7

- 2 / 34 -

- 2 / 34 - .
 &

7
:
.
( ) ,
.
(.. ,
).

7.1
d, 7-1.
: d ,
, d1
d, d3
.
d = d3.

d=d1 d3

7-1: -

: ()
- (bolt-nut),
,
. () (screw),
, , ()
, .

7-2:

- 3 / 34
 - 4 / 34 -

7.1.1

, .
. ,
( 7-3). , d, L, L=p
, L=2p L=3p . H
: tan a = L / ( d ) .

d
p L p L p L
L
L=p L = 2p L = 3p

7-3: ,

() , (Tr),
(S), , (Rd).

H
8

H = 0.86603P
H
2

h3 = 0.61343P
60o
1

3
H

H1 = 0.54127
h

H
H
2

r= = 0.14434 P
H

6
4

H
6

r
D2
D1

d3
d2

d
D

7-4:

- 4 / 34 - .
 &

7-1:

, , , , , , ,
P d= D d2= D2 d3 D1 h3 A, mm 2
M 0.4 0.10 0.40 0.335 0.277 0.292 0.061 0.074
M 0.6 0.15 0.60 0.503 0.416 0.438 0.092 0.166
M 0.8 0.20 0.80 0.670 0.555 0.584 0.123 0.295
M1 0.25 1.00 0.838 0.693 0.729 0.153 0.460
M 1.2 0.25 1.20 1.038 0.893 0.924 0.158 0.732
M 1.4 0.30 1.40 1.205 1.032 1.075 0.184 0.983
M 1.6 0.35 1.60 1.373 1.171 1.221 0.215 1.27
M 1.8 0.35 1.80 1.573 1.371 1.421 0.215 1.70
M2 0.40 2.00 1.740 1.509 1.567 0.245 2.07
M 2.2 0.45 2.00 1.908 1.648 1.713 0.276 2.48
M 2.5 0.45 2.50 2.208 1.948 2.013 0.276 3.39
M3 0.50 3.00 2.675 2.387 2.459 0.307 5.03
M 3.5 0.60 3.50 3.110 2.764 2.850 0.368 6.78
M4 0.70 4.00 3.545 3.141 3.242 0.429 8.78
M 4.5 0.75 4.50 4.013 3.580 3.688 0.460 11.30
M5 0.80 5.00 4.480 4.019 4.134 0.491 14.20
M6 1.00 6.00 5.350 4.773 4.918 0.613 20.10
M7 1.00 7.00 6.350 5.773 5.918 0.613 28.90
M8 1.25 8.00 7.188 6.466 6.647 0.767 36.60
M 10 1.50 10.00 9.026 8.160 8.876 0.920 58.30
M 12 1.75 12.00 10.863 9.858 10.106 1.074 84
M 14 2.00 14.00 12.701 11.546 11.835 1.227 115
M 16 2.00 16.00 14.701 13.546 13.835 1.227 157
M 18 2.50 18.00 16.376 14.933 15.294 1.534 192
M 20 2.50 20.00 18.376 16.933 17.294 1.534 245
M 22 2.50 22.00 20.376 18.933 19.294 1.534 303
M 24 3.00 24.00 22.051 20.320 20.752 1.840 353
M 27 3.00 27.00 25.051 23.320 23.752 1.840 459
M 30 3.50 30.00 27.727 25.706 26.211 2.147 561
M 33 3.50 33.00 30.727 28.706 29.211 2.147 694
M 36 4.00 36.00 33.402 31.093 31.670 2.454 817
M 39 4.00 39.00 36.402 34.903 34.670 2.454 976
M 42 4.50 42.00 39.077 36.416 37.129 2.760 1104
M 45 4.50 45.00 42.077 39.416 40.129 2.760 1300
M 48 5.00 48.00 44.752 41.795 42.587 3.067 1465
M 52 5.00 52.00 48.752 45.795 46.587 3.067 1755
M 56 5.50 56.00 52.428 49.177 50.046 3.067 2022
M 60 5.50 60.00 56.428 53.177 54.046 3.374 2360

