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Power Transformer Testing Brochure ENU PDF
Power Transformer Testing Brochure ENU PDF
Manufacturing Commissioning
Mechanical impacts
>> transportation event
>> post fault event
>> seismic activity event etc.
100 %
transformer condition
with testing
Maintain OLTC
>> corroded contacts
>> diverter switch
>> motor & brake
2
our transformer
Operation Replacement
Aging
>> overloading
>> overheating
>> moisture
Protection problems
>> protection underfunction
>> protection failure
ondition
3
Transformer parts and their possible faults
Part
Bushings
Bushing CTs
Insulation materials
Leads
OLTC
Windings
Core
Surge arresters
4
Transformer Dielectric response Frequency response Partial discharge Current transformer
diagnostic set: analysis instrument: analysis instrument: analysis system: testing instrument:
see pages 6-21 see pages 22-23 see pages 24-25 see pages 26-29 see CT Analyzer brochure
dissipation factor
Exciting current
measurement
Tip up test
Faults detectable Measurement
Partial breakdown between capacitive graded layers,
cracks in resin-bonded insulation
Aging and moisture
Open or compromised measuring tap connection
Partial discharges in insulation
Loss of oil in an oil-filled bushing
Current ratio or phase error considering burden, excessive residual
magnetism, non-compliance to relevant IEEE or IEC standard
Moisture in solid insulation 1 1
Aging, moisture, contamination of insulation fluids
Partial discharges
Contact problems
Mechanical deformation
Contact problems in tap selector and at diverter switch
Open circuit, shorted turns, or high resistance connections in the OLTC
preventative autotransformer, series autotransformer or series transformer
Contact problems in the DETC
Short circuits between windings or between turns
Strand-to-strand short-circuits
Open circuits in parallel strands
Short circuit to ground
Mechanical deformation
Contact problems, open circuits
Mechanical deformation 2 2
Floating core ground
Shorted core laminates
Deterioration and aging
1) Power factor / dissipation factor measurements at 50 Hz or 60 Hz can detect high moisture contents, but have a blind spot for low moisture contents. Measuring power factor /
5 method to determine moisture in solid insulation is dielectric response analysis. 2) If the
dissipation factor at lower frequencies, such as 15 Hz, improves sensitivity. The most sensitive
core ground can be opened.
All in one: the multi-functional transformer test set CPC 100 + CP TD1
TR
Leakage reactance/short-circuit
impedance measurement instrument
mechanical?
I
TR
TR
6
Transformer ratio measurement
instrument
NP/NS
VP VS
TR
TR
Insulation
7
Measuring capacitance & power factor / dissipation factor
8
How does it work? How can results be confirmed?
High voltage is applied to the insulation to be If values deviate more than indicated by the
tested, i.e. the bushing tip, and a low loss reference standards, then dielectric response analysis can
capacitor (integrated in CPTD1) is connected be performed to check for increased moisture.
in parallel. The currents flowing through the Chemical tests can be performed to verify the
insulation and through the reference capacitor quality of the insulation fluid (DGA, dielectric
are measured and the time difference between breakdown strength, interfacial tension, etc.)
their zero crossings is determined. The loss angle Measuring the power factor / dissipation factor
is then calculated from this time difference. The of the insulation fluid can also be done with a
tangent of this angle is the dissipation factor. The CPC 100 accessory, the CP TC12 oil test cell.
cosine of the angle between voltage and current is
the power factor. Results are compared with values
given in IEEEC57.10.01 and IEC 60137, and can
be compared with a base measurement, another
g explosion phase, or a sister transformer.
RIP Resin impregnated paper 0.3 - 0.4 < 0.85 < 0.70
OIP Oil impregnated paper 0.2 - 0.4 < 0.50 < 0.70
RBP Resin bonded paper 0.5 - 0.6 < 2.00 < 1.50
Dissipation factor / power factor in % at 50 / 60 Hz and 20
center conductor
CI
CJ Grounded layer and tap
electrode on flange
9
Measuring capacitance & power factor / dissipation factor
Power factor / dissipation factor (PF / DF) Energize HV to measure CH + CHL | CH | CHL, then energize LV to measure
measurement indicates the condition of the C L + C HL | C L | C HL - thanks to internal switching logic with guard
liquid and solid insulation within a transformer.
Modular equipment LV
The modular equipment (CPC100: 29 kg / 65lbs,
CP TD1: 26kg / 56lbs) can be easily transported IN A
thanks to its sturdy cases, which can also be used
to place the instruments onto them for working
at a comfortable height, as shown on page 12.
For convenient transport or mobile use such as CL
in test fields or in substations/power plants, the
instruments can be mounted onto a trolley.
