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PART OF SPEECH

1. NOUN ( KATA BENDA )

2. VERB ( KATA KERJA )

3. ADJECTIVE ( KATA SIFAT )

4. ADVERB ( KATA KETERANGAN )

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BEFORE VERB
THE POSITION
THEY STUDY ENGLISH
AFTER VERB N V N

NOUN

AS A SUBJECT : AMIR READS A BOOK

THE FUNCTIONS S
AS A OBJECT : SHE OPENED THE DOOR
O
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BEFORE NOUN SLEEPY MAN

adj
THE POSITIONS AFTER VERB BE THIS CHALK IS WHITE
adj
BETWEEN AN ARTICLE AND NOUN AGUS IS A LAZY BOY
Adj

ADJECTIVE

THE FUCTION TO MODIFY NOUN SHE IS A BEAUTIFUL LADY

Adj (MN)
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TENSES

1. SIMPLE PRESENT : S + V1 + O

EXAMPLE : A. I OPEN THE WINDOW EVERY MORNING ( + )

I DONT OPEN THE WINDOW EVERY MORNING ( - )
DO YOU OPEN THE WINDOW EVERY MORNING ? ( ? )

B. SHE SPEAKS ENGLISH EVERY TIME ( + )

SHE DOESNT SPEAK ENGLISH EVERY TIME ( - )
DOES SHE SPEAK ENGLISH EVERY TIME ? ( ? )
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NOTE : SENTENCE THE SUBJECT : SHE / HE / IT : VERB + S

2. SIMPLE PAST : S + V2 + O

EXAMPLE : A. THEY WENT TO WEST JAVA LAST WEEK ( + )

THEY DIDNT GO TO WEST JAVA LAST WEEK ( - )
DID THEY GO TO WEST JAVA LAST WEEK ? ( ? )

B. WE STUDIED IN THE LAB YESTERDAY ( + )

WE DIDNT STUDY IN THE LAB YESTERDAY ( - )
DID WE STUDY IN THE LAB YESTERDAY ? ( ? )

NOTE : THE VERB2

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THE VERB1

3. SIMPLE FUTURE : S + WILL + V1 + O

EXAMPLE : A. MR. THOMAS WILL EXPLAIN THE MATERIAL TO THE STUDENTS ( + )

MR. THOMAS WILL NOT EXPLAIN THE MATERIAL TO THE STUDENTS (-)
WILL MR. THOMAS EXPLAIN THE MATERIAL TO THE STUDENTS ? ( ? )

B. I WILL MEET THEM THIS AFTERNOON ( + )

I WILL NOT MEET THEM THIS AFTERNOON ( - )
WILL YOU MEET THEM THIS AFTERNOON? ( ? )
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4. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE : S + TO BE + V1 (ing) + O

IS/AM/ARE

EXAMPLE : A. SHE IS SLEEPING IN THE ROOM NOW ( + )

SHE IS NOT SLEEPING IN THE ROOM NOW ( - )
IS THE SLEEPING IN THE ROOM NOW ? ( ? )

B. THEY ARE CLOOSING THE WINDOW ( + )

THEY ARENT CLOOSING THE WINDOW ( - )
ARE THEY CLOOSING THE WINDOW ? ( ? )

PAST PROGRESSIVE : S + TO BE + V1 (ing) + O

WAS/WERE

EXAMPLE : A. I WAS READING A NEWSPAPER ( + )

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I WASNT READING A NEWSPAPER ( - )

WERE YOU READING A NEWSPAPER ? ( ? )

B. TONO AND TINI WERE STUDYING TOGETHER ( + )

WERE THEY STUDYING TOGETHER? ( ? )
TONO AND TINI WERENT STUDYING TOGETHER ( - )

PRESENT PERFECT : S + HAVE /HAS + V3 + O

Past Partiaple

EXAMPLE : A. SHE HAS WRITTEN A LETTER TO HER MOTHER ( + )