2
d2 + d3 d 32
A= , A=
4 2 4

- 5 / 34
 - 6 / 34 -

7-2:

- 6 / 34 - .
 &

7-3: Whitworth

- 7 / 34
 - 8 / 34 -

7-4:

- 8 / 34 - .
 &

7-5: ()

- 9 / 34
 - 10 / 34 -

7-6:

- 10 / 34 - .
 &

7-7: ()

- 11 / 34
 - 12 / 34 -

7-8: ()

- 12 / 34 - .
 &

7-9:

- 13 / 34
 - 14 / 34 -

7.2
.
, x y,
(x.y). , 100,
MPa.
. : (x.y) = (4.8) : Su = x*100 = 4*100 = 400
MPa, Sy = (y*10)%*Su = (8*10)% *400 = 320 MPa.

7-10: (DIN-
ISO_898_part_1)

Su Sy S y0.2 u Su

(% -

(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) ) (MPa)

3.6 300 180 - 25 5 500

4.6 400 240 - 22 5 500
4.8 400 320 - 14 5 500
5.6 500 300 - 20 5 500
5.8 500 400 - 10 5 500
6.6 600 360 - 16 6 600
6.8 600 480 - 8 6 600
6.9 600 - 540 12 6 600
8.8 800 - 640 12 8 800
10.9 1000 - 900 9 10 1000
12.9 1200 - 1080 8 12 1200
14.9 1400 - 1260 7 14 1400

7-11:

S 2

Mn - Ph 0.14 0.18 0.14 0.15 0.10 0.11

Zn - Ph 0.14 0.21 0.14 0.17 0.10 0.12
Zn 0.125 0.18 0.125 0.17 -
Cd 0.08 0.12 0.08 0.11 -
Zn Zn 0.125 0.17 0.14 0.19 -
Cd Cd 0.08 0.12 0.14 0.15 -

- 14 / 34 - .
 &

7.3
7.3.1
Fu ,
F,
. 7-5,
, .
.

(a) ()

7-5: - a

F = ,
-.
. ( 7-5()),

F x = Fu N sin a F cos a = 0 Fu = N ( cos a + sin a )

F y = F + N cos a F sin a = 0 F = N (cos a sin a )

, 7-5(), :

F x = Fu N sin a + F cos a = 0 Fu = N ( cos a sin a )

F y = F + N cos a + F sin a = 0 F = N (cos a + sin a )

,
tan = ,
cos a sin a tan tan a
Fu = F =F = F tan( )
cos a sin a 1 tan tan a
.

:
d2 d2
M = F tan( + ) M = F tan( )
2 2

- 15 / 34
 - 16 / 34 -

() ()

7-6: = / 2

.
,
.
= D. C cosn = C.
.

F x = Fu N cos n sin a N cos a = 0 Fu = N (cos n sin a + cos a )

F y = F + N cos n cos a N sin a = 0 F = N (cos n cos a sin a )

tan
= tan tan =
cos n
,
tan
+ tan a
Fu cos n sin a + cos a cos n tan a + tan cos n tan + tan a
= = = = = tan ( + )
F cos n cos a sin a cos n tan tan a 1 tan tan a 1 tan tan a
cos n

7-7: I = / 2

- 16 / 34 - .
 &

:
CD AB AB OA
tan n = = = = tan cos a
OC OC OA OC
= / 2 n
/2
.
,
d2 d
M = Fu = F tan ( a ) 2
2 2
' ,
, d m = ( d1 + d ) / 2 , d ,
,
d d
M = F tan ( a ) 2 + m
2 2

7.3.2

, , ,
' .
,

=

tan cos n tan
= =
tan ( + ) cos n + cot
tan cos n + tan
a = =
tan ( ) cos n cot

7.3.3
,
( ).
> 0 tan( ) > 0 tan tan > 0 > tan
/ 2,
tan
tan a
d2 tan tan a cos n
tan ( a ) > 0 >0 >0 > tan a
2 1 + tan tan a tan cos n
1+ tan a
cos n
. -
/cosn
.

