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Ferro Resonance PDF
Ferro Resonance PDF
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Figure 2 Series and Parallel Resonance
P.O. Box 495578 Garland, Texas 75049-5578 Phone 972/240-1594 Fax 972/303-0779 Email info@cadickcorp.com http://www.cadickcorp.com
Figure 3 Magnetic Hysteresis
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flux density, and therefore the magnetic positive current. This is a characteristic of
induction.* The amount of magnetic induction ferromagnetic materials, and also very
attributable to the iron in the center of the important to understanding ferroresonance. The
solenoid can be much larger than the induction magnitude of current that causes the iron to go
associated with the current in the coil by itself. into saturation is not the same as the magnitude
at which the iron comes out of saturation. The
There are two additional properties of boundary between linear operation and
ferromagnetic materials that are important in saturated operation is not a fixed value of
understanding the phenomenon of current, but is dependant on the previous values
ferroresonance. Ferromagnetic materials can of that current. This is called hysteresis, and is
saturate, and they exhibit hysteresis. due to residual flux density stored in the iron,
and which must be overcome when the current
A typical magnetization curve of an iron core changes direction.
coil is shown in Figure 2. As the current
increases, the magnetic flux density increases. As with any resonance, the resonant frequency
A point is reached, however, where further is that at which the capacitive and inductive
increases in current yield smaller and smaller reactances exactly cancel. At resonance
increases in flux density. This is called the extreme values of voltage and current can occur.
saturation point, and is characterized by a With ferroresonance however, the inductance is
dramatic change in the slope of the current - not fixed. It changes due to saturation, and this
flux density curve. The slope of this curve is changes the inductive reactance, so that the
proportional to the inductance of the coil, which resonant frequency is a moving target. As the
indicates that the inductance value itself is iron goes into saturation, the sudden change in
different for current magnitudes above the inductance brings about a sudden change the
saturation point. This is key to understanding frequency at which resonance will occur.
ferroresonance. As the current in a
ferromagnetic coil increases beyond the Another way of looking at this is to focus on the
saturation point, the inductance of the coil value of capacitance required to bring about a
changes rather suddenly. resonance. In a linear resonance this value can
be (theoretically) identified precisely. With
Figure 2 further shows two current-flux density ferroresonance however, sudden and
characteristics. The bottom curve indicates the unpredictable changes in inductance will mean
the flux that occurs when increasing from a that a wide range of capacitances can potentially
negative current. The top curve indicates the lead to resonance at a given frequency.
flux that occurs when decreasing from a
Once the ferromagnetic inductance pops into
saturation, it remains saturated until the current
*
In nonmagnetic materials the magnetic effect magnitude decreases. If the inductance when
of electron spin in one direction is completely offset by saturated causes a resonance (i.e. results in an
equal electron spin in the opposite direction. In ferro- inductive reactance that matches the capacitive
magnetic materials, compensation is not complete, and reactance in the circuit), the current magnitude
tiny, completely magnetized domains exist in the
can increase dramatically, further driving the
crystals of such materials. The application of a
magnetic field (as when in the presence of an electrical iron into saturation, and thus making the
current) causes an orientation of the domains in the resonant point stable.
direction of the applied field. [5]
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If the current is able to drop below the which ferroresonance is likely to occur.
saturation point, the inductance pops out of
saturation, and again the inductance value ! A sinusoidal voltage source - A power
changes. As previously described, magnetic system generator will do quite nicely.
hysteresis causes the precise points where the ! Ferromagnetic inductances - these can
inductor goes into and out of saturation to be be power transformers or instrument
different, as shown in Figure 2. transformers.
! Capacitance - this can come from
These dramatic changes in inductance account installed power system capacitors, the
for the multiple stable responses characteristic capacitance to ground of transmission
of ferroresonance. Hysteresis explains how the lines, the large capacitance of
particular response that occurs is very underground cable, or the capacitance to
dependant on the initial conditions. ground of an ungrounded system.
! Low resistance - this can be lightly
As with linear resonance, the introduction of loaded power system equipment,
significant resistance in the circuit will tend to (unloaded transformer for example), low
mitigate the extreme values of voltage and short circuit power source, or low circuit
current. losses.
