nng sut thit b.
22
- rn thc t: Ch lng nc bay hi trong nguyn liu sau khi rn. rn
thc t bng tng rn biu kin vi lng du thm vo nguyn liu.
A B B.m
X1 = 100 + (%)
A A
Vi m : T l du ht vo sn phm (%)
rn thc t ch c s dng trong cc qu trnh tnh nhit.
rn biu kin lun thp hn rn thc t, v trong khi rn mt phn nc
bc hi nhng nguyn liu li ht mt phn du rn vo.
rn biu kin lun thp hn rn thc t, v trong khi rn th mt phn
nc bc hi nhng nguyn liu li ht mt phn du rn vo.
Lng du thm vo sn phm trung bnh 7 13%
rn biu kin trung bnh 30 53%
rn thc t trung bnh 41 64%
23
Cht bo (du, m) Nhit, Glyceril + acid bo
Nhit O
ha
Hin nay, bin php ch yu chng hin tng h hng du trong khi rn l
duy tr du rn trong l rn vi thi gian ngn nht. Ngi ta cn chng oxy ha du
bng cch cho cht chng oxy ha vo du rn.
Bng 2.2. Cht chng oxy ha cho php s dng
Liu lng
TN GI TN CHT CHNG OXY HA c th chp nhn
(mg/kg th trng/ngy)
ROOO + AH ROOH + AO
ROO + AH ROH + AO
RO + AH RH + AO
OHO + AH H2O + AO
24
6. Gii thiu thit b rn
Thng thng thit b rn ch l 1 thng cha du, c un nng bng t
chy nhin liu. Ngy nay, ngi ta thit k c thit b rn chn khng, hn
ch s oxy ha du, v t gy bin i nguyn liu rn.
III. C C
1. Khi qut
C c l lm bc hi nc ca sn phm bng cch un si.
Qu trnh c c c s dng nhiu trong cng nghip hp sn xut c
chua c c, mt, nc qu c c, cc loi soup kh, sa c...
2. Mc ch
C c nhm mc ch:
- Tng nng cht kh trong sn phm, lm tng sinh nng lng ca thc
phm.
- Ko di thi gian bo qun (v hn ch vi sinh vt pht trin do t nc, p
sut thm thu cao).
- Gim c khi lng vn chuyn.
25
3.1. Nhit si
- Khi tin hnh mt qu trnh c c thc phm ngi ta un nng khi sn
phm ti nhit si. Nc trong sn phm bc hi cho n khi nng cht kh
n nng yu cu th ngng qu trnh c c v cho sn phm ra khi thit b.
- Nhit si ca sn phm ph thuc p sut hi trn b mt, nng cht
kh v tnh cht vt l, ha hc ca sn phm.
Khi p sut hi trn b mt ca sn phm cng thp th nhit si ca sn
phm cng thp. V vy vic to chn khng trong thit b c c s gim c
nhit si ca sn phm. Hay ni cch khc l iu chnh nhit si bng cch thay
i chn khng.
0 100
126 95
234 90
326 85
405 80
430 75
526 70
572,5 65
610 60
642 55
667,6 50
690 44,5
55 102,4
60 103,5
65 104,5
70 105,5
75 107,5
(Nguyn Vn Tip v ctv. 2000)
26
- Nhit si thp th tnh cht ca thc phm t b bin i nh sinh t t b tn
tht, mu sc t b bin i, mi thm cng t b bay hi. Nhit si thp cn lm
gim tc n mn v ko di thi gian bn ca vt liu lm thit b c c.
3.2. Thi gian c c
- L thi gian lu li ca sn phm trong thit b c c cho s bc hi nc ra
khi nguyn liu t n kh yu cu.
- Thi gian c c ph thuc vo phng php lm vic ca thit b v cng
bc hi ca sn phm. Cc thit b cho nguyn liu vo, sn phm ra lin tc v sn
phm c cng bc hi ln th thi gian lu li ca sn phm trong thit b cng
ngn.
3.3. Cng bc hi
Cng bc hi ca sn phm ph thuc cng trao i nhit gia hi nng v
sn phm bc hi. Cng trao i nhit c c trng bng h s truyn nhit ca
qu trnh c c. H s truyn nhit cng ln, cng bc hi cng cao.
160oC, -
C12H22O11 C6H10O5 +
C6H10O5
185
27
C12H20O10
190o
- C
C24H26O13 > C36H50O25
C24H36O18
28
5. Gii thiu thit b c c
C c c th dng loi thit b h hoc thit b c chn khng.
+ Thit b c c h (lm vic p sut thng): thng dng nu mt...
+ Thit b c c chn khng: thng dng c c c chua, nc qu...
Thit b c chn khng c loi 1 ni hoc nhiu ni, nhng loi nhiu ni c u
im hn loi mt ni:
- Tit kim hi v dng c hi th v tn tht t hi.
- Cht lng sn phm tt v c c lin tc, nhit si thp, thi gian c
nhanh.
29
CHNG III
QU TRNH CHO SN PHM VO BAO B - BI KH - GHP KN
28
1.2. Kiu np bao b thy tinh
- Kiu PRESS-TWIST (Phng php xon c): Np v c bao b c rnh xon c.
u im :
M np d v tin
Nhc im
Hn ch nng sut ghp,
Cu trc v s dng my phc tp,
Kh gia cng
Tn kim loi lm np
Bao b phi lm c xon, kh gia cng, khng m bo kn khi
bo qun
- Kiu TWIST-OFF : dng cho bao b ming rng, c ngn, np st. Vng m t
y np. Khi y v tho np ch cn xoay vng np
u im :
M np d v tin
Nhc im
Hn ch nng sut ghp,
Cu trc v s dng my phc tp,
Kh gia cng
Tn kim loi lm np
Bao b phi lm c xon, kh gia cng, khng m bo kn khi
bo qun
- Kiu EUROCAP : dng cho bao b ming rng. Vng m t y np v vt
cht ly ming bao b.
u im
t tn km kim loi lm np
D m np
Nhc im
Hn ch nng sut ghp,
Ch to np phc tp,
Khng m bo kn khi bo qun lu di
- Kiu PRY-OFF (ghp nn) : dng cho c loi ming rng v ming hp. Np kim
loi c m cao su t quanh thnh, s b ko cng v dnh st vo ming chai khi trong
chai c chn khng.
u im
Nng sut ghp cao, ghp d
My ghp dng cho nhiu c bao b
Np gi nguyn vn v d m
m bo kn
Bao b t b v v gia cng d
29
Hnh 3.1. Bao b kim loi
Hnh 3.2. Bao b thy tinh 3.3. Kiu np bao b thy tinh
30
2. Yu cu bao b hp
Phi p ng cc yu cu :
- Khng gy c cho thc phm, khng lm cho thc phm bin i cht
lng, khng gy mi v, mu sc l cho thc phm.
- Bn i vi tc dng ca thc phm.
- Chu c nhit v p sut cao.
- Truyn nhit tt, chc chn, nh.
- D gia cng, r tin.
- Hnh thc hp dn, thch hp vi sn phm.
- S dng vn chuyn, bo qun tin li.
(Cng ty hp st Tovecan)
31
3. Chun b bao b ng sn phm
Trc khi s dng, cc loi bao b phi kim tra li phm cht v ra sch.
- Bao b kim loi tiu chun c ra sch bng nc l, nc nng, khi cn
thit c th dng dung dch kim long hay nc x phng long, soa, lm sch tp
cht bi ct, du khong cn dnh v hp khi gia cng, ro hoc sy kh.
- Cc loi bao b thy tinh thng nhim bn v kh ra sch hn bao b kim loi,
phi ra k bng ha cht. Cc dung dch kim (NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3) thng lm cho
thy tinh b m v to ra trn mt thy tinh cc hp cht Calci carbonat. Dung dch hn
hp ca NaOH 3 %, Na3PO4 1 % v Na2SiO3 khng lm m thy tinh. st trng chai
l thy tinh, dng ha cht c cha Cl2 vi lng Cl2 hot ng phi t 100 mg/l. Sau
khi ra ha cht, st trng, ra li bng nc nng hay nc l sch, sy kh hoc ro.
- i vi nt chai c lp m bng cht do khng chu c tc dng ca nhit
cao v nc lu. Sau khi ra sch bng nc l, ngm vo dung dch acid benzoic hay
Natri benzoat c nng 1 - 5 %.
33
II. BI KH
1. Khi qut
Trong cc qu trnh ch bin c hc nh nghin, ch, lc, p v.v... v vn chuyn
cc bn ch phm nh bm chuyn t thng cha ny sang thng cha khc, khi cho thc
phm vo trong bao b, u lm cho mt s khng kh xm nhp, ha ln vo cc sn
phm . Trong cc gian bo ca thc phm lc ng hp cng cn tn ti cc cht kh
nh khng kh, hi nc, kh carbonic v.v...Sn phm cho vo bao b khng hon ton
chim y c dung tch ca hp m cn li mt khong khng gian trong hp kn, cha
khng kh v hi nc.
Trc khi ghp kn hp, cn ui bt cc cht kh tn ti trong hp y i.
Qu trnh ny gi l bi kh.
2. Mc ch
Tin hnh bi kh trong sn xut hp nhm cc mc ch sau y :
a. Gim p sut bn trong hp khi thanh trng
Nguyn nhn lm tng p sut bn trong hp khi thanh trng, ch yu l do tn
ti lng khng kh trong hp sau khi ghp kn.
p sut trong hp khi thanh trng bng tng p sut ring phn ca khng kh, p
sut ring phn ca hi nc v p sut do sn phm dn n. Khi p sut tng cng y
bng 1,96 3,92.105 N/m2 (2 4at) c th lm hng hp. Bi kh s lm gim p sut
trong hp, nn hp khi thanh trng khng b bin dng hay h hng hp.
b. Hn ch s oxy ha cc cht dinh dng ca thc phm
Oxy ca khng kh cn li trong hp lm cho cc qu trnh oxy ha xy ra trong
hp lm cho cc qu trnh oxy ha xy ra trong hp mnh, lm cho cc sinh t, nht
l sinh t C b tn tht, cc cht hu c b oxy ha lm thay i hng v mu sc ca
thc phm trong hp .
c. Hn ch s pht trin ca cc vi khun hiu kh cn tn ti trong hp
Sau khi thanh trng hp, trong s cc loi vi sinh vt cn sng, tn ti cc vi
sinh vt hiu kh v nha bo ca n. Nu trong mi trng cn nhiu Oxy, cc vi sinh vt
c iu kin pht trin, gy h hng hp. Khi bi kh, cc vi sinh vt hiu kh
khng c iu kin pht trin, nn d cn sng cng khng gy h hng hp.
d. Hn ch hin tng n mn st ty
Hp st ty, nu trong mi trng acid yu, cc l nh khng ph thic trn b
mt, s to ra nhng cp pin li ti, m hai in cc l st v thic. Khi dng in chy t
cc dng sang cc m, y hydro thot ra dung dch n bm vo cc m, to thnh mt
mng bo v cc m, hn ch s phn cc ca pin v tin ti lm ngng qu trnh n
mn. Nhng nu trong hp cn oxy, oxy phn ng ngay vi hydro ph hy mng bo v,
dng in tip tc chy v din ra qu trnh n mn. Do , bi kh th hin tng n mn
s b hn ch
34
e. To chn khng trong hp khi lm ngui
hp thc phm cn phi c mt chn khng nht nh, khi vn chuyn,
bo qun trong cc iu kin kh hu khc nhau. hp khng c cc biu hin phng
y, np, ngi s dng c th phn bit c hp tt hay xu do cc vi sinh vt to
thnh kh gy ra. V vy chn khng c coi l mt ch s phm cht ca hp.
chn khng thng l 3,22 5,98.104 N/m2 (250 450 mmHg) trng hp c bit mi
ti 8,65 9,05.104 N/m2 (650 680 mmHg)
Nht Bn, p sut trong hp yu cu ch cn 1,06.104 N/m2 (hay 80 mmHg)
3. Phng php bi kh
Trong sn xut hp ngi ta dng nhiu phng php bi kh khc nhau, nhng
ch yu l dng phng php bi kh bng nhit v dng thit b chn khng.
a. Bi kh bng nhit
Phng php n gin v thun li nht bi kh bng nhit l cho sn phm vo
bao b khi cn nng. Cho sn phm vo bao b khi un nng ti khong 850C ri ghp
kn ngay.
b. Bi kh bng thit b chn khng
Ngi ta dng bm chn khng ht khng kh ra khi hp trong mt phng ca
my ghp kn.