SHE HASNT WRITTEN A LETTER TO HER MOTHER ( - )
HAS SHE WRITTEN A LETTER TO HER MOTHER ? ( ? )
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B. WE HAVE ALREADY DONE THE HOMEWORK ( + )

WE HAVENT ALREADY DONE THE HOMEWORK ( - )
HAVE WE ALREADY DONE THE HOMEWORK ? ( ? )

PAST PERFECT : S + HAD + V3 + O

Past Partiaple

EXAMPLE : A. HE HAD EATEN THE BREAD WHEN HIS WIFE ARRIVED ( + )

HE HAD NOT EATEN THE BREAD WHEN HIS WIFE ARRIVED ( - )
HAD HE EATEN THE BREAD WHEN HIS WIFE ARRIVED ? ( ? )

B. THEY HAD SUNG A SONG WHEN THE GUESS CAME ( + )

THEY HAD NOT SUNG A SONG WHEN THE GUESS CAME ( - )
HAD THEY SUNG A SONG WHEN THE GUESS CAME ? ( ? )
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PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE : S + HAVE BEEN + V1 (ing) + O

EXAMPLE : A. HE HAS BEEN PLAYING FOOTBALL FOR THREE HOURS ( + )

HE HASNT BEEN PLAYING FOOTBALL FOR THREE HOURS ( - )
HAS HE BEEN PLAYING FOOTBALL FOR THREE HOURS ? ( ? )

B. THEY HAVE BEEN WAITING THEIR FRIENDS FOR TWO HOURS ( + )

THEY HAVE NOT BEEN WAITING THEIR FRIENDS FOR TWO HOURS (-)
HAVE THEY BEEN WAITING THEIR FRIENDS FOR TWO HOURS ? ( ? )

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE : S + HAD BEEN + V1 (ING) + O

EXAMPLE : A. SHE HAD BEEN RUNNING FOR ONE HOUR BEFORE HIS HUSBAND WENT (+)
SHE HAD NOT BEEN RUNNING FOR ONE HOUR BEFORE HIS HUSBAND WENT ( - )
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HAD SHE BEEN RUNNING FOR ONE HOUR BEFORE HIS HUSBAND WENT? ( ? )

B. I HAD BEEN STUDYING FOR TWO HOURS BEFORE MY PARENTS VISITED ( + )

I HAD NOT BEEN STUDYING FOR TWO HOURS BEFORE MY PARENTS VISITED (-)
HAD YOU BEEN STUDYING FOR TWO HOURS BEFORE MY PARENTS VISITED? (?)
PERSONAL PRONOUN TABLE

SUBJECT I YOU HE SHE IT WE THEY

OBJECT ME YOU HIM HER IT US THEM

1st POSSESSIVE MY YOU HIS HER ITS OUR THEIR

2nd POSSESSIVE MINE YOURS HIS HERS ITS OURS THEIRS
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EXAMPLE : A. I HEAR THE CARS C. I SEE MRS. JONES

I HEAR THEM I SEE HER

B. WE UNDERSTAND YOU D. I SEE MR. AND MRS. SUNARDI

DO YOU UNDERSTAND US I SEE THEM

EXERCISES

1. DOES SHE SEE YOU AND ME ?

DOES HE SEE .. ?
2. DO YOU UNDERSTAND THOSE STUDENTS ?
DO YOU UNDERSTAND .. ?
3. DONT THEY SPEAK ENGLISH PRETTY WELL ?
DONT THEY SPEAK . PRETTY WELL ?
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4. DO YOU SEE MRS. BONE ?

DO YOU SEE .. ?