The CPC 100 is used to control the test, i.e.:
>> Entering the voltage and frequency values
>> Where C and cos / tan shall be measured
>> Starting and stopping the test
>> Supervising the measurement progress and
intemediate results
>> Storing results on flash disk and USB memory
stick
The CP TD1 includes
>> A high voltage step-up transformer
>> A reference capacitor (pressurized gas type)
>> The unit to measure and compare currents in
amplitude and phase
10
Your Benets
> Perfect digitally generated sine wave
test signal that is independent from
power quality and line frequency
> Laboratory precision for on-site use:
<0.05 % error for capacitance Cp
> Portability (CPC 100: 29 kg / 65 lbs,
CPTD1: 26 kg / 56 lbs)
> Mobility through the use of a
specialized trolley
> Ruggedness and ergonomic design:
transport cases with wheels bring
equipment to appropriate working
CHL height (see page12)
HV > Automatic tests at different voltages
> Automatic tests at different frequencies:
early detection of insulation stress due
to the improved sensitivity provided by
measurements made in the range of
15 - 400 Hz
CH > Optional measurement bandwidth
reduction to 5 Hz and averaging
of up to 20 results for precise
measurements despite strong
electromagnetic interference
> Temperature correction according to
type of insulation and relevant standard
> Internal recalibration of electronic
circuits of the CP TD1 with each
measurement
> Automatic reporting of capacitance
Cp,DF (tan , PF (cos ), power
(active, reactive, apparent), impedance
(absolute value, phase, inductivity,
resistance, Q)
> Automatic assessment if reference
values for capacitance and power
factor / dissipation factor are known
> Less wiring effort through two
measurement inputs (IN A, INB) that
can be used to measure for example
Power factor / dissipation factor variable frequency results the capacitance of a bushing at the
same time as the main insulation
11
Measuring ratio & exciting (no-load) current
V P / V S = N P / NS
Principal test setup
Setup for automatically measuring ratio and resistance per tap (see page 16)
12
How does it work? How can results be confirmed?
The winding ratio between primary and second- With the turns-ratio test, shorted turns can
ary windings is measured for each transformer bedetected. If a problem is suspected from
leg, applying high voltage at the HV side and a DGA, a dissipation factor test, or a relay trip,
measuring on the LV side. The ratio of these a turns-ratio test can be performed to rule
voltages, equalling the turns ratio, is calculated. out / verify if turns are shorted.
VS Results are compared with name-plate values If the exciting current test shows deviations,
and across phases. and DC winding resistance and ratio test do not
The exciting current is the corresponding current show errors, then the cause may be a core failure
flowing in the HV winding if the LV winding is or unsymmetrical residualflux.
open. Results are compared with a reference
measurement, or a measurement performed on
TR
a sister transformer; in three phase transformers,
the two outer phases can also be compared.
Your Benets
> Powerful AC voltage source,
controllable from 0 to 2000 V
> A perfect digitally generated sine wave
test signal that is independent from
CPC 100 TRRatio test card the quality of the mains wave form
> Convenient and quick testing by
automatic detection of tap changer
operation as trigger for the next tap
measurement
> Exciting current measurement in
amplitude and phase
> Variable frequency for measurements
outside mains frequency for noise
suppression, if selected by the user
Exciting current [mA] per tap > Accuracy and safety
> Automatic reporting of measured
voltage values and phase angles,
measured ratio and deviation as a
percentage, exciting current in
amplitude and phase
> Tabular and graphical result represen-
tation for every tap
13
Measuring DC winding resistance and OLTC
Your Benets
> Convenient and quick testing by using
OLTC operation as a trigger for the next
tap measurement
> Additional condition assessment of the
individual OLTC taps through dynamic
resistance measurement, recorded
as a part of classical resistance
measurement, without extra effort
> High accuracy and safe testing through
the use of a 4-wire connection. The
Ripple per tap CPC 100 visually indicates when it is
safe to remove test leads, even if its
power supply is interrupted during
testing. If the test leads are removed
or interrupted accidentally, the test
current will flow through the voltage
path, preventing dangerous over-
voltages. If the CP SA1 accessory is in
use during such an accidental
interruption of test leads, damage to
the CPC 100 will be prevented.
> Automatically created report showing
the test duration, the resistance
value at measurement and reference
temperature, etc.
> Tabular and graphical results are
Slope per tap
produced for every tap for easy
visualcomparison
15
Automatically measuring ratio & winding resistance of all taps and all
Ratio measurement
The CPC100 only requires the user to enter ratio and the
vector group to measure the ratio and the exciting current
for each tap of each phase automatically. For each tap,
results are compared to the specified ratio and the
deviations are displayed.