Hin nay bin php ny c s dng ph bin to chn khng c hiu qu
nht trong hp.
c. Phng php bi kh khc
Ngoi cc phng php trn, ngi ta cn tin hnh bi kh bng phun hi. Dng
hi nc nng phun vo khong khng gian trong hp, trc khi ghp kn, hi nc
y khng kh ra ngoi. Sau khi ghp kn v lm ngui, hi nc ngng t v to
chn khng trong hp. Phng php ny ch p dng cho loi hp lng, cn cc sn
phm c th s lm xu hnh thc trn mt ca sn phm
35
III. GHP KN
Trong qu trnh ch bin hp, qu trnh ghp kn np vo bao b ngn cch
hn sn phm thc phm vi mi trng khng kh v vi sinh vt bn ngoi, l mt qu
trnh quan trng, c nh hng ti thi gian bo qun lu di cc thc phm . Np hp
phi c ghp tht kn, chc chn.
1. Mi ghp
Tin hnh ghp kn np vo bao b st ty hay thy tinh, hu ht ngi ta dng np
bng kim loi, ch yu l st ty.
- Khi ghp kn hp st ngi ta ghp kn bng mi ghp kp, tc l ch m hp th
c thn v np u cun li.
- Khi ghp kn np bao b thy tinh bng st, ghp kn bng mi ghp n.
Mi ghp Mi ghp n
k
38
2. Gii thiu my ghp np
Hin nay c rt nhiu loi my ghp c cu to khc nhau, tuy nhin qu trnh to
ra mi ghp v nguyn tc truyn ng u ging nhau.
C th chia cc my ghp np lm 4 loi chnh:
- My ghp th cng : Nng sut ca my l 6 - 10 hp /pht,
cao nht khng qu 20 hp /pht.
- My ghp bn t ng : Nng sut 20 - 25 hp / pht.
- My ghp t ng : Nng sut 120 hp / pht.
- My ghp t ng chn khng.
1. ng c in
2. Bnh rng
3. Con ln
4. Hp
5. Mm
6. Trc mm
7. C cu a con ln tin st vo my
8. Bn p
39
Hnh 3.9. My ghp np bn t ng
40
3. Th kn ca hp
hp sau khi ghp kn thng cn phi kim tra kn theo tng chu k ca thi
gian sn xut. Trong mt ca sn xut phi ly mu 2 - 3 ln kim tra kn. C th
tin hnh th kn ca hp theo mt trong cc phng php sau :
- Phng php ngm trong nc nng: Dng kim tra kn ca hp st
trong iu kin phn xng: Ra sch hp bng nc nng v x phng, ng thnh
mt lp trong chu thy tinh to c ng nc nng nhit khng di 850C. Lng
nc nng gp khong 4 ln th tch cc hp, mc nc phi trn mt hp t 25 - 30
cm. Hp trong nc nng t 5 - 7 pht. Lc u y xung, sau lt ngc, np
xung di. Sau quan st, nu thy bt kh trong hp thot ra hng lot hoc thot ra
u n cng mt ch, th hp coi nh b h.
- Phng php ht chn khng: t hp ng sn phm trong mt bnh ht
chn khng vi chn khng 50 mmHg. Do chnh lch p sut gia bn trong v bn
ngoi hp, lm cho np hp phng ln nu hp kn. V nc trong sn phm c th theo
ch h r ra ngoi trong trng hp mi ghp khng kn.
* X l hp h
- Trng hp pht hin uc hp ghp khng kn trc khi thanh trng, cn
phi iu chnh my ghp kp thi v c th m hp ch bin li hay ch bin
thnh cc sn phm ph.
- Trng hp pht hin c hp ghp khng kn sau khi thanh trng, th cc
hp a i ch bin thnh sn phm ph.
41
CHNG IV
C S CA QU TRNH THANH TRNG
HP THC PHM
I. CC H VI SINH VT TRONG HP
1. Vi khun
Cc loi vi khun ph bin nht thng thy trong hp.
a. Loi hiu kh
+ Bacillus mesentericus : c nha bo, khng c, trong nc v trn b mt
rau. Nha bo b ph hy 1100C trong 1 gi. Loi ny c trong tt c cc loi hp,
pht trin nhanh nhit quanh 370C.
+ Bacillus subtilis : c nha bo khng gy bnh. Nha bo chu 1000C trong 1
gi, 1150C trong 6 pht. Loi ny c trong hp c, rau, tht. Khng gy mi v l,
pht trin rt mnh 25 - 350C.
b. Loi k kh
+ Clostridium sporogenes: c nh trng thi t nhin ca mi mi trng.
N phn hy protid thnh mui ca NH3, ri thi NH3,, sn sinh ra H2S, H2 v CO2.
Nha bo ca n chu ng c trong nc si trn 1 gi. Clostridium sporogenes c
c t, song b ph hy nu un si lu. Loi ny c trong mi hp, pht trin rt
mnh 27 - 580C. Nhit ti thch l 370C.
+ Clostridium putrificum: l loi vi khun ng rut, c nha bo, khng gy
bnh. Cc loi nguyn liu thc vt khng mnh vi Clostridium putrificum v c
phitonxit. Loi ny c trong mi hp, nhit ti thch l 370C.
c. Loi va hiu kh va k kh
+ Bacillus thermophillus: c trong t, phn gia sc, khng gy bnh, c nha
bo. Tuy c rt t trong hp nhng kh loi tr. Nhit ti thch l 60 - 70oC.
41
+ Staphylococcus pyrogenes aureus : c trong bi v nc, khng c nha bo.
Thnh thong gy bnh v sinh ra c t, d b ph hy 60 - 70oC. Pht trin nhanh
nhit thng.
d. Loi gy bnh, gy ra ng c do ni c t
+ Bacillus botulinus : cn c tn l Clostridium botulinum. Triu chng gy
bi lit rt c trng : lm c s iu tit ca mt, ri lm lit cc c iu khin bi
thn kinh s, sau ton thn b lit. Ngi b ng c sau 4 - 8 ngy th cht. Loi
ny ch b nhim khi khng tun theo nguyn tc v sinh v thanh trng ti thiu.
Nha bo c kh nng khng mnh: 100oC l 330 pht, 115oC l 10 pht,
120oC l 4 pht. c t b ph hy hon ton khi un nng 80oC trong 30 pht.
+ Salmonella: thuc nhm vi khun gy bnh, hiu kh, a m, khng c nha
bo nhng c c t.
2. Nm men, nm mc
+ Nm men: ch yu l Saccharomyces ellipsoides, hin din rng khp trong
thin nhin. Nm men thng thy trong hp c cha ng. Bo t ca nm men
khng c kh nng chu ng c nhit cao, chng c th cht nhanh nhit
60oC.
+ Nm mc : t thy trong hp.
Ni chung men, mc d b tiu dit nhit thp v d loi tr bng cch
thc hin v sinh cng nghip tt.
Tn s dao ng in t (Hz)
Tia
Tia hng ngoi 1012 - 1014
Tia sng trng thy 1015
Tia t ngoi 10 - 1017
16
42
Cc tia c tn s dao ng cao th c lc m xuyn cao. Tia X, tia l cc tia
ion ha u c tc dng dit trng. Liu lng s dng ty thuc vo bn cht tng
loi vi sinh vt.
Chiu dy ti a ca thc phm em chiu tia X v tia m cc l 127mm (nu
chiu c 2 mt).
Tia hng ngoi v tia t ngoi l cc tia bc x. Tc dng ca tia hng ngoi l
lm nng sn phm dit vi sinh vt. Tia t ngoi c tc dng st trng l lm ng
t protid v ph hy h thng men ca vi sinh vt.
6. Lc Thanh trng
Sn phm lng, nh nc qu trong c th loi tr vi sinh vt bng cch lc.
Bn lc, thng l cc mng s xp, c nhng l nh ch cho sn phm qua, cn
gi li vi sinh vt. Sau khi lc, sn phm c rt vo bao b st trng, ri ghp kn
ngay. Qu trnh ny phi tin hnh trong iu kin v sinh cao. Bng phng php
ny, sn phm hon ton gi c tnh cht t nhin.
43
III. THANH TRNG BNG TC DNG CA NHIT
dN
- = k T .N n (1)
dt
Trong :
N : lng vi sinh vt trong sn phm sau thi gian t (cfu/ml).
kT: h s vn tc tiu dit vi sinh vt nhit T, ty theo loi vi sinh vt
v tnh cht ca hp m tr s k thay i.
t : Thi gian x l (pht)
n : Bc phn ng
dN
= k T .dt (3)
N
Khi thc hin tiu dit vi sinh vt nhit khng i, kT = hng s (qu trnh
ng nhit)
Phng trnh (4) c th vit nh sau:
N t
dN
N N = kT 0 dt (5)
0
T ta c c :
N = No e -kt (8)
45
Nu v ng biu din v mc tiu dit vi sinh vt theo thi gian bi
phng trnh (8) ta c th theo hnh 4.1
Hnh 4.1. S tiu dit vi sinh vt bng nhit theo thi gian
Cng c th vit :
N k
lg = t (9)
N0 2,303
k
ng thng, c h s gc - biu th qua hnh 4.2
2,303
ng l thuyt
ng thc nghim
Hnh 4.2. Thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt theo mi quan h logarite
46
Vi gi tr D l thi gian cn thit ti mt nhit xc nh tiu dit 90%
lng vi sinh vt ban u. c gi l thi gian tiu dit thp phn.
Theo hnh 4.2 v phng trnh (9), ta xy dng c mi quan h gia h s
vn tc k v thi gian D :
1 k
- =
D 2,303
N0
t = D lg (11)
N
- F : thi gian cn thit (tnh bng pht) tiu dit vi sinh vt, ti mt nhit
nht nh.
