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Chopper PDF
Chopper PDF
DC to DC CONVERTER
(CHOPPER)
General
Buck converter
Boost converter
Buck-Boost converter
Switched-mode power supply
Bridge converter
Notes on electromagnetic compatibility
(EMC) and solutions.
DC supply
(from rectifier-
DC output LOAD
filter, battery,
fuel cell etc.)
Vcontrol
(derived from
feedback circuit)
APPLICATIONS:
Switched-mode power supply (SMPS), DC
motor control, battery chargers
Linear regulator
Transistor is operated
in linear (active)
mode. + VCEce IL
+
Output voltage Vin
RL Vo
Vo = Vin Vce
LINEAR REGULATOR
Po = I L 2 RT
or
Po = Vce I L
Power Electronics and 3
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Switching Regulator
Transistor is operated
in switched-mode: IL
+ Vce
Switch closed:
Fully on (saturated) +
Switch opened: Vin
RL
Vo
Fully off (cut-off)
SWITCHING REGULATOR
When switch is open,
no current flow in it IL
When switch is
closed no voltage SWITCH
+
drop across it. Vin
RL Vo
DT T
S L
+
Vd D C RL
Vo
S iL
+ vL
+
Vd RL Vo
D
vL
This results in
positive inductor Vd Vo
voltage, i.e: opened opened
closed closed
t
v L = Vd Vo
It causes linear Vo
increase in the iL
inductor current
iLmax
di IL
vL = L L iLmin
dt
1
iL = v L dt DT
t
L T
+ vL -
Because of inductive
energy storage, iL S iL +
continues to flow. Vd C RL Vo
D
Diode is forward
biased vL
VdVo
Current now flows opened opened
(freewheeling) closed closed
vL = Vo iLmax
IL
iLmin
(1-D)T
t
DT T
iL
Unstable current
iL Decaying current
iL Steady-state current
Imax
IL iL
Imin
Imax
Imin t
0
Q = CV
Q
o Vo =
C i m ax
iL
Use triangle area formula :
i L= IR
1 T i L
Q = V o/R i m in
2 2 2
0
T i L iC
=
8
Ripple voltage (Peak - to peak)0
TiL (1 D )
Vo = =
8C 8 LCf 2
So, the ripple factor,
Vo (1 D )
r= =
Vo 8 LCf 2
Note : Ripple can be reduced by :
1) Increasing switching frequency
2) Increasing inductor size
3) Increasing capacitor size.
Power Electronics and 12
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Basic design procedures
SWITCH L
Lmin= ?
RL
L = 10Lmin
Vd Po = ?
f=? D
(input C Io = ?
D=? ripple ?
spec.)
TYPE ?
Vd C +
S
RL Vo
CIRCUIT OF BOOST CONVERTER
iL L D
+ vL
Vd +
S C
RL Vo
v L = Vd Vd
di
=L L v CLOSED
dt
L
t
diL Vd
= Vd Vo
dt L
diL iL iL
= = i L
iL
dt t DT
diL V
= d
dt L DT T t
V DT
(iL )closed = d
L
Power Electronics and 16
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Switch opened
iL
D
+ vL -
+
Vd C vo
S
-
v L = Vd Vo
diL
=L Vd
dt
diL Vd Vo vL
= OPENED
dt L t
diL iL Vd Vo
=
dt t
i L iL
= iL
(1 D )T
( 1-D )T
t
diL Vd Vo DT T
=
dt L
(Vd Vo )(1 DT )
(iL )opened =
L
Power Electronics and 17
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Steady-state operation
For CCM,
I min 0 Vd
vL
Vd Vd DT
2
0
(1 D) R 2L
D(1 D )2 TR
Lmin = V d V o
2 Imax
D(1 D )2 R
iL
= Imin
2f
Vo Imin
Q = DT = CVo
R
Io=Vo / R
Vo DT Vo D
Vo = =
RCf RCf ic
V D
r= o =
Vo RCf
Q
DT T
Power Electronics and 20
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Examples
The boost converter has the following parameters: Vd=20V,
D=0.6, R=12.5ohm, L=65uH, C=200uF, fs=40KHz. Determine
(a) output voltage, (b) average, maximum and minimum
inductor current, (c) output voltage ripple.
