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a = 1, a m = , (ab)m = am bm
am
1. 1000 = 3 2 = (3p)2 =
23 24 = 23 + 4 3 5 35
a a = a = a
2. 2 4 2x4
= 2 (3 ) = 3 = 3
1
=
a2
p3 p 4 = p3 + ( 4) p 4 p5 = p 4 5
5 2 5 x2
= p = p (p ) = p = p
3.
1 =
= = ( )
p
Suggested Steps:
S1 : Use the laws of indices to simplify expression
(if necessary)
S2 : Make sure the base is the SAME
S3 : Form a linear equation by equating the indices
S4 : Solve the linear equation
(23)x = 24
23x = 24
3x = 4
4
x =
3 x = x=
3. 8x = 16x 3 4x+2 = 32x - 1 271 x = 92x
(23)x = 24(x 3)
23x = 24x 12
3x = 4x 12
x = 12
x = x=
4. 2 82x = 16x + 3 16 42x 3 = 322 x 251 3x = 5 125x
21 (23)x = 24 (x + 3)
21+3x = 24x + 12
1 + 3x = 4x + 12
1 12 = 4x 3x
x = x=
x = 11
N = ax loga N = x
2. 23 = 8 log2 8 = 3
3. pq = r logp r = q
4. 104 = 10000
5. a3 = b
6. 81 = 34
7. logp m = k
8. 2x = y
9. V = 10x
10. log3 x = y
11. loga y = 2
12. 25 = 32
14. 10x = y3
IMPORTANT : x
loga a = x
No. Logaritmic Form Notes
103 = 1000
1. log10 1000 = 3
dan log10 103 = 3
25 = 32
2. log2 32 = 5
dan log2 25 = 5
10 = 0.01
3. log10 0.01 =
dan log10 =
4 = 64
4. log 4 64 =
dan log4 =
5. log p p =
(REINFORCEMENT)
6. log p p8 = log a a2 =
1
7. log m m-1 = logm m2
=
2. p p
loga = loga p loga q (a) loga = loga p loga 2r
q 2r
= loga p (loga 2 + loga r)
=
(c) log10 =
4 10
(b) log2 =
m kx
(d) log10 =
xy 3a
(e) loga =
100 m
y4 y4
(d) log2 = (e) log2 =
x 8
= 2 + 3 log10 x
xy 4 (c) logp ( 8 p 5 ) =
(b) log2 ( ) =
8
=
=
k2 y3
(d) log2 = (e) log4 =
4x3 64
x = 2.631 x = x=
2. 5x+2 = 16 4x+1 = 28 3x-2 = 8
log10 5x+2 = log10 16
(x+2) log10 3 = log10 18
log10 16
x+2 =
log10 5
x+2 =
x = x = x=
3. 2x+3 = 200 71-x = 2.8 63x-2 = 66
log10 2x+3 = log10 200
x+3 =
x = x = x=
=
3 =
2
= = =
= 1.585 =
Ans : x = 7
C2. Solve the equation log10 (3x 2) = 1 . L2. Solve the equation log5 (4x 1 ) = 1 .
Jawapan: 3x 2 = 10-1
3x 2 = 0.1
3x = 2.1
x = 0.7
Ans : x = 0.3
L3. Solve the equation log3 (x 6) = 2. L4. Solve the equation log10 (1+ 3x) = 2
Ans : x = 15 Ans : x = 33
L5. Solve the equation log3 (2x 1) + log2 4 = 5 L6. Solve the equation
. log4 (x 2) + 3log2 8 = 10.
Ans : x = 6
Ans : x = 14
L7. Solve the equation L8. Solve the equation
log2 (x + 5) = log2 (x 2) + 3. log5 (4x 7) = log5 (x 2) + 1.
Ans : x = 3 Ans : x = 3
L9. Solve log3 3(2x + 3) = 4 L10 . Solve log2 8(7 3x) = 5
Ans : x = 12 Ans : x = 1
EXAMPLE EXERCISE
C1. Given log 2 3 = 1.585, log2 5 = 2.322. Without L1. Given log3 5 = 1.465 , log3 7 = 1.771 .
using a calculator find the value of Withouf using calculator, evaluate
log 2 5
(e) log4 5 = (e) log9 21 =
log 2 4
=
2.322
= =
2
=
=
(Ans: p + 4q ) (Ans: 2p + 6q )
L5 Given log5 2 = m and log5 7 = p, express L6. Given log5 2 = m and log5 7 = p, express
log5 4.9 in terms of m and p. [4] log5 2.82 in terms of m and p.
[SPM 2004] [4]
(Ans : x = 1 ) (Ans: y = 4x )
3 Solve the equation 2 + log 3 ( x 1) = log 3 x . 4. Solve the equation 2 x + 4 2 x +3 = 1 .
[SPM 2006 P1,Q 8] [3] [SPM 2005 P1,Q7] [3]
(Ans : x=3 )
(Ans: 2p m - 1 )
(Ans : x = -3 ) (Ans: x = 9 )
3 Given that log 2 T log 4 V = 3, express T in 4. Solve the equation 42 x 1 = 7 x .
terms of V [SPM 2003 P1,Q6] [3]
[SPM 2006 P1,Q 8] [3]
(Ans : ) (Ans : )
5 Solve the equation log 3 9 x log 3 (2 x + 1) = 1 . 6. Given that log m 2 = p and log m 3 = r ,
[3] 27m 2
express log m in terms of p and r.
16
[4]
(Ans: x = 1 )
(Ans: 3r 4p +2 )
7 Solve the equation 85 x 3 = 32 x +6 . 8. Given that log 5 2 = m and log 5 3 = p ,
[3] express log 5 2.7 in terms of m and p.
[4]
(Ans : x = 3.9 )
(Ans: 3p m 1 )