- z : khong nhit cn thit cho ng thi gian cht nhit thc hin mt
chu trnh logarite (i vi mi loi vi sinh vt v thc phm khc nhau, c gi tr D v
z khc nhau)
47
Bng 4.2. S khng nhit ca vi sinh vt trong qu trnh x l nhit
(Medium)
Bacillus stearothermophilus General 7,6-10,3 1,8-4,7
Bacillus subtilis 5230 General 7,4-13 0,3-0,76
Bacillus coagulans solution 8,2-9,0 0,2-2,5
Bacillus cereus General 9,7 0,0065
Bacillus megaterium General 8,8 0,04
Clostridium perfringens General 10,0 /
Clostridium sporogenes General 8,0-12,0 0,48-1,4
Clostridium botulinum General 9,9 0,21
(Carla.1992)
48
Bng 4.4. S v hot vi sinh vt (T bo sinh dng) trong qu trnh thanh trng
49
Bng 4.6. Gi tr Z i vi s v hot enzyme v cc nhn t cht lng ca mt s thc phm
ENZYME GA TR Z (oC)
Lipoxygenase (peas) 8,7
Lipoxygenase (soybean) 6,9
Polyphenoloxidase (mushroom) 6,5
Polyphenoloxidase (plum) 17,6
Chlorophyllase (spinach) 12,2
Peroxidase (potato) 35,0
NHN T CHT LNG
Thiamine (milk) 29,4 31,4
Thiamine (meat, vegetables) 25,0 31,3
Cht lng chung (peas) 28,3
Cht lng chung (green beans) 28,8
Cht lng chung (bp) 31,6
(Carla.1992)
NHN T GA TR Z (oC)
Bo t vi khun 7 12
T bo sinh dng 48
Vitamins 25 30
Proteins 15 37
Enzymes 5 50
Cht lng cm quan chung 25 45
Cu trc 17 47
Mu sc 17 - 57
(Carla.1992)
50
Theo hnh 4.3, ta c th vit:
lg t lg F 1
= = dc ca ng thng
121 ,1 T Z
121,1 T
lg t lg F =
Z
Hay c th vit li
F T 121,1
lg =
t Z
T 121 ,1
F = t .10 z
Trong trng hp nhit thay i theo thi gian, ngi ta ghi nhn T(t), khi
gi tr F c tnh nh sau :
T ( t )Tref
z
FTref = 10 z .dt
Bng 4.8. Cc ni v ngoi tc nhn gp phn ngn chn s pht trin ca clostridium botulinum
Yu t bn trong
- aw : 0,93 (theo FDA, aw < 0,85)
- pH < 4,6
- Ph gia : Nitrit : 0,1 0,2g/kg,
Mui : < 100g/kg
Yu t bn ngoi
- Nhit bo qun
T < 10oC : Clostridium botulinum dng A, B; enzyme phn gii protein
T < 3,3oC : Clostridium botulinum dng B, E, F; khng phn gii protein
(Carla.1992)
52
4. Xc nh im kt thc ca qu trnh tit trng
Tri s gi tr tit trng F cn c xc nh cho mi loi h hng do vi sinh vt.
Mt tr s ca qu trnh ny c tnh ton da vo z = 10oC v nhit qui c l
121,1oC, c k hiu l F0. Nhiu nm trong thc t ng hp cho php kt lun i
vi qu trnh tit trng nhit m, tr s F10121,1 (Clostridium botulinum) tc l F0 = 3
pht, ti tm ca sn phm ng hp s cho kt qu an ton theo quan im an ton v
mt sc khe. Nhng bo t ca vi sinh vt chu nhit c th cn sng i vi qu
trinh nhit c thit lp git bo t Clostridium botulinum v c th gy h hng
cho sn phm, nhng khng sinh ra c t trong khi bo qun thc phm.
V vy, vic thit lp qu trnh nhit ti thiu l hng n vic tiu dit cc
bo t ca cc ging Clostridium botulinum phn gii protein da vo nhng thng s
z (khong nhit cn thit thc hin 1 chu trnh logarit tiu dit vi sinh vt) v
nhit thc hin qu trnh tiu dit vi sinh vt.
im kt thc ca qu trnh thanh trng thng c xc nh theo Xc sut
ca mt vi sinh vt cn sng st (PNSU: Probability of a Non-Sterile Unit)
- Bo t chu nhit
Phn b nhit < 30oC
N0 = 102 D121,1= 1,5 pht PNSU = 10-2 F0 = 6 pht
t = t1 + t2 (pht)
54
Nhng trong thc t, ngay trong thi gian truyn nhit, mt s vi sinh vt c
trong hp cng b tiu dit, do tc dng ca nhit cao hn nhit pht trin ca
vi sinh vt . V vy thi gian thanh trng thc t nh hn tng ca thi gian truyn
nhit v thi gian tiu dit.
ttt < t1 + t2
p sut (Bar)
Ghi ch
Sn phm
Thit b
p sut (Bar)
55
* Khi xc nh c cc thng s ca mt ch thanh trng hp, ta ghi li
thnh cng thc thanh trng tng qut :
A B C
a P
To
T (oC) Thit b
Sn phm
t (pht)
A B C
56
6. Cc yu t nh hng n thi gian thanh trng
Ngoi ra cc dung dch c cha nhiu ng, tinh bt, pectin, cellulose lm nh
hng n tnh cht vt l nn nh hng n thi gian truyn nhit. C th ko di
thi gian truyn nhit.
Nhng trong qu trnh thanh trng, khng th nghin cu ring r nh hng nhit
tr ca bao b, m phi xt nh hng ca c khi sn phm :
57
y Trng hp sn phm lng ng trong bao b st ty: s truyn nhit t
mi trng un nng ti thnh hp st l s truyn nhit ch yu bng i lu. Thi
gian truyn nhit i vi cc sn phm lng ng trong bao b st ty rt ngn.
y Trng hp sn lng ng trong bao b thy tinh: s truyn nhit gm i
lu v dn nhit. Thi gian truyn nhit trong ch thanh trng ny ln hn thi gian
truyn nhit ca trng hp trn.
y Trng hp sn phm c ng trong bao b st ty : s truyn nhit bn
trong hp ch yu bng dn nhit. Thi gian un nng trong trng hp ny s ko di
hn 2 trng hp trn. V coi thi gian ch yu ph thuc vo tnh cht v nhit tr
ca sn phm c.
y Trng hp sn phm c ng trong bao b thy tinh : S truyn nhit ch
yu cng bng dn nhit. Thi gian truyn nhit trong trng hp ny di nht v ph
thuc vo tnh cht ca bao b thy tinh v sn phm, trong tnh cht ca sn phm
gi vai tr ch yu.
Tm li trong c 4 trng hp: Tnh dn nhit v dy ca bao b ch c nh
hng ng k n thi gian truyn nhit trong ch thanh trng khi c cc dng i
lu mnh. Trng hp hp cha sn phm c, ngha l s truyn nhit ch yu
bng dn nhit th cc c im ca bao b t c nh hng n thi gian truyn nhit.
M ch yu l tnh cht ca sn phm, sn phm cng c, cng c h s dn nhit nh
v b dy lp sn phm t ngoi vo lp gia hp cng ln, th thi gian truyn nhit
cng ko di.
t 01 8,3H 1 D1 + D12
=
t 02 8,3H 2 D2 + D22
58
Cng thc ny cho ta tnh c gn ng thi gian truyn nhit mt loi hp
c kch thc khc khi bit thi gian truyn nhit ca sn phm ng trong bao
b xc nh.
Cng thc truyn nhit khng nhng cho bit thi gian truyn nhit m cn c
th kho st nh hng ca cc loi hp . Cng mt th tch, nu hp dt
(H/D<1) tc l hp c ng knh ln s truyn nhit nhanh hn hp cao. Vn tc
truyn nhit cc i khi H/D 0,25 .
+ nh hng ca nhit ban u ca hp
Thi gian truyn nhit ca hp cn ph thuc vo nhit ban u ca
hp trc khi thanh trng v nhit ca thit b thanh trng.
- i vi sn phm lng, do s truyn nhit ch yu bng cc dng i lu,
nn nhit ban u t c nh hng n thi gian truyn nhit.
- i vi sn phm c, th s truyn nhit ch yu bng dn nhit, nn nhit
ban u ca sn phm c nh hng nhiu n vn tc truyn nhit ca sn phm.
hp lc thanh trng cng ngui th thi gian truyn nhit cng ko di.
T cng thc to = A (8,3 HD + D2), vi cc gi thit l nhit thanh trng
khong 110 - 120oC, nhit gia hp sau khi un nng thp hn nhit ca thit
b l 1oC, lp ra cng thc tnh gn ng thi gian truyn nhit hp nh sau
y i vi hp loi ngui (c nhit ban u : 20 - 45oC)
0,072(8,3HD + D 2 )
t0 =
0,061(8,3HD + D 2 )
t0 =
59
b. Cc yu t nh hng n thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt trong qu trnh
thanh trng
+ nh hng ca nhit thanh trng
nhit 60OC th cc loi vi sinh vt c th bt u b tiu dit. Nhng
nu nhit thanh trng thp th phi ko di thi gian tiu dit. Ngc li, nhit
thanh trng cng cao th thi gian tiu dit cng ngn.
Gia thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt v nhit thanh trng c mi quan h
logarite. Ngi ta xc nh c mi lin h theo phng trnh sau:
T 2 - T1
t2 = t2 . 10 Z
60
Dung dch ng c tc dng bo v vi sinh vt lm cho chng kh b tiu
dit hn khi un nng. Nu thnh phn thc phm c nhiu ng th thi gian tiu
dit cng ko di.
Nu tng nng mui th bn nhit ca vi sinh vt cng gim, chng d
b tiu dit hn.
Nhng nu nng ng hay mui qu cao th do tc dng ca hin tng
tiu nguyn sinh, cc vi sinh vt yu i nhiu v d b tiu dit.
N0
t = D lg
N
61
Cc giai on tin hnh trnh t nh sau:
- Phn tch thnh phn ha hc ca thc phm cn ng hp, ch yu l
acid, hm lng ng, mui, cht bo, protid ...
- Chn nhit thanh trng cn c vo acid (pH)
+ hp c pH < 4,6 th nhit thanh trng : 80 - 100OC
+ hp c pH > 4,6 th nhit thanh trng :105 - 121OC
- Xc nh tc truyn nhit vo trung tm hp theo nhit thanh trng
chn bng ni hp th nghim: di ni hp t mt hp sn phm, trn np hp c
t mt nhit k, bu thy ngn ca nhit k cm ng trung tm hp. Cho hi vo ni
hp v c sau mt khong thi gian (thng khong 1 pht) c nhit ct nhit
k. Sau khi o c nhit gia hp tng thi im ngi ta v th truyn nhit.
T xc nh c thi gian truyn nhit.
- Phn lp vi sinh vt xc nh loi vi sinh vt nguy him nht bao gm
loi gy bnh, loi c c t, loi chu nhit... Tm tc tiu dit theo cc s liu
c. Trn c s v th thi gian tiu dit. Thit lp thi gian thanh trng.
- Kim tra ch thanh trng theo phng php biu ca Biegelow, hay
theo phng php hiu ng ca Ball - Flaumenbaum.
- T cc mu hp thanh trng theo cc ch khc nhau, ngi ta
kim tra cht lng hp v cm quan v v vi sinh vt. Sau xt n hiu qu
kinh t ca ch thanh trng, m chn ra ch thanh trng tt nht.
62
Ghi ch
A Hi nng
B Nc
C Nc tho
D iu khin gi
E iu khin kh
F Valve an ton
63
c. Thit b thanh trng lm vic lin tc dng p sut thy tnh
Thit b gm c 2 nhnh ct nc cao 12 - 20 m cha y nc nng. Gia 2
ct nc l mt phng cha y hi nc nng. Cui ct nc th II l thng nc
lnh. hp c chuyn bng bng ti xch. p sut trong phng hi c iu
chnh bng cch iu chnh chiu cao mc nc 2 nhnh ct nc. Thi gian thanh
trng c iu chnh bng vn tc ca bng ti.
Thit b ny lm vic vi nng sut cao nhng c nhc im l cu to hi
cng knh.
Ct nc
Hp vo
Thanh trng
Hp ra
Nc lm ngui
64
Hnh 4.10. Thit b thanh trng bn mng
Ghi ch
1. Bn cha
2. Bm
3. un nng s b
4. Bm hoc ng ha
5. Thanh trng
6. Lm ngui s b
7. Lm ngui hon ton
65
CHNG V
QU TRNH BO N - NG GI HP THC PHM
2. ng gi
Sau thi gian bo n hp trc khi xut kho phi em dn nhn, ri ng
thng. Cc hp mi c coi l tiu chun s dng.
a. Dn nhn
Cc hp, chai l ng sn phm a vo dn nhn phi sch, nguyn vn,
khng nt m, kn hon ton. Cc hp b bn sau khi thanh trng nht thit phi ra
hay phun hi nng, lm kh ri mi a vo dn nhn.
