m

co

Si I2 P4 Rb

n.
SiC LiBr

io
(NH4)3PO4

at
Si
I2
uc
P4
Rb
ed

SiC
LiBr
hi

ks

(NH4)3PO4

a

.s

CsCl Cs+Cl-Cs+

1






-
ABABAB....

m
ABCABCABC....

co

n.

io
i=81/8 =1

at
ii=61/2 =3
(z) =1+3 =4
uc

ed

1
6 3
2
1 3 4
hi

ks

=81/8 =1
1 1 1
a

1 1 2
.s

104ohm-1m-1
w

NaCl, KCl,CsCl,AgBr

2
 m

co

n.

io
AgCl,AgBr,AgI

at

uc
ed
hi
a ks
.s
w
w
w

3




F-
F-
F-
F

m
NaClNa-NaCl

co

n.
Fe,Cr,Ni,Gd,CrO2

io

at

uc
O2,NO,Na

ed

hi

Fe3O4,MgFe2O4,ZnFe2O4

a ks

.s

MnO
w
w

X-
X-X-1.010-10m





4


co

n.

io
a =2rr

at
=(2r)3 = 8r3
4
3
uc
r
3
ed

4 3
r
3 3 100 52.36%
8r
hi
ks

4r
a
.s

3
=2
w

4
w

3
2 r
3
w

3
3 4r 64r 3
a
3 3 3

5
 100

4
2 r3
3 100 68%
64r 3
3 3

m

FCC a 2 2r

co

4

n.
3
4 r a 3 2 2r
3
3

io
3

a 3 2 2r

at
uc
ed

4
4 r 3 100 16 r 3 100
3
3 74%
hi

3 3
2 2r 2 2r
ks

P,Q Q P
P,Q
a

Q
.s

=81/8 =1
p=11 =1
w

P Q= 1 : 1
w

PQ
w

=2
PQ
r R r R


ABC

6
 AC 2 AB 2 BC 2
2 2 2
2R R r R r
2
2 R r

2
4R2 2 R r r 2R R
2 2
2R R r
2
r
2 1 R
2R R r
2
r 1.414 1 R

m
2R R r r 0.414 R

co
n.
io
at
uc


ed

hi

ks

.s

IIIAVA

w

Si GeIIIAn-
w

D H u ^ xx p- n-
Ok
w

In Ge B Si
p-
IIIA
IIIASiGe p-
Ni0.98O1.00 Ni2+,Ni3+

NiONiO= 1 : 1
Ni(III)Ni(II)x
7
 Ni(II)= 0.98 -x
Ni(II)=
2 (0.98 -x ) +3x =2
1.96-2x+3x =2, x= 0.04

0.04
4.01%

m
0.98
Ni(II) =100 - 4.01 = 95.99%

co
34. = 0.144 nm)

n.
fcc
a 2 2r

io
r 0.144 nm

at
a 2 2 0.144 2 1.414 0.144 0.407 nm
uc



ed

hi

a ks
.s
w
w
w

m
co
n.
io
NaCl, 110-3 SrCl2

at
SrCl2 NaClSr+2Na+Na+

uc
NaCl= 110-3
1103
ed

105
100
105 6.023 1023 6.023 1018
hi

ks

X-
a

A
.s

AD
w

DB+BC)
w

BBC
n n=1,2,3,....
w

(DB+BC)
n DB BC n
AB d
DB BC d sin

DB BC 2d sin
n 2d sin

9
 m
co

n.
d

io
at

uc


ed

= M
= N0
hi

= Z
ks

= a
a

= a3 (=V)
.s

M
N
w

ZM
w

Z N
0
w

ZM / N 0 ZM
3

a N 0a3

a3 N 0
M
Z

10
 fcc 4.0710-8cm 10.5 gcm-3


d= 10.5g/cm3, a= 4.0710-8cm
Z=4
NA= 6.0231023

d a3 N A
M
Z
3
10.5 4.07 10 8 6.023 1023

m

4

co
10.5 67.767 1024 6.023 1023
107.09 gm / mole
4

n.
8.55g cm3
93U

io
3

at
a
uc 4
(a)
= 93g / mole
(Z) = 2
ed

ZM 2 93 23
N 6.023 10 23 30.89 10
hi

d 8.55 / cm 2
ks

=
a

30.89 1023
a3 36.16 1024 cm3
.s

8.55
1
w

a 36.16 1024 3 3.31 108 cm

w

3
r a
w

3
3.31 108 1.43 108 cm 143 pm
4
fcc 3.61 108 cm
8.92 g / cm3
ZM
d a 3 N
A

11
 a 3.61 108 cm; Z 4; M 63.5

4 63.5
d 8.97 g / cm3
8 3
3.6110 6.023 10 23

8.92 g / cm 3

m
2
Fe+3
3

co
2 2
1
3 3

n.
Fe2/3OFe2O3
44. 125pm

io

at
1.00cm3
(r) = 125 pm
uc
a
Fcc r
2 2
ed

a 2 2 r 2 1.414 125 353.5 pm

353.5 pm
hi

3
a3 353.5 1010 442 1025 cm3
ks

1
2.26 1022
a

25
4.42 10
.s

12
 m
co
n.
X-

io
A

at
AD
DB+BC)
uc
BBC
n n=1,2,3,....
ed

(DB+BC)
n DB BC n
hi

AB d
ks

DB BC d sin

DB BC 2d sin
a

n 2d sin
.s
w
w
w

13
 m
co

n.
d

io
at
uc
ed
hi
a ks
.s
w
w
w

14