16
phases
OLTC HV
Your Benets
> Several times faster than conventional
wiring technique:
- minimum wiring, only once for
all connections
- automatic discharging of the wind-
ings between measurements
- automatic tap changer operation
> Increased safety: no repeated climbing
up and down the transformer
> Simple workflow: a single, automatic
measurement for determining ratio
and exciting current, as well as static
and dynamic winding resistance
> Prevention of wiring errors: prior to
the measurement, wiring plausibility is
automatically checked
> Comprehensive automatic reporting
control for all phases and taps
17
Measuring short circuit impedance / leakage reactance & frequency
18
response of stray losses
Leakage flux
Your Benets
> A perfect digitally generated sine wave
test signal that is independent from
power quality
> Additional diagnostic information
HV LV LV HV
through the measurement of the
leakage reactance or short circuit
impedance at several frequencies
Leakage flux force direction
> Variable frequency for measurements
outside mains frequency for noise
suppression,
if selected by the user
> Accuracy and safety
> Automatic reporting of all measured
values
> Display of result as Z and , RandX,
or R and L
> Graphical results representation
19
Execution of diagnostic tests
20
3 Easy connection due to 4 Fully PC operated 5 Automatic assessment of
wiring diagrams measurement results
Pre-configured wiring diagrams, PTM enables you to control and Limit values can be set according to
depending on the selected asset operate the connected test set current international standards and
and connected test set, assist you directly from a computer. guidelines. They are based on many
with setting up the test equipment Results are automatically stored and years of OMICRON expertise.
in the correct way. organized in the database on your An automatic assessment of the test
In doing so, you minimize the PC and are available for analysis and results is displayed based on the
likelihood of measurement errors, reporting. Therefore, there is no specified limit values. This allows a
speed up your testing process and need to retrieve test results or files fast, first assessment of your assets
obtain accurate test results even from the test equipment after condition.
faster. performing measurements.
21
Dielectric response analysis of power transformers and bushings
0,001 Hz 1 Hz
22
How does it work? How can results be confirmed?
If the dissipation factor of a transformer is There are no other non-invasive ways to assess
plotted against a wide frequency range, the moisture in a transformer; dielectric response
Moisture and aging
resulting dielectric response curve contains analysis is unique in this respect.
of cellulose
Insulation Geometry
information on the insulation condition. The Karl Fischer titration method can determine
Oil conductivity
The very low and the high sections contain moisture content in oil or in paper, but has
information on moisture and aging in the solid several disadvantages.
insulation, while the position of the slope in the For instance, to determine moisture in paper,
mid range frequencies indicates the conductivity the method requires opening the transformer
of the liquid insulation. and taking a paper sample. During the process,
This curve is compared to model curves to the insulation itself is being damaged and the
Frequency evaluate aging, particularly for assessing the sample takes up new moisture.
1000 Hz
moisture content in the insulation.
response
Your Benets
f range duration
> Insulation condition assessment
concerning moisture / aging of
cellulose and oil conductivity
DIRANA comprehensive ~ 2.9 h
> Automatic result evaluation according
to IEC60422 (dry, moderately wet, wet,
extremely wet), indicating if further
actions are required
FDS comprehensive ~ 6.0 h
> Completely non-invasive measurement
> Minimum down-time: a measurement
can be performed directly after the
transformer has been shut down, as
PDC limited ~ 5.5 h equilibrium is not required
> Fast measurement through an
intelligent combination of methods
FDS and PDC, simultaneous
measurement with two input
channels and forecast algorithm
> Automatic compensation of the
influence of conductive aging by-
products avoiding overestimation
of moisture content
> Predefined tests for all transformer
types and bushings
> Step-by-step software guidance
> Also measure the insulation condition
of cables, generators, motors and
instrument transformers
DIRANA and accessories in sturdy case
23
Sweep frequency response analysis
24
How does it work? How can results be confirmed?
A low voltage sinusoidal signal with variable Frequency response analysis can detect a wide
frequency is applied to one terminal of a range of faults. Some of these faults can be
C
winding and at the other end of the winding confirmed by other measurements, such as DC
C
R L C
the response signal is measured. The voltage winding resistance, frequency response of stray
C
R L C transfer function of the winding is determined losses, short-circuit impedance / leakage
C
R L C as the output / input ratio. reactance, exciting current, or ratio measurement.
C
R L C
The transfer function of a winding depends on However, no other method can give as clear
C
R L
C the resistive, inductive and capacitive elements an indication as frequency response analysis
C
R L C of the transformer. Changes in these elements can to determine whether windings have been
C
R L C as a consequence of a failure lead to changes in deformed, for example by the mechanical forces
R L the transfer function. Results are represented in resulting from a fault.
magnitude and phase as in a Bode diagram.