Tin hnh dn nhn hp c th dn bng tay hay bng my. Hin nay cc
nc sn xut hp pht trin, ngi ta in nhn hiu ngay trn thn hp, va lm cho
hp khi b r, bn, va c hnh thc p.
b. ng thng
Cc hp nh c ng trong cc thng giy carton, cc hp ln c
ng trong cc thng g. vic vn chuyn c thun li v d dng.
G dng ng thng phi nh, sch, khng mc nt, m t 12-18%. Cc
thng giy phi c lm chc chn v ch dng giy dy.
Xp hp vo kin, xit ai v in m hiu, c th tin hnh bng tay hoc bng
my.
1. hp h hng do vi sinh vt
Hin tng hp h hng do vi sinh vt l ph bin nht trong s cc loi
hp h hng. Cc vi sinh vt pht trin, phn hy cc cht hu c ca thc phm, to
65
ra kh CO2, H2S, NH3...hay tit ra cc c t. C loi vi sinh vt pht trin khng sinh
ra cht kh. V vy hp h hng do vi sinh vt c th gy phng hp hay khng gy
phng hp nn kh pht hin.
Cc nguyn nhn gy h hng hp do vi sinh vt :
a. Do thanh trng khng ch
Cc hp thanh trng khng ch tc l cha nhit v thi gian
thanh trng cn thit. Cc vi sinh vt trong hp y cn sng, pht trin lm sn
phm b chua, hp b mt phm cht c th to thnh cc cht kh lm phng hp.
Vic thanh trng khng ch c th do thiu st ca cng nhn vn hnh :
qu trnh vn hnh thit b thanh trng khng ng qui tc, lng khng kh cn li
nhiu trong thit b thanh trng, lm nhit k v p k ch khng cn tng ng vi
nhau na. Khi xp hp vo gi v xp gi v thit b thanh trng khng ng qui tc,
s lm cn tr s truyn nhit v i lu, cng lm cho hp khng t ch
thanh trng.
C mt s hp do b nhim trng qu nhiu do thit b v do cc qu trnh
ch bin trc khi thanh trng gy ra, ta khng pht hin c m vn tin hnh thanh
trng theo cng thc qui nh, cng coi nh thanh trng khng ch .
b. Do lm ngui khng thch hp
Cc vi sinh vt a nhit lm hng hp, pht trin nhanh chng nhit
khong 49 - 71oC. V vy nu khng lm ngui nhanh hp n nhit thp di
khong nhit , th cc vi sinh vt c th pht trin lm h hng hp.
c. Do mi ghp b h
Hin tng ny cng xy ra kh ph bin trong sn xut hp. hp b h
c th do my ghp np lm vic khng ng qui tc, hay cc mi hn dc ca bao b
khng c kn. Khi thanh trng do p sut trong hp tng ln qu mc, lm h cc
mi ghp, vi sinh vt nhim vo (ngun nhim vi sinh vt ch yu vo hp b h l
nc dng lm ngui hp sau khi thanh trng) pht trin lm hng hp.
d. Do nhim vi sinh vt gy h hng trc khi thanh trng
Hin tng ny xy ra khi thc hin khng ng qui trnh k thut v ch v
sinh thc phm, lm cho vi sinh vt xm nhp v pht trin thc phm trong thi
gian ch bin. Thi gian t lc vo hp n lc ghp kn v mang i thanh trng qu
lu. nhit khng cao lm , l iu kin thch hp cho cc vi sinh vt pht trin
lm hng hp trc khi thanh trng.
66
Nhit cng cao, s n mn kim loi cng xy ra nhanh. Ty thuc acid
ca sn phm, phm cht ca bao b, m hm lng kim loi nng tch t trong sn
phm nhiu hay t.
67
3. hp h hng do cc nh hng c l
Xy ra trong qu trnh thanh trng, bo qun v vn chuyn.
a. hp h hng do sai thao tc thit b thanh trng
Trong giai on cui ca qu trnh thanh trng, nu gim p sut hi qu nhanh,
th to thnh hin tng cng phng hp, c th b bin dng, h mi ghp. Do p sut
trong hp c to ra chnh lch vi p sut bn ngoi qu nhiu.
b. hp h hng do bi kh khng
Trong qu trnh thanh trng bng nhit, cc hp bi kh cn li s dn n gy
cng phng hp. V hnh dng bn ngoi cc hp ny sau khi bo qun, thng
thy b phng nh, np hp c th n ln xung c.
c. hp h hng do xp hp qu y
Khi sn phm xp trong hp qu y, sn phm s dn n th tch khi thanh
trng bng nhit, lm cho hp b phng, hin tng ny d xy ra hn khi cho sn
phm vo hp lc ngui, thanh trng sn phm cng b dn n nhiu.
d. hp h hng v b mp, mo, r
+ Mt s sn phm hp ng trong bao b st ty kch thc ln, khi ghp
kn vi chn khng qu cao, chnh lch p sut ln, bao b st ty mng th d b
mo. Hoc khi xp hp vo gi thanh trng v vn chuyn trc khi thanh trng, lm
hp b mp, mo, lc p sut trong hp ln, khi thanh trng sn phm dn n s
lm cng phng hp, c th lm h mi ghp kn ca hp.
+ hp vi bao b st ty d c cc vt r: khi bo qun ni m. Khi trn b
mt st c cc vt bn ca cht bo, trong qu trnh bo qun, cc cht bo b oxy ha
li cc vt r. Hoc hp b thng do cc vt nhn gy ra khi vn chuyn, lc bo
qun nc trong hp chy ra v c th gy r cho cc hp chung quanh n.
4. Cch x l hp h hng
+ Tt c cc hp c du hiu hng do vi sinh vt gy ra, d hp b phng
hay khng b phng, cng u khng th s dng lm thc n. Phi hy b.
+ Cc hp h hng do hin tng ha hc, nu mc nh th c th
ch bin thnh cc sn phm khc c gi tr thp hn ( nh lm mt, nu ru, tht
xay...). Nhng khi c mi ca kim loi nhiu, mc nhim kim loi nng cao,
th khng th s dng lm thc n.
+ Cc hp h hng do cc nh hng c l, th v cht lng sn phm
c th khng gim. Nhng khng c gi tr hay km gi tr thng phm. C th thay
bao b khc, tin hnh nu li, c th x l ch bin thnh cc sn phm ph.
68
III. TIU CHUN HP
1. Yu cu ca thnh phm
Khi a ra th trng cung cp cho ngi tiu dng phi t cc yu cu:
+ V hnh thc bn ngoi
hp phi c nhn hiu nguyn vn, ngay ngn, sch s, ghi r cc mc : c
quan qun l, c s ch bin, tn mt hng, phm cp, ngy sn xut, khi lng tnh
v khi lng c b.
Hp st hay cc hp kim loi khc khng b r, np hp khng b phng di
mi hnh thc.
+ V vi sinh vt
hp khng h hng do hot ng ca vi sinh vt, khng c vi sinh vt gy
bnh, lng tp trng khng qu qui nh.
+ V ha hc
Khng vt qu qui nh v hm lng kim loi nng :
Thic : 100 - 200 mg/kg sn phm
ng : 5 - 80 mg/kg sn phm
Ch : khng c
Km : vt
m bo cc ch tiu v thnh phn ha hc, ch yu nh nng ng, acid,
mui...
+ V cm quan
Lp vecni phi nguyn vn, phi m bo hnh thi, hng v, mu sc c
trng ca sn phm theo nhng qui nh ca tng loi sn phm.
71
+ Lm ngui hp
- Sau khi thanh trng, hp phi c lm ngui nhanh cho n khi
nhit sn phm tm hp xung di 40oC
- Nc s dng lm ngui hp sau khi thanh trng phi l nc ung
c, x l chlorin trong thi gian khng qu 30 pht vi hm lng
clor d trong nc phi t 1 ppm. C s phi tin hnh o v lu gi
kt qu o d lng clor trong nc lm ngui hp.
- hp sau khi lm ngui phi c yn trong gi t nht l 24 gi
mi c ly ra khi gi.
+ Bo n v ghi nhn hp
- hp sau khi lm ngui phi c lm kh trc khi a vo kho bo
n.
- Kho bo n phi kn, nh sng, rng m bo dung tch cha
dng theo yu cu ca sn xut. Trong kho phi c k chc chn, c
lt giy hoc vi trc khi xp hp
- Cc l hp xp trong kho phi c nhn, bng ghi hoc cc phng
tin nh du ph hp khc trnh nhm ln.
- Trn np mi hp v bao b phi in m s l hng. M s phi c in
m bo bn chc, khng d ty xo.
+ Bo qun thnh phm
- Kho bo qun hp thnh phm phi m bo v sinh, thong mt, kh
ro; ngn chn c cn trng v loi gm nhm; c gi, k chc chn
xp cc kin hng theo tng l thun tin cho vic theo di, kim tra v
xut hng.
- Trong kho bo qun thnh phm phi c nhit k, m k theo di
nhit v m ca kho trong qu trnh bo qun hp.
+ Kim tra thnh phm
- C s sn xut phi tin hnh ly mu hp thnh phm cho tng ca
sn xut kim tra m ghp v cc ch tiu cht lng c lin quan.
- hp mu phi c nhit v thi gian qui nh v tin hnh
kim tra vi khun chu nhit. L hp khng c a ra th trng
tiu th khi vic kim tra mu cha kt thc.
- Cc l hp phi c kim tra cht lng theo qui nh, phi c phiu
kt qu kim nghim cc ch tiu v cht lng v an ton v sinh mi
c php a i tiu th.
+ Lu gi h s
Cc biu mu gim st qu trnh sn xut, kt qu kim tra cht lng
hp thnh phm phi c lu gi trong b h s kim sot cht lng. Thi
gian lu gi h s t nht phi bng thi hn s dng ca sn phm hp
c kim sot cht lng. H s kim sot cht lng phi lun sn cung
cp cho c quan nh nc c thm quyn khi c yu cu.
72
CHNG VI
K THUT CH BIN HP QU NC
NG
B hoa, cung
Ra
Ct u
t li
Gt v
Sa mt
Thi khoanh
Ct ming
Ra li
Hnh 6.1. S x l da
74
Chn phn loi: Trc ht cn loi b nhng qu da xanh, da qu chn, dp nt,
su bnh v.v... Sau phn loi theo ging, theo chn v theo kch thc ch bin
ring.
B hoa, cung: Trong khi phn loi da, ng thi b hoa v cung. Cng nhn
cng on ny cng nh cng on la chn phn loi phi c bao tay vi bt...
Ra: cc khe v mt da thng bm t, bi cn phi ra sch bng bn chi
hay trn my ra kiu bn chi.
Ct u: Dng dao sc v to bn ln lt ct 2 u qu. Mi u qu ct i dy
khong 1-1,5cm c th em p nc. Hai u qu da ct xong phi bng phng, trc
giao vi li v song song nhau khi t li khng b lch tm. T l ph liu ca qu
trnh ny khong 15-20%.
t li: Qu da ct 2 u em t li trn my bn c kh.
My t li gm c gi , bn p, h thng n by, bn , cnh gt v dao
t. Dao t l ng hnh tr rng lm bng thp khng r, c ng knh 18-22mm (tu
theo ln ca li da m s dng dao t c ng knh tng ng) lp thng ng vo
gi .
t thng ng qu da ct u vo bn , sao cho dao t hng ng tm
qu da . Dm chn vo bn p v h n by, bn a qu da ln pha dao t. Khi
nh chn khi bn p, bn h xung ko theo cnh gt qu da khi dao t.