- 17 / 34
 - 18 / 34 -

7.4
7.4.1
Niemann 1.5 2 2.5
. , ,
d cm, ,
Fi = 2840d kp
i,
Mi = CdFi kpcm
C = 0.2 C = 0.18 .

7.4.2
Fi.

7-8, ()
(). Fi
ib, ip. kb kp
,
:
Ab E b
Fi = k b ib , kb =
Lb
Ap E p
Fi = k p ip , kp =
Lp
kb kp , b Ap
, Eb Ep
Lb Lp
.
Fe.
eb
ep. ,
. Fe,
Feb, Fep
.

- 18 / 34 - .
 &

F
Fb
Feb Feb Fe Fi
Fi Fep Fep
Fp

b ib ip p
eb ep

7-8: -

Fe = Feb + Fep ()
,
.
Feb Fep
eb = ep = ()
kb kp
() () :
kb
Feb = Fe = Cb Fe
kb + k p

kp
Fep = Fe = C p Fe = (1 Cb ) Fe
kb + k p
,
:
Fb = Feb + Fi
Fp = Fi - Fep

- 19 / 34
 - 20 / 34 -

7.5
A Fe .
Fi Fi + Feb.
:
Fb (max) = Feb + Fi Fb (min) = Fi
,
:
Fb (m) = Feb / 2 + Fi Fb (r) = Feb / 2
, kN

7-9:

H :
Fb(m ) Fb ( r )
m = r =
A3 A3
Soderberg,
Sy Sy
eq = m + r
Se N
.
(
),
1 1 1 1
= + +
k p k p1 k g k p2

- 20 / 34 - .
 &

k p1 k p2 .
,
k p kg

7-10:

7.5.1 kf
,
' . ()
, ()
, () .

3.0 4.5 1.5 4.0

5.5 6.0 3.0 5.5
25 mm.

7.6

' .
: () , ()
,
() , () , ()

- 21 / 34
 - 22 / 34 -

7-11: Se

, ()
.

7.6.1
H Fi,
Fi
=
As

d32 d m2 d +d
s As = , As = d m = 2 3 ,
4 4 2
.

7.6.2
,
.
,

=
2L

- 22 / 34 - .
 &

L , E
.

7.6.3


16M
=
d33

7.6.4
() ()
, (eq)
()
().
Sy
eq = 2 + 2
N
= 3 = 4 .

7.6.5

Fi
=
d3 nb
d3 , n
b .
,
Fi
=
d1nb

7.6.6
-, -
. n ,
h P, : h = n P.
:
= n (d21)
1
= h (d21) / P
b. 7-12,
(b).
:
F F S
b = = b = ( b )
A h ( d 2 H1 ) / P N

h.

- 23 / 34
 - 24 / 34 -

F
h =
( b ) ( d 2 H1 ) / P
7-12: -

K -
, (MPa)

- 120 170

- 105 170

- 10 16

- 40 70

- 50 95

7.6.7
3Fi h
=
d m nb 2

d m = 1
2 ( d 2 + d3 ) , h , n
b .

- 24 / 34 - .
 &

7.7
7.7.1
16, 40 mm ,
, Fe 5 kN
40 kN. , Sy = 500 MPa Se = 220
MPa. 3.8.
) ;
) 50 kN, ;
) 80 kN.

Fe Fe
M16

Fe Fe

7-12:

: () 7-1, 16:
P = 2 mm, d = 16 mm, d2 = 14.071 mm, d3 = 13.546 mm, D1 = 13.835 mm, h3 = 1.227 mm,
A = 157 mm2.
:
40 + 5 40 5
Fe( m ) = = 22.5 kN Fe( r ) = = 17.5 kN
2 2
- ( 7-13)
.
- .
Ab Eb (157mm ) ( 2.110 N/mm )
2 5 2

kb = = = 8.24 105 N/mm

b 40mm
O 5 40 kN :
F F ( 5000 40000 ) N = 6.07 48.5 m
b = min max = ( )
kb 8.24 105 N/mm

- 25 / 34
 - 26 / 34 -

7-13: -

:
Fe( m )
22.5 103 N
m = = = 143.3MPa
A 157mm 2
Fe ( r ) 17.5 103 N
kt r = kt = 3.8 = 423.5 MPa
A 157mm 2
Soderberg ()
(m, r) = (143.3, 423.5) .
7-14, .