S
D
+
Vd C
L RL Vo
S D
+ +
Vd iL vL Vo
S D
+ +
Vd iL vL
Vo
iL iL Vd iL
= = Imin
t DT L
V DT
(iL ) closed = d Imax
L iD
Switch opened Imin
di
v L = Vo = L L Io=Vo / R
dt
diL Vo
= ic
dt L
iL iL Vo Q
= =
t (1 D )T L DT T
Vo (1 D)T
(iL ) opened =
L
Power Electronics and 23
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Output voltage
Steady state operation :
iL (closed ) + iL (opened ) = 0
Vd DT Vo (1 D)T
+ =0
L L
Output voltage :
D
Vo = Vs
1 D
L Boost
D
Vo 1
=
V + Vd 1 D
S C Vo
Vo D
=
d
RL Vo RCf
D(1 D ) 2 R
Lmin =
2f
S Buck Boost
Vo D
D + =
V C Vo
Vd 1 D
L RL
d
Vo D
=
Vo RCf
(1 D) 2 R
Lmin =
2f
Power Electronics and 27
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Control of DC-DC converter:
pulse width modulation (PWM)
Vo (desired)
+ Vcontrol Switch control
signal
Vo (actual) Comparator
-
Sawtooth
Waveform Sawtooth
Waveform
Vcontrol 1
Vcontrol 2
Switch
control
ton 2 signal
ton 1
T
Disadvantages
-Complex design
-EMI problems
Types of SMPS
-Flyback
-forward
-Push-pull
-Bridge (half and full)
Base/
PWM error
gate
Controller Amp
drive
V1 V2 Ideal model
i1 N1 N2 i2
+ +
Lm Model used for
V1 V2
most PE application
+
C R Vo
Vd LM
iD
iS i 1 N1 N2
+
+ + vD
iLM v2 iC iR Vo
v1
Vd +
+ vSW i2
diLm
v1 = Vd = Lm
dt
diLm iLm iLm Vd
= = =
dt dt DT Lm
(
iLm
closed
=)Vd DT
Lm
On the load side of the transformer,
N2 N2
v2 = v1 = Vd
N1 N1
N2
v D = Vo Vd < 0, i.e. diode turned off
N1
Therefore,
i2 = 0 and i1 = 0
Power Electronics and 33
Drives (Version 3-2003)
Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM-JB
Switch opened
iD
N1 N2
+ +
iLM v1 v 2 = VS Vo
Vs +
+ vSW
N1
v1 = Vo
N2
But v2 = Vo
N1 N
v1 = v2 = Vo 1
N2 N2
diL m N1
v1 = Lm = Vo
dt N2
diL m i L m iL m Vo N1
= = =
dt dt (1 D )T Lm N 2
Vd DT Vo (1 D )T N1
=0
Lm Lm N2
D N2
Vo = Vd
1 D N1
Ps = P0 Vs
V0 2 v1
Vd I s =
R
I s is related to I Lm as : -V(N 1 /N 2 )
I Lm DT
Is =
T
( )
= I Lm D
i Lm
iLM
Solving for I Lm
is
V02
( )
Vd I Lm D =
R
t
2
V0
I Lm =
Vd DR iD
I Lm can written as :
2 iC
Vd D N2
I Lm =
(1 D ) 2 R N1
DT T V o/ R t
V0 N2
=
(1 D ) R N1
SW1 SW3
Lx
+ + +
NS vx Vo
C R
vp
VS
NS
SW4 SW2
SW1,SW2
DT T
SW3,SW4
T T
+ DT
VP 2 2
VS
-VS
Vx
NS
VS
NP
DT T T T
+ DT
2 2
Output Voltage
Ns
Vo = 2Vs D
Np