Cn t qu da chnh xc khi t khi lch tm. ng dao t phi sc vt
ct c nhn.
Nng sut ca my khong 15-20 qu/pht.
T l ph liu 3-6%.
Gt v: C th gt v bng tay, dng dao sc, nhng nng sut thp v hnh thc
ming da khng p. c nng sut gt cao v ming da p, ngi ta dng my gt
bn c kh.
My gt v da gm c c cu gt, h thng chuyn ng v b my. C cu gt
gm 3 li dao li mng phng t c nh trn 1 vng trn cch nhau 120o, v ng
dao hnh tr rng bng thp khng r c ng knh 65-80mm (tu theo ng knh qu
da to hay nh). ng dao ny quay vi tc khong 1000 vng/pht nh mt ng c
in. H thng chuyn ng gm mt con x gn vo mt trc chuyn dch nh con ln
v rnh trt.
t qu da t li vo con x. Khi trc chuyn dch, con x ko theo qu da
lao v pha c cu gt. Khi qua c cu gt, 3 li dao phng kha trn v da 3 rnh theo
chiu dc qu c su bng chiu dy lp v cn gt, sau ng dao tch v thnh 3
mnh. Qu da gt v i ra cui my.
Nng sut ca my khong 20 qu/pht.
T l v: 25-27%.
V da loi ra c th em p sn xut nc da .
75
Sa mt: Cc ging da ca ta qu nh, mt su, nu gt v ht mt th ph liu
nhiu v rut qu cn li qu nh, v th ch gt ht v nhng phi sa mt. Sa mt l ct
sch mt da thnh ng rnh xon c quanh qu da. Rnh sa phi sch mt, gn, p
v nhn.
T l ph liu khi sa mt: 15-22%.
Mt da cng c th em p nc.
Thi khoanh: Sau em thi thnh khoanh c chiu dy 11-15mm ty theo chiu
cao hp. Ngi ta dng my thc hin lin hon cc ng tc ct u, gt v, t li v
thi khoanh vi nng sut 125-150 qu/pht.
Chn li, ct ming. Nhng khoanh da ct ra em chn li cn thn. Khoanh
nguyn vn, trn u em ng hp da khoanh nc ng. Khoanh v, khng trn
u em ct thnh 4-6 ming ng hp da ming nh. Ming da qu nh em p
nc hoc nu mt.
Ra li: Cc khoanh da v cc ming da trc khi xp hp cn ra li bng cch
xi nc hoc nhng c khay ng ming da vo b nc sch loi b ming vn, ht
v cc tp cht khc.
9. Cam, qut:
ch bin hp qu nc ng ngi ta x l cam snh v qut qua cc qu
trnh sau:
Ra
Chn
Bc v, tch mi
Chn NaOH
Ra
Ct gn, ly ht
76
Cc qu trnh la chn-phn loi, ra qu tng t nh x l chui, da.
Chn: Chn qu nhm mc ch bc v v tc x dnh mi c d dng.
Ngi ta chn cam qut bng cch nhng vo nc si trong thi gian t 20-30s
(qut) n 56-60s (cam snh). Sau ngui t nhin trong khng kh ch bc v.
Hao ht khi chn l 2-3% khi lng qu.
Bc v, tch mi: Cam qut chn xong khng nn lu qu, qu ngui tr li s
kh bc v. Dng dao nh kha 4 rnh theo chiu dc qu cam ri ly tay bc sch v v
lp ci trng. Vi qut, qu nh v v mng, khng cn phi kha trc m bc lun.
Sau tch ring tng mi v tc sch nhng x trng cn dnh mi. Khi bc
v v tch mi khng lm v mi, v loi b nhng mi dp nt hay kh sn.
T l ph liu ca cam snh khi bc v l 33-36%.
V cam, qut c th s dng ct ly tinh du.
Chn NaOH: Mng bc mi cam qut cha nhiu naringin l mt glucoside c v
ng. gim v ng ca sn phm cn lm mng lp mng ny bng cch chn mi
cam qut trong dung dch NaOH c nng 0,8-1,0%, nhit 75-80oC, trong thi gian
3-4s (i vi qut) hay 7-8s (vi cam snh), t l mi cam qut/dung dch NaOH l 1/20-
1/30. T l hao ht ca qut khi bc mng mi l 3-5%.
Mi cam qut chn NaOH xong cn mt lp v rt mng, nu lm sch ht lp
mng mng ny mi s b v. Nht, Trung Quc c nhng loi qut tt, c th lm sch
mng mi m mi vn khng b v nt.
m bo hiu qu bc mng, thnh thong phi b sung NaOH cho dung dch
ng nng chn.
Ra: Sau khi chn NaOH xong, a cam qut ra li bng nc sch lun lu cho
ht NaOH. Ra lun lu cn nhm mc ch tip tc ho tan naringin. Thi gian ra
khong 60-90pht. Mi cam qut ra xong phi sch NaOH. Th mc sch NaOH nh
sau: nh vi git phenolphtalein vo cam qut ra, nu khng thy xut hin mu hng
l cam qut sch NaOH, nu c mu hng xut hin l cha sch NaOH, cn ra thm.
Ct gn, ly ht: Mi qut ra sch NaOH cn ct b gn trng bng mi v
loi b ht ht. Dng ko nh v sc ct gn mi, ri bp rt nh vo mi bt ht ra,
hoc ly mi ko, gi nh ht ra. Cn lm nh tay trnh v nt mi. T l ph liu khu
ny l 15-20%. Trong khi ch xp vo hp, mi cam qut x l xong phi th trong
chu nc sch mi khi b nt.
Nht Bn, Trung Quc c ging qut khng c ht hay t ht, em sn xut cam
qut nc ng cho sn phm c cht lng cao v tng nng sut lao ng.
77
10. Vi, nhn:
Vi, nhn c x l ging nhau, theo nhng qu trnh sau:
La chn, phn loi
Ngt cung
Ra
Bc v, ly ht
Ngm CaCl2
Ra li
11. Mn:
hp mn nc ng c th ch bin nhiu dng: nguyn v hoc bc v, b
ht hoc ht, b i hoc nguyn qu.
78
Cc loi mn ca ta v qu nh nn ch bin mn nc ng dng nguyn
qu, bc v v khng ly ht ra. Cc qu trnh x l mn thc hin sau:
Bc v: Mn sau khi phn loi v ra em nhng vo dung dch NaOH 9-10%
nhit 70-75%, vi thi gian 3-4 pht, theo t l mn/dung dch l 1/15. Sau vt mn
ra, ra sch v v ht NaOH bng nc, ri ngm ngay vo nc mui 1% trnh bin
mu. Dung dch NaOH c sau 2 gi cn b sung NaOH mt ln, v sau 2 ca sn xut cn
thay bng dung dch NaOH mi.
Gt sa: Dng dao nh, nhn mi gt sa cho sch cc vt v cn dnh trn ci
qu, nht l ch rnh qu. Vt sa ch lt rt nh, khng ct lm su vo tht qu.
Khi gt sa, thy qu no dp nt, khng trn u cn loi ra.
Trc khi xp hp, ngm mn vo nc sch ra mui, thi gian ngm 20-30
pht. Sau vt ra, ro nc.
III.Xp hp rt nc ng
Qu trc khi xp hp cn ro nc, v kim tra li ln cui cng loi b
nhng qu hay ming qu khng qui cch trong qu trnh x l cn st li.
Khi lng qu khi xp hp chim 55-80% khi lng tnh ca hp, tu theo
tng sn phm. Sau khi thanh trng, t l ci trong hp gim i (6-21% tu loi qu) do
dch qu khuch tn vo nc ng.
Ngi ta thng ng hp qu nc ng trong hp st hoc l thy tinh. Nhng
loi qu c mu mnh v acid cao nn ng trong l thu tinh hoc hp sn vecni.
Nhng qu c acid thp nhng mu mnh nh chui, xoi cng nn dng hp
st c sn vecni, v cht mu anthocyan ca qu c th tc dng vi mui kim loi gy ra
bin mu. Nhng qu y n mn thic mnh hn qu c acid cao nhng mu nht hn.
Hp st s b n mn khi ng qu c nhiu anthocyan nu tng acid ca sn phm,
v anthocyan ch tc dng vi thic trong mi trng acid yu.
Chui, cam, qut thng ng trong hp st hn vecni. Da, vi, nhn c th dng
hp st trng khng sn vecni. Nu dng hp khng sn vecni, sn phm thng c v
kim loi.
Hp xp qu, em rt nc ng. Chun b nc ng nh sau: dng ng
trng tinh khit ho tan trong nc nng, ri un si dung dch, v pha acid citric nu c,
sau lc cho trong. C th lm trong nc ng bng anbumin thc phm (4g
anbumin/100 kg ng) hoc lng trng trng (ca 4 qu/100kg ng). Ho tan
anbumin vo nc lnh hoc nh k lng trng trng, ri vo dung dch nc ng
(ang nhit 50oC), sau un si hn hp. Khi un nng, protit b ng t v ni ln
mt dung dch dng bt, ko theo tp cht trong nc ng. Ngi ta ht bt ri lc
dung dch th c nc ng rt trong.
Tu theo mi loi qu, ngi ta dng nc ng c nng khc nhau, v
thng pha thm acid citric vi t l 0,2-0,5%. gi mu cho sn phm ca mt s loi
rau qu, ngi ta cn cho thm vo nc ng khong 0,1% vitamin C.
79
Khi rt hp, nc ng cn c nhit 80-85oC, v nn rt cch ming hp 7-
10mm. Nu rt y qu, khi thanh trng, np c th b h (vi hp st) hoc b bt (vi l
thu tinh).
Bng 6.2. Cc ch s khi xp hp mt s loi qu
Loi qu S hiu hp Khi lng Khi lng qu Nng acid ca
nc ng tinh khi xp nc ng nc ng
(g) (g) (%) (%)
Da khoanh 10 480 280 25-30
Da r qut 12 500 300-310 25-30
Da ming nh 13 850 550-575 25-30
Chui tiu 8 330-340 230-250 24 0,2
Cam, qut 8 350 250 46 0,3
Nhn 10 480 255 25 0,5
Vi thiu 10 500 250 28 0,3
Mn 13 880 550 60
(Nguyn Vn Tip. 2000)
82
CHNG VII
K THUT CH BIN HP NC QU
I. Yu cu v nguyn liu
Ngi ta dng nhiu chng loi hoa qu khc nhau ch bin nc qu. Nguyn
liu cn c cc cht ng, acid, tanin, cht thm, cht mu v dch qu, cc nguyn
liu c hng v thm ngon, mu sc p. Cc ch tiu quan trng nht, c trng cho
sn phm cht dch qu l khi lng ring, hm lng cht kh v acid.
Qu dng ch bin nc qu phi ti tt, khng bm dp, su thi, chn
ng mc. Nu qu cha chn th mng t bo cng, dch bo t, nn nhiu ph liu, v
do hm lng ng thp, hm lng acid cao nn chua nhiu. Nhng qu chn th m
qu mm v b, khi p tht qu kt li khng cho dch qu thot ra, dch qu c nhiu bt
v kh lng, lc.
Nhng qu c vt rm ngoi v khng nh hng n hng v ca dch qu,
vn dng c. Kch thc v hnh dng ca qu cng khng nh hng lm n phm
cht nc qu nn khng hn ch.