Your Benets
> Non-invasive detection of:
- Axial and radial winding deformation
- Displacements between high- and
low-voltage windings
- Partial winding collapse
- Shorted or open turns
- Faulty grounding of core or screens
Automatic comparison / evaluation of results
- Core movement
- Broken clamping structures
- Problematic internal connections
> Wide dynamic measuring range
(> 145 dB)
> Reproducible results thanks to
innovative connection technique,
based on IEC 0076-18, method 1
> Guided workflow for test set-up,
execution and assessment or easy
analysis without expert knowledge
> Fast measurement times due to
intelligent sweep algorithm
> Small and light-weight equipment
guarantees optimum usability
25
Partial discharge analysis
Digital lter
In the MPD 600 the classical analog bandpass
filter has been replaced by a digital filter using a
mathematical algorithm. Digital system design
eliminates aging effects and temperature drift
making measurements comparable and
reproducible by perfectly reproducing settings:
> the digital filter can be easily adapted
to the conditions on site by tuning its
center frequency and bandwith to minimize
disturbances with fixed frequency bands
> calibration values for charge and voltage
can be set directly on the laptop controlling
the test, fully reproducible during the next
measurement
Optical Isolation
Between individual PD acquisition units and be-
tween the acquisition units and the PC / laptop,
fiber-optics are used for the communication.
Communication with fiber-optics ensures a
continuous, disturbance-free transmission of
PD events and test voltage. The units are
supplied using a battery power supply. This
design provides complete galvanic isolation
between the individual components, minimizing
ground loops and so reducing interference. PD analysis on a three phase transformer
26
How does it work? How can results be confirmed?
A coupling capacitor is connected in parallel A chemical dissolved gas analysis (DGA) can
to the capacitances of the measured insulation also indicate partial discharges. It is impossible,
distance. Any charge movements within the however, to locate partial discharges with DGA.
connected insulation distance will be reflected
in the charge of the coupling capacitor. The
Ccoupling
resulting circulating current of the paralleled
capacitances is measured and interpreted.
ulation Analyzing PD means detecting and evaluating
very small discharges, while dealing with very
high test voltages, often complicated by external
disturbances.
ment
Multi-channel measurement
Measuring simultaneously with several channels
with synchronization accuracy in the range of
nanoseconds has several advantages:
> it minimizes the time for which high voltage
has to be applied to a suspect transformer
and speeds up testing
> it allows for real-time de-noising of the data
to minimize the influence of disturbances,
and helps separating different sources of PD
PD acquisition unit and identifying the type of PD sources
27
Partial discharge analysis
noise cluster
Your Benets
> Lightweight, scalable and
modular system
> High speed for the most
comprehensive testing
> Measuring all phases of a transformer
simultaneously with nanosecond
synchronicity
> High operator safety through optical
fibers galvanically isolated from the
PD acquisition units
> High sensitivity down to pico or even
femto Coulombs through effective
gating technology
> Separating PD sources and noise
through 3PARD / 3CFRD
> Improving the locating of PD and thus
assisting the user to make the right
follow-up decisions (e.g. if a
transformer can be repaired on-site)
29
Power transformer services, training and support
Technical support
High quality technical support teams also
provide answers to questions on the use of the
equipment, and are the first point of contact
should a functional problem occur. If a repair is
necessary, repair times are short - typically in the
range of less than one or two weeks.
Dedicated events
OMICRON hosts the regular Diagnostic
Measurements on Power Transformers
Workshop. There, typically over a hundred
delegates from all over the world share and
discuss case studies and recent developments
in transformer diagnosis.
Themes include best practice experiences and
solutions in transformer testing presented by
customers and new technological developments
reported by OMICRON. Informal get togethers
aid peer exchange.
Several smaller events on related subjects
targeted on the particularities of specific
geographical regions are also offered
throughout the year.
Demonstration booth at dedicated event
30
Training courses
OMICRON training courses provide a solid
theoretical and practical background and
answer a clients individual questions. Training
courses are held at either the customers site,
online through a webinar, or in one of the
OMICRON training centers wordwide.
Your Benets
> Assistance in interpretation and
assessment of results
> Access to relevant training modules
> Dedicated conventions/conferences
> Technical assistance in equipment
usage from our technical support
teams
> Access to scientific papers on
transformer diagnosis through the
Customer practical training customer area on our website
31
OMICRON is an international company serving the electrical power industry with
innovative testing and diagnostic solutions. The application of OMICRON products
allows users to assess the condition of the primary and secondary equipment on
their systems with complete confidence. Services offered in the area of consulting,
commissioning, testing, diagnosis and training make the product range complete.
Customers in more than 140 countries rely on the companys ability to supply leading-
edge technology of excellent quality. Service centers on all continents provide a broad
base of knowledge and extraordinary customer support. All of this together with our
strong network of sales partners is what has made our company a market leader in the
electrical power industry.