Introducing

Physical
Geography
Alan Strahler

Chapter 2
The Earths Global Energy Balance

Return
Copyright 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. to Main
Slide
The Earths Global Energy
Balance

Chapter 2

Return
to Main
2 Slide
 Chapter Outline
1. Electromagnetic Radiation
Ozone Layer
2. Insolation over the Globe

3. Composition of the Atmosphere

4. Sensible Heat & Latent Heat Transfer

5. The Global Energy System CERES Clouds &

Earths Radiant Energy
Systems

6. Net Radiation, Latitude, &

Energy Balance Click Section
Return
to go to Main
3 contentSlide
 1. Electromagnetic Radiation

RADIATION AND TEMPERATURE

SOLAR RADIATION

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR ENERGY

LONGWAVE RADIATION FROM THE

EARTH

THE GLOBAL RADIATION BALANCE

Return
to Main
4 Slide
 1. Electromagnetic Radiation

All surfaces emit radiation.

Hot objects - radiation in the form
of light
Cooler objects - emit heat
radiation.
Earth emits exactly as much energy
as it absorbs from the sun - energy
balance
Electromagnetic Radiation -
collection of waves, wide range of
wavelengths, travel away from the
surface of an object.
Wavelength is the distance separating one
wave crest from the next wave crest Return
to Main
5 Slide
 1. Electromagnetic Radiation

Gamma rays and X rays short wavelength, high energies,

hazardous to health.
Ultraviolet - 10 nm to 0.4 m. Can damage living tissues.
Visible light - 0.4 to 0.7 m. from violet blue, green, yellow,
orange, to red.
Near-infrared - 0.7 to 1.2 m. Similar to visible light. From the
Sun. Cannot be seen because eyes not sensitive to radiation
beyond 0.7 m.
Shortwave infrared - 1.2 and 3.0 m. From the sun
Middle-infrared - 3.0 m to 6 m. From Sun or hot sources on
Earth (forest fires, gas well flames)
Thermal infrared 6 m to 300 m. Given off by bodies at
temperatures found at the Earths surface. Return
to Main
6 Slide
1. Electromagnetic Radiation

Return
to Main
7 Slide
 RADIATION AND
TEMPERATURE
Hot objects radiate more energy that cool
Hotter object, shorter wavelength

Suburban scene at night.

Black and violet tones - lower temperatures
Yellow and red tones higher temperatures.
Ground and sky - coldest, windows of the heated homes warmest.
Return
to Main
1. Electromagnetic Radiation 8 Slide
 SOLAR RADIATION
Sun - ball of constantly churning gases
heated by continuous nuclear reactions
(hydrogen to helium at high temperatures
and pressures) Intensity of solar
radiation is greatest in
Surface temperature 6000C (11,000F) the visible portion of
Rays of solar radiation spread apart as they the spectrum.
move away from the Sun Most of the solar
Rate of incoming energy, solar constant radiation in the visible
spectrum penetrates
about 1367 W/m2 the Earths atmosphere
Intensity of received (or emitted) radiation to reach the surface.
= power of the radiation and the surface
area being hit by (or giving off) energy
Return
to Main
1. Electromagnetic Radiation 9 Slide
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOLAR ENERGY
Sun emits shortwave
radiation (ultraviolet,
visible and shortwave
infrared)
Earth emits longwave
radiation (infrared) - much
is absorbed by the Earths
atmosphere before it
leaves (e.g. by carbon
dioxide)
Radiation intensity is shown on a
logarithmic scale.

Return
to Main
1. Electromagnetic Radiation 10 Slide
 LONGWAVE RADIATION
FROM THE EARTH
Earth radiates less
energy that the sun
Energy radiated by
Earth is Longwave
Wavelengths are
absorbed by gases in
the atmosphere, such as
water vapor and carbon
dioxide

Return
to Main
1. Electromagnetic Radiation 11 Slide
 THE GLOBAL RADIATION
BALANCE
Shortwave radiation from the Sun transmitted through space,
intercepted by the Earth.
Absorbed radiation is then emitted as Longwave radiation to
outer space. 1.

Return
to Main
1. Electromagnetic Radiation 12 Slide
 THE GLOBAL RADIATION
BALANCE
Incoming solar radiation is either:
reflected (scattered) back to space, or
absorbed by the atmosphere or surface

Return
to Main
1. Electromagnetic Radiation 13 Slide
 THE GLOBAL RADIATION
BALANCE

Absorption of
shortwave radiation by
the Earth and
atmosphere provides
energy that the Earth
atmosphere system
radiates away in all
directions.