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
SUBJECT I YOU HE SHE IT WE THEY
POSSESSIVE MY YOUR HIS HER ITS OUR THEIR
MINE YOURS HIS HERS ITS OURS THEIRS
THERE ARE TWO PRONOUNS FORMS FOR POSSESSION
1. IN FRONT OF THE NOUN
2. STANDS ALONE
EXAMPLE : ITS MY CAR ITS MINE
YOUR CAR YOURS
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HIS CAR HIS

HER CAR HERS
( ITS ) ( ITS )
OUR CAR OURS
THEIR CAR THEIRS
QUESTION WORDS

WHO / WHAT : ARE USED IN QUESTIONS TO REFER TO PEOPLE

EXAMPLE : WHO ARE YOU ? I AM A TEACHER
WHAT ARE YOU ? I AM A STUDENT

WHOSE : IT ASKS ABOUT OWNERSHIP

EXAMPLE : WHOSE CAR IS THAT ? THAT IS MINE
WHOSE BOOKS ARE THOSE ? THOSE ARE THEIRS
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WHERE : IT ASKS ABOUT PLACE

EXAMPLE : WHERE ARE YOU ? I AM IN THE ROOM
WHERE DO YOU LIVE ? I LIVE IN JAKARTA

HOW MANY
EXAMPLE : HOW MANY GIRLS FRIEND DO YOU HAVE ?
HOW MANY BOOKS DO YOU WANT TO BUY ?

WHAT KIND
EXAMPLE : WHAT KIND OF PENCILS ARE THOSE ?
WHAT KIND OF DICTIONARY DO YOU HAVE ?

WHICH ONE
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EXAMPLE : WHICH ONE IS YOUR CAR ?

WHICH ONE IS YOUR WIFE ?

NOTE : THE ANSWER IS ADJECTIVE

HOW
EXAMPLE : HOW DOES HE EXPLAIN ?
HOW DO THEY WRITE ?

WHEN
EXAMPLE : WHEN DOES HE LEAVE FROM HER HOUSE ?
WHEN DOES IT BEGIN ?
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WHERE
EXAMPLE : WHERE DOES IT STOP ?
WHERE ARE YOU GOING ?

USE : TOO, EITHER, BUT

TOO : USE TOO WHEN AND CONNECTS AFFIMATIVE STATEMENTS
EXAMPLE : BOYS A TEACHER WILLY IS A TEACHER

BOYS A TEACHER , AND WILLY IS, TOO

ANDREW STUDIES ANA STUDIES

ANDREW STUDIES , AND WILLY DOES, TOO

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EITHER : USE EITHER WHEN AND CONNECTS NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

EXAMPLE : PIETERS NOT A SOLDIER ANDYS NOT A SOLDIER

PIETERS NOT A SOLDIER , AND ANDYS NOT, EITHER

ANDY DOESNT TEACH WILSON DOESNT TEACH

ANDY DOESNT TEACH , AND WILSON DOESNT, EITHER

BUT : USE BUT TO CONNECT AN AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT AND A NEGATIVE

STATEMENT

EXAMPLE :
- BOY IS A DOCTOR , BUT WILSON ISNT
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- JAME STUDIES , BUT ALBERT DOESNT

- SHE IS A SOLDIER , BUT I AM NOT
- MY HUSBAND WRITES A LETTER , BUT HE DOESNT
- ANA AND ANI STUDY , AND WE DO, TOO
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COUNT NOUNS AND MASS NOUNS

COUNT NOUNS MASS NOUNS

COUNT NOUNS
MASS NOUNS

- MANY - A LITTLE
- A FEW - ANY - MUCH
- A LOT OF
- SOME

EXAMPLE : EXAMPLE : EXAMPLE :

BOOK MONEY MILK
DICTIONARIES SUGAR SUGAR
PENS BOOKS COFFEE
TAPES PENCILS PAPER
TABLES ECT ECT
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ECT
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DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS

THE INDIRECT OBJECT : IS THE PERSON TO WHOM, OR SOMETIMES FOR WHOM
THE DIRECT OBJECT : SOMETHING IS GIVEN , SENT ECT

EXAMPLE
HE ALWASYS GIVES ME A CAKE TO ME

IO DO

SHE FIXED ME A SANDWICH FOR ME

IO DO

NOTE : THE DIRECT OBJECT OCCURS AFTER

VERB OF ACTION ANSWERING THE QUESTIONS WHAT ? OR WHO (M) ?
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EXERCISE : CHANGE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES FROM ONE PATTERN TO THE OTHER