P.O. Box 495578 Garland, Texas 75049-5578 Phone 972/240-1594 Fax 972/303-0779 Email info@cadickcorp.com http://www.cadickcorp.com
Figure 4 Typical Power System Configuration Favorable to Ferroresonance
The research [1] on ferroresonance indicates through a wye grounded to delta generator step
that if any one of these conditions does not up (GSU) transformer. The GSU transformer
exist, ferroresonance is highly unlikely. provides no ground to the 34.5 kV system, and
isolates it from what ever ground connection is
The number of power circuit configurations provided by the generator itself. The utility
which meet the conditions described above and source feeds the other side of the circuit, and
therefore could conceivably support even assuming it is grounded, may become
ferroresonance are endless. Through experience, ungrounded during some switching
however, several typical circuit configurations contingencies. A recloser or the gang operated
can be identified that have been known to give switch can isolate the cogenerator from the
rise to ferroresonance. [1] utility source, and if the plant is running with
this switch open, the 34.5 kV section of line will
TYPICAL NON-UTILITY POWER PLANT be entirely ungrounded.
This paper now concentrates on the circuit Ferroresonance is a possibility during the time
presented by an actual industrial cogeneration the 34.5 kV line section is not adequately
project. The connection of this generator into grounded. Each of the necessary pre-conditions
the utility distribution system typifies one of the described will be met:
configurations known to give rise to
ferroresonance: a grounded voltage transformer ! A sinusoidal voltage source - in this
connected to an isolated neutral system. case the normal utility source or the
power plant generator.
As shown in Figure 3, the scenario features a ! Saturable ferromagnetic inductance - the
voltage transformer whose wye grounded voltage transformer
primary is connected to a 34.5 kV system that ! Capacitance - capacitance to ground of
could become ungrounded. the 34.5 kV lines.
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Figure 5 Parallel Ferroresonant Circuit
P.O. Box 495578 Garland, Texas 75049-5578 Phone 972/240-1594 Fax 972/303-0779 Email info@cadickcorp.com http://www.cadickcorp.com
secondary.) transformer turns ratio. [3]
C prevent the system from
becoming ungrounded under any
conditions. (This may not be
entirely possible.) CONCLUSIONS
C purchase a VT designed to
operate at much lower induction Though ferroresonance may be complex and
values, so that the saturation hard to analyze, it need not be mysterious.
point is at least twice the system Ferroresonance has been shown to be the result
voltage. (This may an expensive of specific circuit conditions, and can be
alternative.) induced predictably in the laboratory. Power
C Introduce losses by means of system ferroresonance can lead to very
load resistances. (This is the dangerous and damaging overvoltages, but the
alternative chosen.) condition can be mitigated or avoided by careful
system design.
In wye-wye connected VTs three resistors can
be connected, one in each secondary circuit. It REFERENCES
is important to pick resistor values carefully, as
the resistors connected this way will [1] Ferracci,P., Ferroresonance Cahier
continuously absorb power and can affect the Technique No. 190, Group Shneider
accuracy of connected metering. [2] Fink,D.G., and Beaty,H.W., eds.,
Standard Handbook for Electrical
Where an open corner delta secondary exists, a Engineers, 13th ed., Meliopoulos,
single resistor across the open delta is advisable. A.P.S., Sec. 27, New York, McGraw-
This has the advantage that it does not affect the Hill Book Company, 1993.
measurement accuracy of the VT or introduce [3] Elmore,W.A., ed., Protective Relaying
losses during normal operating conditions. Theory and Applications, ABB Power
Only during an unbalanced condition (such as T&D Company, Blackburn, J.L.,
may initiate ferroresonance in the first place) Kresseler,J.V., Chp. 7., New York,
does the resistor provide damping. Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1994.
[4] Protective Relays, GEC Alsthom
The appropriate value of resistance is given by Measurements, Stafford England, 1990
Karlicek and Taylor in Ferroresonance of [5] Masch,L.W., Electromagnetic &
Grounded Potential Transformers on Electromechanical Machines, 2nd ed.,
Ungrounded Power Systems (AIEE Power New York, Harper & Roe, 1972
Apparatus & Systems, August 1959) as
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