84
a. Nghin: trc khi p, qu c x l c hc (ct, x ti, nghin th). Hiu qu
nghin t c khi phn ln t bo b tc dng, song v kch thc t bo rt
nh nn ch mt s nh t bo b ph. V d, khi nghin qu thnh ming nh
0,3 cm th ch khong 15% lng t bo chung b ph trc tip, do khng
nn nghin qu to. Tuy vy nu nghin qu nh, th khi p nguyn liu khng
to ra rnh thot nc qu, cng lm gim hiu sut p. Mc nghin ty
thuc tng loi qu.
b. un nng: di tc dng ca nhit cao, prtit ca cht nguyn sinh b ng
t v v vy thm thu ca t bo tng ln. Ngi ta thng un nng qu
nhit 80-85oC, nu thp hn th qu trnh ng t ko di, nu cao qu th c
th gy cho nc qu c v kh chu.
c. Lm lnh ng: Thc vt b cht khi lm lnh ng l v nh hng chung ca
s mt nc do to thnh nc , ca tc dng c do nng acid v mui
trong dch bo tng ln, ca sc p ca tinh th nc ln t bo... Ngi ta
s dng bung lnh thm x l qu nhit -18oC n 30oC. Sau
lm tan gi qu ngoi khng kh hay ngm trong nc l.
Ngoi 3 phng php trn, ngi ta cn tng hiu sut p bng ch phm enzyme,
bng dng in cao tn...
2. p: S ch nguyn liu tc l lm cho dch bo ra khi mng t bo, vo khi
nguyn liu p, cn vic tch dch qu khi khi nguyn liu p l chc nng ca qu
trnh p.
3. Lm trong dch qu: Dch qu l dung dch trong c ng, acid, mui, cht
cht, cht mu v cc cht khc ca qu. Dch qu khng ch l dch bo m cn cha cc
phn t ca m qu. Kch thc v hm lng cc phn t ny trong dch qu tu thuc
vo nguyn liu, phng php s ch v k thut p.
Dch qu mi p cha cc ht l lng c kch thc khc nhau: ht th c ln
trn 10-2 cm, ht mn 10-2 n 5.10-5 cm, dung dch keo c cc ht vi kch thc 10-5 n
10-7 cm. Mun c nc qu trong sut phi loi cc ht l lng trng thy bng mt
thng, song do c h thng keo nn vic tch cc ht l lng gp tr ngi. V vy phi
ph hu h thng keo mi c th tch c ht cc ht l lng v lm cho dch qu trong.
Tuy nhin, ph hu hon ton h keo l kh khn, v khng cn thit v cc cht trong h
keo cng l cu t to ra hng v nc qu, v ht keo cn li vi kch thc nh th mt
thng cng khng pht hin c.
C nhiu phng php lm trong dch qu: lc, lng, ly tm, x l bng t st,
bng ch phm men, bng cch h, bng cch pha trn, bng cch ng t, un nng v
lm ngui nhanh...
4. n nh trong ca nc qu: Nc qu lc trong sut khi bo qun c th
b c tr li v c khi kt ta. Nc qu b c l do nhng phn t keo cn li trong
nc qu kt t vi nhau. Vi sinh vt cng c th lm c nc qu.
Hin tng c do keo l v c s bin i ca cht mu v tanin, protid v pectin.
Nhn t chnh lm thay i h thng keo chnh l qu trnh oxy ho nhng cht c trong
nc qu. Nhng mui khong v acid hot ng c tc dng gi cho nc qu b
c.
85
Nu bo qun nc qu nhit cao qu s kch thch cc qu trnh oxy ho v
lm nc qu b lng cn. Lm lnh ng nc qu khi bo qun cng lm thay i h
thng keo v lm nc qu b c.
Gi cho nc qu hon ton trong l mt iu kh thc hin. Tuy nhin ta c th
p dng cc bin php sau y chng c.
Nc qu trc khi lc nn un nng ln nhit cao hn nhit thanh trng,
nu khng, khi thanh trng protit tip tc b ng t v nc qu b c.
Hn ch s tip tc nc qu vi oxy bng cch bi kh nc qu, v khi ghp np
cho ht chn khng.
Bo qun nc qu bng kh tr (kh carbonic) cng n nh c trong.
Thanh trng nc qu vi nhit cao v thi gian ngn th nc qu t b c hn
vi nhit thp v thi gian di.
Nn trnh bo qun nc qu nhit gn 0oC lm cho khng kh d ho tan vo
nc qu v nc qu mau c.
5. Pha ch: tng hng v sn phm, ngi ta thng pha ch nc ng hoc
trn ln mt s loi nc qu vi nhau. V d, trn ln nc m (cha nhiu caroten) vi
nc mn (nhiu vitamin B2) c sn phm giu vitamin hn.
Qu trnh pha ch nn tin hnh trc khi lc loi b nhng cn kt ta, hoc
trn ln cc loi nguyn liu qu trc khi p.
6. Bi kh: gi hng v, mu sc v cc vitamin, nc qu cn c bi kh,
bng nhit hoc bng cch ht chn khng. Ngi ta ch bi kh i vi nc qu thanh
trng, v nu un nng nhiu qu th nc qu b bin mu v c v nu chn do xy ra
phn ng melanoidin.
Thng thng nc qu c bi kh bng cch ht chn khng trong nhiu kiu
thit b khc nhau. Trn hnh l s lm vic ca thit b bi kh APV.
Nguyn tc lm vic ca thit b nh sau: nc qu t thng cha c ht ln
bnh bi kh. Bnh bi kh c v thp khng r hnh tr, y hnh nn, bn trong l mt
thng hnh tr c c l. Nc qu i vo pha trn ca bnh, c phun u ri chy theo
thnh thng xung y v vo bm. Trong bnh chn khng rt cao (700 - 730 mmHg)
c to ra do vi phun vi p sut lm vic l 8,82 - 9,80.105 N/m2.
7. ng hp: Nc qu thng ng trong chai, l thy tinh hoc cng c th
ng trong hp st sn hay khng sn vecni. Nu ng trong bao b nh ri thanh trng
th c th khng cn nng nhit nc qu trc khi ng hp. Nu ng trong bao b ln
m khng thanh trng th nht thit phi un nng nc qu trc khi ng hp.
8. Bo qun nc qu: C th dng cc phng php sau y gi cho nc qu
khi b h hng.
a. Thanh trng: Ngi ta thng thanh trng nc qu ng hp trong hp st
hay trong chai thu tinh nhit 80 - 100oC vi thi gian t 10 - 40 pht (vi
bao b c dung tch di 1000 ml) n 40 - 60 pht (vi bao b c dung tch
trn 1000 ml) tu mc nhim vi sinh vt ca nc qu. Sau khi thanh trng
xong phi lm ngui nhanh.
86
b. Bo qun bng cch rt nng: Nc qu c acid cao nn l mi trng hot
ng ca nm mc v nm men, m nm mc v nm men li km chu nhit.
Do c th bo qun nc qu bng cch rt nng.
un nng nc qu ln 90 - 95oC trong 30 - 40s ri rt ngay vo l thy tinh
ln (10 lt tr ln) st trng v ghp np ngay. Nc qu vi dung tch ln
ngui chm, nn st trng. Nu ng nc qu trong bao b nh, phng
php ny khng m bo.
c. Bo qun bng CO2: Ngi ta np kh cacbonic vi t l 1,5% (theo khi lng
nc qu) bo qun nc qu d tr trong thng cha ln. ho tan ca
CO2 trong nc qu ph thuc vo p sut kh (trn mt nc qu) v nhit
ca nc qu. Nhit cng thp, p sut cng ln th ho tan ca CO2 cng
nhiu.
m bo t l CO2 l 1,5%, ng vi cc nhit khc nhau cn c p sut
tng ng nh sau:
Bng 7.2. Nhit v p sut tng ng bo ha CO2 t nng 1,5%
Nhit oC 0 5 10 15 20
p sut CO2
Tnh bng 105 N/m2 3,72 4,65 5,63 6,86 8,23
Tnh bng atm 3,80 4,75 5,85 7,00 8,40
(Nguyn Vn Tip. 2000)
87
III. Nc qu c c
Nc qu c c ch bin bng cch c c nc qu t nhin theo phng php
un nng hay theo phng php lnh ng. Thnh phm c kh l 40 - 60%.
Trc khi c c, cn lng, lc v loi tr n mc ti a pectin c trong nc qu
sn phm khi b c v khng b ng c khi c c.
Ngi ta thng c c nc qu bng h thng ni c chn khng. gi hng
v ca nc qu, ngi ta lp thm thit b thu hi cht thm, ri pha vo thnh phm.
Nc qu c c trc khi rt vo bao b thy tinh cn un nng ln 70 - 80oC.
Nu dng bao b di 1 lt th thanh trng 75oC ri lm ngui bng nc lnh, nu ng
trong bao b ln (t 3 lt tr ln) khng cn phi thanh trng.
C c nc qu theo phng php lnh ng da trn nguyn tc: khi gim nhit
ca dung dch cha bo ho xung di nhit ng bng ca n th dung mi
(nc) s ng bng trc, cn cht ho tan (ng, mui, acid) vn dung dch. Tch
tng rn khi tng lng bng cch chit, lc hay ly tm (ly tm va nhanh, va tn
tht nc qu) ngi ta thu c nc qu c c. Nc qu thng c lm lnh ng
-10oC n 12oC.
So vi phng php bc hi th phng php lnh ng tuy tn tht cht ha tan
nhiu hn nhng sn phm c cht lng cao v gi c dinh dng nhiu hn.
sn phm t nng cao c th kt hp hai phng php lc u c c bng
chn khng, sau lm lnh ng tip tc cho n kh cn thit.
T nc qu c c c th ch bin thnh bt qu. Pha nc ng c vo nc
qu c c ri sy bng thit b sy phun, ta c bt qu.
88
IV. Nc qu c tht qu
Mt s qu nh chui, xoi, mng cu, i... kh ch bin thnh nc qu khng
tht qu v cho sn phm c cht lng km v hng v v gi tr dinh dng; do
ngi ta ch bin thnh nc qu c tht qu.
Qui trnh ch bin nc qu c tht qu thng tin hnh theo s sau:
Qu
La chn - Ra
Kim tra
Chn - Gt ra
Ch
Phi ch
ng ho
Nng nhit, Bi kh
Rt hp - Ghp np
Thanh trng
Thnh phm
Trong qui trnh trn, nhiu qu trnh ging nh trong qui trnh ch bin nc qu
khng tht qu. Do , phn ny ch trnh by cch tin hnh mt s qu trnh ring bit
ca nc qu c tht qu khc vi nc qu khng tht qu.
89
1. Ch: Trong nc qu c tht qu (nectar) ngoi dch bo cn c m qu nghin
nh. V vy khi ly dch qu ch bin nectar ngi ta dng my ch (hoc
my p kiu trc xon) m khng dng my p thu lc hay my p trc vt.
Vi loi qu hch nh m, mn, o... ngi ta dng my ch kiu roi thp, vi
cc loi qu mm nh chui, u , i... ngi ta dng my ch kiu cnh p.
2. Phi ch: Khi ch bin nectar, ngi ta thng pha thm ng, acid thc
phm v nc vo dch qu sn phm t c yu cu v hng v, mu
sc v c cn thit.
Sn phm phi c hng thm r rt ca nguyn liu, v ngt chua thch hp. Sn
phm thng c kh 15 - 20% v c acid tng ng vi acid ca nguyn liu
(0,2 - 0,5%)
Trong qu trnh ch bin, tanin trong qu thng b oxy ho to thnh flobafen c
mu en. trnh hin tng ny, ngi ta thng pha thm cht chng oxy ho m
thng dng nht l acid ascorbic (vitamin C). Vitamin C va c tc dng n nh mu
sc, va tng gi tr dinh dng cho sn phm. Khi s dng vitamin C, ngi ta gi l
vitamin ho sn phm.
Qu cha t vitamin C d b bin mu hn qu c nhiu vitamin C. Trong 100 ml
nc qu nu cha khong 1 mg acid ascorbic th nc qu c th ngoi khng kh
trong 30 pht m khng b bin mu.