Return
to Main
1. Electromagnetic Radiation Slide
2. Insolation over the Globe

DAILY INSOLATION THROUGH THE

YEAR

ANNUAL INSOLATION BY LATITUDE

WORLD LATITUDE ZONES

Return
to Main
15 Slide
 2. Insolation over the Globe

Insolation the flow rate of incoming solar

radiation. It is high when the Sun is high in the sky.

Angle of the solar beam striking the

Earth varies with latitude
Insolation is strongest near the
equator and weakest near the poles.
The intensity of the solar beam
depends on the angle between the
beam and the surface.

Return
to Main
16 Slide
 2. Insolation over the Globe

Most intense when the beam is vertical.

Beam at an angle of 45 covers a larger surface, less intense.
At 30 beam covers greater surface, even weaker. Return
to Main
17 Slide
 DAILY INSOLATION
THROUGH THE YEAR
Daily insolation depends on:
1) Angle that the suns rays
strike
2) How long a place is exposed
to those rays
Midlatitude, mid summer
days are long, suns position is
high maximum heating

Return
to Main

2. Insolation over the Globe 18 Slide

 DAILY INSOLATION
THROUGH THE YEAR

Return
to Main

2. Insolation over the Globe 19 Slide

 DAILY INSOLATION
THROUGH THE YEAR
Equator - Suns path across the sky varies in position and
height above the horizon. Sun is always in the sky for 12
hours, but its noon angle varies through the year.

Return
to Main

2. Insolation over the Globe 20 Slide

 DAILY INSOLATION
THROUGH THE YEAR
North Pole
Sun moves
in a circle in
the sky at an
elevation
that changes
with the
seasons.

Return
to Main

2. Insolation over the Globe 21 Slide

 DAILY INSOLATION
THROUGH THE YEAR
Tropic of Capricorn -
the Sun is in the sky
longest and reaches
its highest elevations
at the December
solstice.

Return
to Main

2. Insolation over the Globe 22 Slide

 ANNUAL INSOLATION BY
LATITUDE
Tilted Axis
Annual insolation
varies smoothly from
equator to pole
Insolation greater at
lower latitudes
High latitudes receive
flow of solar Energy
Insolation at poles 40
percent of equator.
2. Insolation over the Globe
Axis Perpendicular
No seasons
Annual insolation high
at the Equator, Sun
directly overhead at
noon every day
throughout year
Annual insolation zero
at the poles,
Suns below horizon.
Tilt redistributes
significant portion of
insolation from equator
to poles.
to Main
23 Slide
 WORLD LATITUDE ZONES

Globe divided into

broad latitude zones
based on the seasonal
patterns of daily
insolation observed
globally

Return
to Main

2. Insolation over the Globe 24 Slide

 3. Composition of the Atmosphere

Constant gases in
the Troposphere
Nitrogen 78%
(converted by bacteria
into a useful form in
soils)
Oxygen 21%
(produced by green
plants in
photosynthesis and
used in respiration)
Return
to Main
25 Slide
 4. Sensible Heat & Latent Heat
Transfer

Sensible heat the quantity of heat held by an

object that can be sensed by touching or feeling

Latent heat - heat that is used and stored when a

substance changes state from a solid to liquid (or
directly to a gas) or liquid to gas (e.g. evaporation of
water)

Latent heat transfer the transfer of heat from an

evaporating surface to the atmosphere
Return
to Main
27 Slide
 4. Sensible Heat & Latent Heat
Transfer

Sensible heat transfer refers to the flow

of heat between the Earths surface and
the atmosphere by conduction or
convection.

Latent heat transfer refers to the flow of

heat carried by changes of state of
water.

Return
to Main
28 Slide
 5. The Global Energy System
SOLAR ENERGY LOSSES IN THE
ATMOSPHERE

ALBEDO

COUNTERRADIATION AND THE

GREENHOUSE EFFECT

GLOBAL ENERGY BUDGETS OF THE

ATMOSPHERE AND SURFACE

CLIMATE AND GLOBAL CHANGE

Return
to Main
29 Slide
 SOLAR ENERGY LOSSES IN THE
ATMOSPHERE
Clear Sky
80% of insolation reaches Earths surface
20% of insolation reflected back to space (3%
by scatter, 17% by molecules and dust)

Cloudy Sky
30 to 60% reflected by clouds
5 to 20% absorbed in Clouds
45 to 10% reaches Earths
surface

Return
to Main
5. The Global Energy System 30 Slide
 ALBEDO
Albedo - percentage of solar radiation reflected
Snow and Ice 0.45-0.85 (also expressed as
45 to 85%)
Black Pavement 0.03
Water - 0.02
Fields, forests, bare ground - 0.03 to 0.25.
Earth and atmosphere system - 0.29 and 0.34.