EXAMPLE : SHES BUYING ME A BOOK SHE S BUYING A BOOK FOR ME

HE SHOWED ME THE HANDPHONE HESHOWED THE HANDPHONE TO ME

1. HE USUALLY GIVES THE CLASS DIFFICULT HOMEWORK

2. SHALL I GET YOU A DRINK OF WATER ?
3. PLEASE GIVE ME A CUP OF TEA
4. DID YOU GET HER THE KEY
5. SHE OFTEN MAKES COOKIES FOR THEM
6. THE POLICEMAN GAVE ME A TRAFFIC TICKET
7. CPT. BILL SHIPPED HIS SON THE BOX
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8. Mr. NELSON OFTEN BUYS THE CHILDREN TOYS

9. HE ALWAYS SEND ME A IDUL FITRI CARD
ADJECTIVE IN THE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

THE COMPARATIVE FORM OF ADJECTIVES OF ONE OR TWO SYLLABLES BY ADDING - er TO THE

SIMPLE FORM OF THE ADJECTIVE

EXAMPLE
PRETTY PRETTIER
UGLY UGLIER
TALL TALLER
NEW NEWER
BIG BIGGER
OLD OLDER
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YOUNG YOUNGER
HEAVY HEAVIER
SHORT SHORTER
SMALL SMALLER
THE COMPARATIVE FORM OF SOME ADJECTIVES OF TWO SYLLABLES, AND OF ALL ADJECTIVES OF
THREE OR MORE SYLLABLES BY PUTTING MORE OR LESS BEFORE THE SIMPLE FORM OF THE
ADJECTIVE.

EXAMPLE :

CAREFUL MORE CAREFUL LESS CAREFUL

EXPENSIVE MORE EXPENSIVE LESS EXPENSIVE
INTERESTING MORE INTERESTING LESS INTERESTING
BEAUTIFUL MORE BEAUTIFUL LESS BEAUTIFUL
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- THIS GIRL IS OLDER THAN HER FRIEND. ? -

- THAT TREE IS TALLER THAN THIS ONE. ? -
- THIS LESSON IS MORE DIFFICULT THAN THE LAST ONE. ? -
- THIS BUS IS MORE EXPENSIVE THAN MINE. ? -
- THIS BOOK IS HEAVIER THAN THAT ONE. ? -
THE SUPERLATIVE FORM OF ADJECTIVES OF ONE SYLLABLE AND OF SOME TWO-SYLLABLE
ADJECTIVES, BY ADDING EST TO THE SIMPLE FORM OF THE ADJECTIVE.

EXAMPLE :
HEAVY HEAVIEST
PRETTY PRETTIEST
BIG BIGGEST
NEW NEWEST
TALL TALLEST
YOUNG YOUNGEST
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OLD OLDEST
UGLY UGLIEST

THIS IS THE PRETTIEST DRESS YOU HAVE. ? -

THIS IS HER EASIEST EXAMINATION. ? -
THIS IS THE BIGGEST CAKE I HAVE EVER SEEN. ? -
THE SUPERLATIVE FORM OF SOME ADJECTIVES OF TWO SYLLABLES, AND OF ALL ADJECTIVES OF
THREE OR MORE SYLLABLES, BY PUTTING MORE OR LEAST BEFORE THE SIMPLE FORM OF THE
ADJECTIVE.