Lng vitamin C cho vo khi phi ch cn c ch cc men xc tc phn ng
bin mu v cn d khong 100 mg/l nc qu. Nu d qu, sn phm c v chua gt v
hc.
Sn phm cn c c va phi, nu long qu th km gi tr dinh dng v
km hng v, nu c qu cng khng hp dn.
sn phm c c va phi, ngi ta thm nc ng vi t l Pur
qu/nc ng =1/0,5 - 1/2 tu loi nguyn liu.
3. ng ho: c c thch hp, mn v t phn lp, vn cc, ngi ta ng
ho sn phm bng thit b ng ho kiu phun c p sut (vi p sut lm vic
l 1,47 - 1,98.107 N/m2 tc 150 200 at) hoc bng thit b ly tm.
90
hng v ca sn phm c ng u v tng ln, ngi ta pha thm nc
ng v acid citric thnh phm c kh 15 - 16% v acid 0,5 - 0,6%.
Sau khi phi ch, em lc th nc da, ri nng nhit trn thit b truyn nhit
kiu bn mng hoc kiu rut g (cht ti nhit l nc si hay hi nc) trong thi gian
20 - 30s loi b kt ta. Nu ng trong hp st s 13, s 14 th thanh trng theo cng
thc 10-20-10/100oC. Nu ng trong chai thu tinh 0,65lt hay 0,75lt khng cn phi
thanh trng, nhng phi nng nhit ln 100 - 105oC trc khi rt vo bao b. Sau lm
ngui nhanh bng nc hay bng khng kh lnh nhit 2 - 8oC.
cc nc, khi ch bin nc da ngi ta cn dng my p trc xon ri kt hp
vi ly tm cao tc hoc vi my ng ho sn phm ng nht, c thanh trng 80-
82oC trong 20 - 30 pht hay 88oC hoc rt nng 88 90,5oC. Nc da cn dng ch
bin nc qu hn hp (pha ch vi nc bi...) rt vo hp da nc ng (loi
thng hng) thay nc ng.
sn xut 1 tn hp nc da cn:
- da ta: 2,0 Tn qu
- da hoa: 1,8 Tn qu
2. Nc cam, nc chanh: Nc cam, nc chanh c ch bin dng nguyn
cht, loi c.
Ngi ta thng dng cam chanh (tt nht l cam X oi) ch bin nc cam
v ging cam ny cho sn phm thm ngon v t ng. Ch dng cam va chn ti, th
hin v c mu vng t 2/3 din tch qu tr ln, khng dng cam qu chn, sn phm
d b ln men v hng v km.
Cc loi chanh, rut trng hay hng, khng kh sn c kh 5 - 6% v acid
(acid citric) 4,5 5,0% u dng ch bin nc chanh c. C th dng chanh xanh
hoc mi chn (ng) nhng khng dng chanh cn non v nc t v acid thp.
Sau khi la chn nguyn liu loi b nhng qu khng hp qui cch (m khng
cn phn loi theo kch thc) em ra sch trn my ra hnh trng hoc bn chi, ri
bc sch v ngoi v ci trng. lp v ngoi cha nhiu tinh du, trong c lymonen,
b bin i thnh tecpen dng pinen di tc dng ca nhit, lm cho sn phm c mi
kh chu. lp ci trng cha nhiu naringin c v ng.
tng hu sut p, trc khi p ngi ta x nh cam, chanh trn my x kiu a
rng. Sau p trn my p thu lc, c p sut p khong 2,45.107 N/m2 (250 at). Nc
p ra em lc trn thit b lc bn khung, hoc lc th qua 10 - 12 lp vi mn.
Qu trnh nng nhit, rt vo bao b, ghp np cng tin hnh ging nh nc da.
Nc cam, nc chanh trong qu trnh tn tr th hng v gim st r rt. hn
ch tnh trng ny, ngi ta dng chai thu tinh mu v bo qun nhit 0 - 5oC.
Tiu hao nguyn liu i vi 1 tn thnh phm l:
- Cam chanh:1,5 tn
- Chanh: 2,2 tn
3. Nc chui: Nc chui ch bin dng nc qu c tht qu (nectar).
91
Nguyn liu chui tiu v ng xun cho sn phm tt hn v h thu. Chui phi
chn hon ton nhng khng b nu, khng b ln men ru, khng cn phn loi theo
kch thc v c th s dng c nhng khc chui tha dy chuyn hp qu nc
ng chui loi ra.
Qu trnh la chn, ra, bc v, tc x tin hnh ging nh ch bin hp
chui nc ng.
Sau khi bc v, tc x ngi ta ngm chui vo nc ra bt tinh bt v ho
tan tanin sn phm t b bin mu hn, sau em ch trn my ch c l ry 1,0 - 1,5
mm.
Chui qua ch (pur) c cha ngay vo thng c sn nc ng nng 15%
c pha thm 0,1% acid citric v 0,05 - 0,1% acid ascorbic.
Tu theo phm cht nguyn liu v yu cu ca sn phm m t l gia pur chui
v nc ng 15% thay i khc nhau. Sau pha ch, nc chui c kh 16 - 18%,
acid (theo acid citric) 0,2 - 0,25%. Khi pha ch phi khuy cho nc chui tht u.
Sau em ng ho sn phm ng nht, khng b phn lp, p sut lm vic
l 11,76 - 14,7.106 N/m2 (120 150 at).
Trong t bo chui c cha nhiu khng kh (8 - 16%) nn cn ui bt sn
phm gi c hng, v, mu sc t nhin v b vn cc hoc phn lp. Trong khi bi
kh, ngi ta kt hp vi nng nhit tng hiu qu bi kh, ng thi dit men v s b
dit khun. C th bi kh nc chui trn thit b bi kh nhit hoc trn thit b c c
chn khng hai v (thi gian 3 - 6 pht, nhit sau khi nng nhit t 80 - 90oC).
Nc chui bi kh v nng nhit xong phi ng hp v ghp np ngay. ng hp
s 8 sn vecni, ghp np vi chn khng 300mmHg, thanh trng theo cng thc 10-
25-10/100oC.
Mt tn thnh phm cn 1500 kg chui tiu qu.
92
CHNG VIII
K THUT CH BIN HP MT QU
II. Mt nhuyn
Mt nhuyn ch bin t pur qu, c th dng ring mt chng loi hoc
hn hp nhiu loi qu, c th dng pur qu ti hay pur qu bn ch phm.
Ty theo c ca sn phm m quy nh t l ng pha vo pur qu.
Loi mt nhuyn c ng trong khay g yu cu c c cao hn loi mt
nhuyn thng ng trong hp st, l thu tinh hay loi ng trong thng g kn.
T l phi ch nh sau:
Bng 8.1. T l phi ch mt nhuyn
Nguyn liu Mt nhuyn Mt nhuyn c
Gt v, b ht
Ct ming
Chn
Nu vi ng
ng vo ng vo
bao b ln bao b nh
Thanh trng
Thnh phm
IV. Mt kh
Mt kh l sn phm nu t qu vi nc ng v sy ti kh 80%,
trn b mt ming mt c mt mng trng c.
Cch x l nguyn liu ging nh x l lm mt ming ng. qu
khi b nt, ngi ta chn qu trong dung dch phn chua.
mt ngm ng u, ngi ta nu mt theo phng php gin on:
nu 6-8 ln, mi ln nu 4-6 pht. Cng c th p dng phng php nu nhanh v
lin tc nh nu mt ming ng.
Nu xong, cht xir v em qu sy nh.
trn b mt mt c lp mng trng c, ngi ta nhng mt vo nc
ng qu bo ho. Khi nhng qu ngui vo nc ng nng s xut hin mt
lp mng ng kt tinh. Chnh lch nhit gia qu v nc ng cng nhiu
th mng cng mn.
Cng c th to mng bng cch khc. Qu nu xong ngm trong nc
ng c 10-12 gi nhit 35-40oC, cht xir v em sy 45-55oC trong 4-
8 gi. Khi sy, nc trong xir bao quanh qu bc hi, cn li ng kt tinh trn
b mt mt.
Ngi ta ng mt kh trong hp st, hp carton lt hay trng cht chng
m, hoc trong ti polymer nh.
Mt da 550 6000
Mt chui 550 2500
Mt cam 600 2000
4. Mt xoi nhuyn: Dng xoi chn hon ton, hng v thm ngon. Sau
khi ra, em ch trn my ch, ly pur xoi nu vi nc ng theo t l 1/1 ti
kh 68-70%. tng hng v v bo m t l ng kh ngi ta cho thm
mt t acid citric trc khi nu. tng ng cho mt, ngi ta cho thm
pectin.
5. Mt i ng: Chn qu chn, ti, tt, em ra v ct thnh lt mng v
em nu 30 pht tch pectin theo t l nc/qu l 1/1 (c thm 2-2,5g acid
citric/kg qu): Sau khi ngm v un nng li vi 25% nc na (so vi khi lng
qu) em lc qua vi tha v li ngm 12 gi na. Lc qua vi v thm vo nc
qu trch ly mt lng ng theo t l ng/dch qu lc l 1/1. Sau em c
c ti khi t thnh phm l mt ng.
6. Mt chanh kh: V chanh, cam, qut, bi c ch bin thnh mt kh
qua 2 khu: x l v tm ng.
V c x l nh sau: kha theo dc qu chanh (qu ln c th ct i, ri
ly sch mi, tp), sau ngm trong dung dch NaCl 2% trong 4 ngy, mi ngy
tng nng nc mui ln 2% (ngy th 4 t 8%), sau ngm vi ngy trong
dung dch CaCl2 1% tng cng.
C th bo qun t 1 n 3 thng v x l nh trn trong dung dch
NaCl 8% c thm 0,2% kali hay natri metabisunfit, hoc trong dung dch cha
0,35% SO2. Trc khi ch bin, cn ra k v v cho vo nc ri un cho n
khi mm.
Khi tm ng, ngi ta xp v chanh x l vo ni, rt nc ng
ngui c nng 30%, ngm trong 2 ngy. Do hin tng khuch tn, nng
ng gim dn, phi cht nc ng ra c c ln 30-35% ri mi nu v
chanh trong nc ng y vi thi gian 5-7 pht. Cho thm 0,12-0,25% (so vi
khi lng v) acid citric. Tip tc c c phn on, mi ngy 5-7 pht v
kh ca v tng ln 5%, cho ti khi t nng 75%. Gi trong nc ng 2-3
tun, vt ra, phi nhit bnh thng hoc sy nh 49-50oC.
CHNG IX
K THUT CH BIN HP C - THT
C C chua
X l s b X l s b
Phi ch
Hp C c
Cho vo hp
Ghp np
Tit trng
Lm ngui
Dn nhn, ng thng
Thnh phm
100
2. Thuyt minh
2.1. Chun b c
- Tip nhn c
Nguyn liu c tip nhn phi ti, ng u v kch thc, khi lng v mu
sc, mi c trng, tht c cn chc, nguyn vn khng b tn thng, mt ti trong
v c trong lng khong 60 n 100g/con.
- X l s b
C c ra sch, nh vy, ct u, cht ui, m bng ly sch ni tng, sau
ra sch cho ht mu, nht, bn trong khoang bng v trn c, cn ch thao tc
trong cng on ny phi nhanh nhm trnh ly nhim vi sinh vt vo sn phm.
- Ngm gim
Mc ch: Trong c bin c nhiu Trimethylamin oxyd gy mi tanh kh
chu, hp cht ny c tnh baz nn dng acid acetic loi chng. Ngoi ra, nng
H+ c tc dng c ch vi sinh vt. Khi pH = 6 th vi khun thi ra b khng ch, pH =
4.5 vi khun ngng sinh sn, v khi pH = 3 th cc enzyme b km hm. Khi ngm
gim, protein b mt b bin tnh, tht c tr nn rn chc hn.