400
()

300

Se = 220 MPa
200

100

(b) (c)
m
0
0 100 200 300 400 Sy = 500 MPa

7-14: (b)
(a,c) Soderberg

) Fi = 50 kN,
F 50000N
b = i = = 60.7m
kb 8.24 105 N/mm

- 26 / 34 - .
 &

F 50000N
p = i = = 7.58m
k p 6.59 106 N/mm
7-15.
, kN

Fe=35
m
m
5 N/

Fbmax
0
4 x1
.2
=8
= k b

a n
t

7-15: - 50kN

Ap,
3d d.
AE 8 AE
( 3d ) d 2 = 9 A A = 8 A , : k p = p p =
2
Ap = ,
4 p

kb AE / 1 1
Cb = = = =
kb + k p AE / + 8 AE / 1+ 8 9
Fe, Feb
Fep:
1 8
Feb = Cb Fe = 35kN = 3.89 kN Fep = (1 Cb ) Fe = 35kN = 31.11kN
9 9
Feb
Fb ( m ) = + Fi = 1.95 + 50.0kN = 51.95 kN
2
kb 1
Fb ( r ) = Fe( r ) = Cb Fe( r ) = 17.5 = 1.95 kN
kb + k p 9

51950N 3.8 1950N

b( m) = = 330.9 MPa b( r ) = = 47.2 MPa
157mm 2 157mm 2

- 27 / 34
 - 28 / 34 -

Soderberg (m, r) = (330.9, 47.2)

() .
) 80 kN, :
17.5
Fb ( m ) = 1.95 + 80.0 = 81.95 kN Fb ( r ) = = 1.95 kN
9

81.95 103 N 3.8 1.95 103 N

b( m) = = 522 MPa b ( r ) = = 47.2 MPa
157mm 2 157mm 2
(m, r) = (522, 47.2), (c)
Soderberg. .

- 28 / 34 - .
 &

7.7.2
12
. Ep = 160 GPa.
8.8 Eb = 210 GPa, 26 kN.
0 - 13 kN , ;
:
12 8.8, 7-1, 7-10
7-11, : d1 = 12 mm, d2 = 10.863 mm, d3 = 9.853 mm, d / R = 6d / H = 47 , A3 = 84
mm2, Sy,0.2 = 640 MPa, Se = 92 MPa.
Fe( m ) = 6.5 kN
Fe = ( 0 13) kN
Fe( r ) = 6.5 kN
, :
kp Ap E p L A E 8 160
= = p p = = 6.095
kb L Ab Eb Ab Eb 1 210
kb 1 1
C= = = = 0.141
kb + k p k p 1 + 6.095
1+
kb

Fb ( m ) = CFe( m ) + Fi = 0.141 6.5 + 26 = 26.9 kN

Fb ( r ) = CFe ( r ) = ( 0.141)( 6.5 ) = 0.92 kN
Fb ( m ) 26.9 103 N
m = = = 320 MPa
A3 84mm 2

0.92 103 N
r = = 11MPa
84mm 2
Sy Sy
m +r
Se N
1 m r 320 11 1
= + = + =
N S y Se 640 92 1.6
N = 1.6 .

- 29 / 34
 - 30 / 34 -

7.7.3
, 12
( E p1 = 100GPa E p2 = 160 GPa ) .
8.8. 0 13 k,
Fi, 1.6.
:
7-1, 12 : P = 1.75 mm, d1 = 12 mm,
d2 = 10.863 mm, d3 = 9.858 mm, A = 84 mm2. = 0.866P = 0.866 x 1.75 = 1.5155
mm r = / 6 = 1.5155 / 6 = 0.253 mm.
8.8 ( 7-10), Su = 800 MPa, Sy = 640 MPa
7-11, d / r = 12 / 0.253 = 47.4 , Se =
95 MPa.
:
Fe = ( 0 13) kN = ( 6.5 6.5 ) kN Fe(m) = 6.5 kN, Fe(r) = 6.5 kN
H :
1 1 1 k p1 k p2 k p1 1 Ap E p1
= + kp = = = k p1 = 0.615
k p k p1 k p2 k p1 + k p2 k p1 / k p2 + 1 100 /160 + 1 L