Planet sends back to space slightly less than

one-third

Return
to Main
5. The Global Energy System 31 Slide
 ALBEDO

Fresh snow has a high albedo,

reflecting most of the sunlight
it receives. Only a small portion
is absorbed

Return
to Main
5. The Global Energy System 32 Slide
 ALBEDO

Asphalt paving
reflects little light, so
it appears dark or
black and has a low
albedo. It absorbs
nearly all of the solar
radiation it receives.

Return
to Main
5. The Global Energy System 33 Slide
 ALBEDO

Water absorbs
solar radiation
and has a low
albedo unless the
radiation strikes
the water surface
at a low angle. In
that case, Sun
glint raises the
albedo.
Return
to Main
5. The Global Energy System 34 Slide
 COUNTERRADIATION AND THE
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Shortwave radiation passes Surface emits
through atmosphere, absorbed longwave radiation
and warms surface. which goes
(A) directly to
space, or,
(B) absorbed by
atmosphere

Return
to Main
5. The Global Energy System 35 Slide
 COUNTERRADIATION AND THE
GREENHOUSE EFFECT

Atmosphere radiates
longwave energy
back to the surface
and also to space as
counterradiation
(C & D)
Counterradiation
produces the
greenhouse effect.

Return
to Main
5. The Global Energy System 36 Slide
 COUNTERRADIATION AND THE
GREENHOUSE EFFECT

Water vapor and carbon dioxide act

like glass allowing shortwave radiation
through but absorbing and radiating
longwave radiation.
Return
to Main
5. The Global Energy System 37 Slide
 GLOBAL ENERGY BUDGETS OF THE
ATMOSPHERE AND SURFACE

Return
to Main
5. The Global Energy System 38 Slide
 6. Net Radiation, Latitude, &
Energy Balance

Net radiation -
difference between
incoming and
outgoing radiation
At high latitudes
there is an energy
deficit
Poleward - heat
transfer moves
surplus energy from
low to high latitudes
Return
to Main
39 Slide
 Ozone Layer
Ozone Layer Shield to Life
Ozone form of oxygen with 3 oxygen
atoms (O3)
Shelters Earth's surface from ultraviolet radiation
Attacked by synthetic chemical components
Chlorine, fluorine and carbons
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
1980s hole in ozone discovered over Antarctica
Ozone layer thins during the spring in the Southern
Hemisphere (September, October)
1987 23 nations signed treaty to cut CFCs
Return
to Main
40 Slide
 Ozone Layer
Ozone Layer Shield to Life

The Antarctic ozone hole of 2006 was the largest on record -

29.5 million square miles.
Low values of ozone purple, ranging through blue, green,
and yellow.
Ozone concentration is measured in Dobson units

Return
to Main
41 Slide
 CERES Clouds &
Earths Radiant Energy
Systems

CERES Clouds & Earths Radiant

Energy Systems
NASA study of the Earths radiation budget from
space for 20 years
NASA ExperimentClouds and the Earths
Radiant Energy (CERES)
New generation of instruments in space that scan
the Earth and measure the amount of shortwave
and longwave radiation leaving the Earth at the
top of the atmosphere.
Continuous monitoring of the Earths radiant
energy flows
Small, long-term human or natural changes can Return

be detected 42
to Main
Slide
 CERES Clouds &
Earths Radiant Energy
Systems

CERES Clouds & Earths Radiant

Energy Systems
Average Shortwave Flux - 0 to
210 W/m2, March 2000
Equator - thick clouds
reflect solar radiation back to
space.
Midlatitudes - cloudiness
shows up as light tones.
Tropical deserts - bright.
Snow and ice is reflective,
amount of radiation at poles
low so do not appear
bright.
Oceans - absorb solar
radiation so low shortwave Return
fluxes. to Main
Slide
43
 CERES Clouds &
Earths Radiant Energy
Systems

CERES Clouds & Earths Radiant

Energy Systems
Average Longwave Flux -
100 to 320 W/m2, March
2000
Equator low values due
to blanketing of thick
clouds trapping longwave
radiation
Tropical oceans - clear sky
emits high longwave flux
Poles - surface and
atmospheric temperatures
drop, longwave energy
emission Low Return
to Main
Slide
44
 Chapter Review
1. Water in the Environment
2. Humidity

3. The Adiabatic Process Acid

Deposition
4. Clouds
5. Precipitation
6. Types of Precipitation
7. Thunderstorms
8. Tornadoes Observing
Clouds from
GOES
9. Air Quality
Return
to Main
45 Slide