EXAMPLE :

EXPENSIVE MOST EXPENSIVE LEAST EXPENSIVE

DIFFICULT MOST DIFFICULT LEAST DIFFICULT
BEAUTIFUL MOST BEAUTIFUL LEAST BEAUTIFUL
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CARELESS MOST CARELESS LEAST CARELESS

CAREFUL MOST CAREFUL LEAST CAREFUL

- THIS IS THE MOST INTERESTING LESSON IN THE BOOK. ? -

- THIS IS THE MOST HANDSOME MAN IN THE CITY. ? -
- THIS IS THE MOST EXPENSIVE BOOK I HAVE EVER HAD. ? -
- THIS IS THE LEAST CARELESS DRIVER I HAVE EVER SEEN. ? -
NOTE : IRREGULAR COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS.
WELL
BETTER BEST
GOOD
MUCH
MORE MOST
MANY
LITTLE LESS LEAST
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BAD WORSE WORST

EXERCISES : CHOOSE THE CORRECT FORM

1. THIS IS THE ( SLOWER, SLOWEST ) PLANE OF ALL.
2. JOHN IS ( TALLER THAN, TALLEST ) MARY.
3. THIS ORANGE IS THE ( SWEETER, SWEETEST ) OF ALL.
4. A BIG BUS IS ( MORE EXPENSIVE, EXPENSIVE ) THAN A SMALL ONE.
5. NEW YORK IS ( BIGGER, MORE BIG ) THAN WASHINGTON.
BE PASSIVE PROGRESSIVE VERB PHRASE ( PRESENT AND PAST TENSES )
THE PROGRESSIVE FORM OF BE + PAST PARTICIPLE OF MAIN VERB.
PRESENT PAST
AM BEING WAS BEING
ARE BEING WERE BEING
IS BEING
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EXAMPLE :
- SHE IS RECORDING A TAPE. ( ACT )
A TAPE IS BEING RECORDED. ( PASS )

- THEY ARE TRANSFERRING HIM TO ANOTHER GROUP. ( ACT )

HE IS BEING TRANSFERRED TO ANOTHER GROUP. ( PASS )

- SHE WAS CLEANING HIS CLASS. ( ACT )

HIS CLASS WAS BEING CLEANED. ( PASS )
EXERCISES :

CHANGE THE FOLLOWING TO THE CORRECT BE PASSIVE PROGRESSIVE FORM.

1. HE IS DRIVING THE BUS.

2. HE IS FIXING THE FLAT.
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3. THEY WERE PAINTING THAT BUILDING THIS AFTERNOON.

4. THE POSTMAN IS BRINGING THE LETTER NOW.
5. SHE IS WRITING THE LETTER.
6. THEY ARE MAILING THE ORDERS TODAY.
7. HE IS HOLDING THE MEETING TODAY.
8. SHE IS PUTTING THE MAP NOW.
9. YOU ARE SINGING THE SONG TODAY.
10. I AM BRINGING THE BOOK NOW.

MODAL BE PASSIVE VERB PHRASE.

EXAMPLE :
- THEY SHOULD MAIL THIS TODAY. ( ACT )
THIS SHOULD BE MAILED TODAY. ( PASS )
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- I MUST FINISH THIS LESSON TODAY. ( ACT )

THIS LESSON MUST BE FINISHED TODAY. ( PASS )

- HE CAN LEARN THE VOCABULARY EASILY. ( ACT )

THE VOCABULARY CAN BE LEARNED EASILY. ( PASS )

- THEY HAVE TO REPORT THE ACCIDENT. ( ACT )

- THE ACCIDENT HAS TO BE REPORTED. ( PASS )

EXERCISES : CHANGE TO THE PASSIVE

1. I CANNOT LEAVE MY CAR ON THE STREET.

2. THE MAY SEND IT SOON.
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3. WE HAVE TO SEND A LETTER TO OUR GOVERNMENT.

4. HE CANNOT COMPLETE HIS TESTS IN AN HOUR.
5. SHE MAY SENT IT NEXT MONTH.
6. YOU CAN FINISH THIS IN AN HOUR.
7. WE SHOULD INVITE ALL OF THEM.
8. WE MUST LEARN ALL THE WORDS.
9. WE HAVE TO WRITE THE HOMEWORK THIS AFTERNOON.
10. I MUST TELL HER THE TRUTH.