:
Ab Eb
kb =
2L
Ap E p1
kp 0.615 Ap E p1 2 0.615 Ap E p1
L 100
m= = = 2 0.615 = = 1.23 8 = 4.686
kb Ab Eb Ab Eb Ab Eb 210
2L
1 1
C= = = 0.176
1 + m 1 + 4.686
,
Feb(m) = CFe(m) + Fi = (0.176 6.5 + Fi) kN = (1.144 + Fi) kN
Feb(r) = CFe(r) = (0.176 6.5) kN = 1.144 kN
O

m =
(1.144 + Fi ) 103 N
= (15 + 13Fi ) MPa
9.858 / 4 2
mm 2
1.144 103 N
r = = 15 MPa
9.8532 / 4 mm 2
A Soderberg
Sy Sy 640 640
m +r (15 + 13Fi ) + 15 = Fi = 21.8 kN
Se N 95 1.6
Fi = 21.8 kN.

- 30 / 34 - .
 &

r
100 Se=95

75

Se/N=60
50

25
r=15

Sy/N=400 Sy=640 m
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

7-16: Soderberg

S y Se
Soderberg. (Sy, Se) ( , ). A r = 15
N N
MPa, m,
Soderberg, m. m 300 MPa . A m = 15 + 13 Fi,
Fi = 21.9 kN.

- 31 / 34
 - 32 / 34 -

7.7.4

. o d = 20, = Sy /
N = 210 / 1.5 = 140 MPa, = 0.15,
:
) F ,
.
) .
) , .

800

7-17:

:
) ( 7-5),
Tr 20 x 4: d1 = 20, d2 = 18, d3 = 15.5, P = 4, H1 = 2.
d3 A3 = d32/4 = 189 mm2.
F :
F F
= = = 0.0053F ( N/mm 2 )
A3 189

= 4o tan = P / ( d 2 ) = 4 / ( 18 ) = 0.707 .

: tan = = 0.15 = 8.5o . = 30
:
tan tan 8.5
tan = = = 0.155 = 8.83o .
cos ( 2 ) cos ( 30 2 )
(
) :

- 32 / 34 - .
 &

M F ( d 2 2 ) tan ( + ) F (18 2 ) tan ( 4 + 8.83)

= = = = 0.0028F ( N/mm 2 )
Jp /r 3
d3 /16 15.5 /16
3

( 0.0053F ) + 4 ( 0.0028 F ) = 0.00771F =

2 2
eq = 2 + 4 2 =

140
F= = = 18157N = 18kN
0.00771 0.00771

18 kN. .

.
:
:
2E 2 2.1 1011 Pa
C = = = 140
Sy 210 106 Pa
, . -, m
= 1, :
800
= m =1 = 206 .
r 15.5 / 4
I d4 4 d
r = = = ,
A 64 d 2
4
, . d3, 800mm
, .
C ,
uler. :

Pcr =
2 EA
=
2
( 2.110
11
(
N / m 2 ) ( 0.0155m ) / 4
2
) = 9220N 9kN
2 206 2

.
, .
N = 1.3. , F = Pcr / = 7 kN
)
.
n , h P = 4 mm,
: h = n P.
: = n (d21) = h (d21) / P .
. (b) = 10
MPa ( 7-12).
:
F F
b = = ( b ) = 10 MPa
A h ( d 2 H1 ) / P

Fh 7000N 4mm
h = = = 24 mm
( b ) ( d2 H1 ) 10MPa ( 18mm 2mm )

- 33 / 34
 - 34 / 34 -

,
, h = 24 mm.
) :
d 18
M = F 2 tan ( + ) = 7kN tan ( 4 + 8.83) 14.3 Nm ()
2 2
d2 18
M = F tan ( ) = 7kN tan ( 4 8.83) = 5.3 Nm ()
2 2

- 34 / 34 - .