- Ngm dung dch mui
Thnh phn gm: mui 15%, ng, bt ngt, hnh.
Tc dng ca vic ngm dung dch mui l:
Mui: km hm s t phn ca enzyme v vi khun.
Nng mui ln gy nn tc dng thm thu ln c th lm v mng t
bo vi khun, lm thot nc ra ngoi v th vi khun kh pht trin
NaCl c c i vi vi khun: s thi ra ca c ch yu l do tc dng
thu phn ca cc enzyme v vi khun. Cc loi enzyme trong tht c c hot tnh
mnh nht trong nc mui long hoc mi trng khng mui nhng nng cao
chng s b km hm.
ng: lm du v mn ca mui NaCl
Tc dng ca hnh lm cho c c hng v thm ngon hn.
S thm thu ca mui vo c th c: qu trnh thm thu c th chia lm 3
giai on:
Khi nng mui cao, cc phn t mui ngm vo c nhanh, nc trong
c thot ra ngoi (nc thot ra gp 3 ln lng dung dch thm vo) Trong giai on
ny tht c t mi thm.
Do s thm thu dung dch mui vo bn trong c th c nn nng
gim dn lm cho nc thot ra ngoi chm hn, protein b bin tnh, tht rn chc.
p sut thm thu gim dn ti 0, nng mui trong c dn dn bng
nng mui ca dung dch bn ngoi. Tht c giai on ny rn chc, mi thm c
trng.
Nhng yu t nh hng n qu trnh p mui:
101
Phng php p: phng php p mui t nhanh hn phng php
mui kh.
Nng : nng cao th tc thm thu nhanh
Thi gian: tc thm thu ca dung dch mui vo c tng ln t l
thun vi thi gian, nhng n mt tc nht nh no th qu trnh thm thu
gim dn v t trng thi cn bng.
Thnh phn ho hc ca mui: cc thnh phn khc nh Ca2+, Mg2+ s
lm gim qu trnh thm thu ca mui vo c.
Nhit : nhit tng th tc thm thu s tng, tuy nhin nhit
cao th cc enzyme v vi khun hot ng lm gim cht lng ca c.
Cht lng c: c ti th tc thm thu mnh, c mng th tc
thm thu mnh hn c dy, c nh th tc thm thu mnh hn c to, c bo th tc
thm thu km hn c gy.
Nhng bin i ca c trong qu trnh p dung dch mui:
Khi lng c gim do nc thot ra ngoi nhiu gp 3 ln lng mui
thn vo, lng nc thot ra ph thuc vo phng php mui, nng mui va thi
gian mui...
Hao ht cht dinh dng: cht bo hao ht t, protein hao ht nhiu, do
hm lng Nit ho tan khuch tn ra dung dch mui, lng protein trong nc tng.
S hao ht protein ph thuc vo phng php mui (phng php khuy o b hao
ht nhiu protein hn phng php khng khuy o).
- Hp
C sau khi ct khc v x l c tin hnh hp nhit 950C n 1000C
Mc ch ca qu trnh hp:
Ngng qu trnh sinh ho, gi ti ca c
Lm bin tnh protein, tch loi nc nhm n nh sn phm (lng
nc cn li khong 60-70%)
ui kh trong nguyn liu trnh phng hp khi tit trng
- Xp hp
C sau khi hp c em xp hp v cho nc sauce c chua vo, nc sauce
c chua c chun b nh sau :
2.2Chun b sauce c chua
- Nguyn liu
Chn c cn ti, mu sng, khng qu chn, khng su bnh,dp nt.
- X l: ra c trong nc sch nhm loi b tp cht, t, ct. Loi b nhng
qu b thi, khng quy cch ch bin.
- un nng
Mc ch: v hot enzyme pectinase gi cho sn phm khng b tch
nc. Bn cch , enzyme oxy ho cng b v hot. Ngoi ra, un nng lm cho cu
trc mm hn nhm tng hiu sut thu hi dch qu.
102
Nhit un nng: 85 0C
- Ch
Nhm tch v, ht v lm nh tht c trong t bo nguyn liu.
- Phi ch
Thnh phn: bt, mui, ng, bt ngt.
Bt: c tc dng tng st ca nc sauce, gim v chua ca nguyn
liu lm tng gi tr kinh t. Lng bt s dng va phi, nu qu nhiu s lm gim
cht lng sn phm
Cc gia v khc c tc dng iu v, tng gi tr cm quan.
- C c
Qu trnh c c c thc hin trong iu kin chn khng vi chn
khng khong 600-650 mmHg. Trong iu kin chn khng nhit si ca dung dch
rt thp, khong 50-550C. Khi , cu trc pectin khng b ph v nn gi c st
ca nc sauce. Ngoi ra cc thnh phn khc cng t b bin i nht l Vitamin C.
C c n kh nc sauce khong 13-150Bx.
Sau khi c c xong nc sauce c chua ta tin hnh rt nc st vo hp lc
nhit cn nng khong hn 850C theo t l : sauce c/c = 4/6 sau tin hnh
ghp np .
- Ghp np
Ghp np c tin hnh lc cn nng nhm ui ht kh ra khi hp trnh hin
tng phng hp lc tit trng.
- Tit trng
V pH ca sn phm ln hn 4,6 nn chn ch tit trng 115-1210C trong
80-90 pht. Thi gian c tc dng tiu dit vi sinh vt l khong 30-40 pht, thi gian
cn li c tc dng lm mm xng c.
Sau khi tit trng phi x kh t t trong thit b ra ngoi trnh hin tng
phng hp.
- Bo n
pht hin hp b h hoc bi h hng, cc thnh phn trong c v nc st
khuch tn qua li gip cho sn phm c hng v n nh. Thi gian bo n l 15
ngy.
103
II. QU TRNH SN XUT HP THT
1. C s chung
1.1. Nguyn liu
Nguyn liu tht dng trong ch bin phi m bo yu cu cht lng, khng
dng tht b bnh. Trong sn xut sn phm hp tht thng dng tht heo, gan heo,
gia cm, tht b
1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng sn phm
- nh hng ca protein nguyn liu
S hnh thnh nh tng c lin quan n tnh tan ca protein. Nng protein
v s to thnh nh tng c mi quan h vi nhau. Chng s gia tng cng vi s gia
tng nng protein mc gii hn.
nh tng c hnh thnh, tc nhn hot ng b mt l protein s ho tan
trong mi trng phn tn.
- nh hng ca ph gia
* Tinh bt
Tinh bt b sung vo hn hp nh tng nhm mc ch:
H gi thnh sn phm
Hp th mt lng nc
Di tc dng ca nhit to ra dng gel gia tng kh nng kt dnh, ngn
chn hin tng ng ti m.
Tinh bt c kh nng to gel do s to thnh v sp xp li cc phn t tinh bt
to thnh cu trc mng 3 chiu do cc lin kt hydro gia cc mch polyglucoside
hay gin tip qua cu phn t nc. Tinh bt cng c kh nng ng to gel vi
protein nh vo lin kt hydro v lc Van Der Waals. Trong trng hp ny c protein
v tinh bt u sp xp li phn t to gel.
Tuy nhin, vic s dng tinh bt vo sn phm l c gii hn, nu qu nhiu
chng s to mi cho sn phm, lm gim cht lng.
* Mui NaCl
Mui c b sung vo c tc dng:
To v cho sn phm
Km hm s pht trin ca vi sinh vt
C kh nng to p sut thm thu, lm gim aw do ngn cn s pht trin
ca vi sinh vt
* Cc phosphate
Vai tr ch yu ca phosphate khi p mui l lm gia tng kh nng lin kt
ca nc vi protein ca m c, v bng cch lm gia tng nng sut ca sn phm
sau cng, tng cht lng ca sn phm. Hot ng ca phosphate trong vic ci thin
s gi nc biu th 3 mt:
Nng pH
Hnh thnh lin kt vi ion Ca2+ v Mg2+
Gy ra s dui protein ca c, to cc v tr c kh nng lin kt m tt hn.
* Nitrit
104
Mc ch ca vic s dng natri l to mu cho sn phm, ngn cn s pht
trin ca vi sinh vt.
Nu s dng vi lng d s to hp cht gy c cho c th (Nitrosamin l
cht dn n ung th), v n kt hp vi Hemoglobin trong c th to thnh
Methemoglobin, ngn cn s hp th oxy gy nn hin tng thiu mu no.
* Natri ascorbate
Lng ascorbate hot ng ging nh mt cht chng oxy ho. Lm gim c
tnh ca Nitrit.
* ng
ng lm du mm sn phm, tr gip qu trnh gi mu ca tht do ng
c tnh kh, s kh Fe3+ thnh Fe2+
*Tc dng ca nc
Nc b sung vo trong hn hp tht xay nhm h nhit ca khi tht
xung di 10oC gi cu trc dai, chc ca khi nguyn liu.
106
Mu sc Trng
107
2.2. Qui trnh ch bin
Nguyn liu
X l & lm sch
p mui
Bm nhuyn
Vo hp
Hp s b
Thuyt minh
- X l
Lm sch gan: gan phi c lc ht gn trng, cung gan v ng ng dn
mt, mu ng. Loi b nhng phn b thm en hay thm dch mt mu xanh vng.
Sau gan c ra bng nc sch. Yu cu sau khi lm sch mu gan phi ng
nht.
- Chn b (da ln)
B c tch khi khi tht trong qu trnh phn loi tht, sau em i chn.
Nhm mc ch to iu kin cho qu trnh xay v bm nhuyn d dng. B c chn
trong nc si thi gian 15 20 pht. Yu sau khi chn b phi chn 70 80%.
- Xay
Nguyn liu tht, gan, b, hnh kh u c qua qu trnh xay. Thng tin
hnh xay ring tng loi nhng yu cu cng ngh nh nhau. Xay nhm to iu kin
108
cho qu trnh bm nhuyn v trn gia v c d dng. Yu cu sau khi xay tht, b,
gan, hnh u ng nht.
- Mui gan
Gan sau khi xay c em i p mui. Qu trnh p gan c trn u vi
gia v. Mc ch p mui l to mu, mi, v cho sn phm sau ny. Qu trnh p
mui c tc dng quan trng n cht lng ca pat. Nu nhit thng, thi gian
p mui khong 1 gi.
- Bm nhuyn
Tht, b, hnh sau khi xay, gan sau khi p mui v cc nguyn liu ph khc
c phi trn v bm nhuyn nhm mc ch tng mn ca pat, tng ng u
v kh nng lin kt ca cc cu t.
Yu cu sau khi bm nhuyn khi sn phm phi mn, ng u.
- Vo hp
Cho khi sn phm sau khi bm nhuyn vo hp ng yu cu v trng lng,
khi tht phi nm trn trong hp khng dnh ln thnh hp.
- Hp s b
Nhm mc ch l bi kh trong khi tht bm nhuyn chun b ghp m. Nu
hp khng c bi kh m em ghp m s gy phng hp khi thanh trng, lm h
hng sn phm. Oxy tn ti trong sn phm lm qu trnh oxy ha xy ra trong hp,
cc cht hu c b oxy ha lm thay i hng v v mu sc ca thc phm trong
hp.
ng thi bi kh cn hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt hiu kh tn ti trong
hp, hn ch s n mn st ty.
- Ghp np v thanh trng
Khi tht sau khi c bi kh xong phi c ghp m ngay. Sau a i
thanh trng 1210C. Thanh trng nhit p dng cho sn phm ny c li v: va tc
dng tiu dit vi sinh vt, va gi c cht lng sn phm.
109
TI LIU THAM KHO
Trang
M U 1
PHN I. CC QU TRNH C BN TRONG CH BIN THC PHM
NG HP