CHNG 1

L THUYT MU

GV: PHAN TH HONG ANH 1

 Hin tng mu sc
Mu sc l s nhn thc th hin s phn hi vi mt di hp ph
bc x in t (vd nh sng mt tri)
Mu sc hnh thnh qua 2 bc:
Bc 1: hin tng vt l n thun, cn 3 thnh phn: ngun
sng, vt v c quan thu nhn (vd mt)
Bc 2: qu trnh phc tp chuyn thng tin nhn c n b
phn x l (vd: no) mu sc
S cm nhn mu sc mang tnh tng i.

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Di ph bc x in t

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 Ph nh sng nhn thy
Di hp trong ph bc x in t m mt ngi c th nhn thy,
thng thng c bc sng t 380 nm 740 nm

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Ph nh sng mt tri

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Ngun sng

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 S tng tc nh sng vt th
S khc x (refraction): nh sng thay i hng khi i
qua 2 mi trng khc nhau
n1sin1=n2sin2

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 Chit sut (refractive index): ca mt mi trng nht
nh ph thuc vo bc sng nh sng

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 S truyn qua (transmission): tia sng i xuyn qua vt
th

S hp th (Absorption): tia sng b hp thu bi vt th

v chuyn nng lng thnh nhit
Phn x (Reflection): tia sng b phn x li t b mt
vt th

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 S phn x ton phn (specular reflection): tia sng
b phn x vi gc phn x = gc ti

S phn x khuch tn hay s tn x (diffuse

reflection): tia sng b phn x theo nhng gc khc
nhau (thng xy ra do c tnh b mt phn x)

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 Truyn qua trc tip (Direct transmission) : nh sng
xuyn qua vt th theo mt hng nht nh (ph
thuc chit sut mi trng) mi trng trong
sut, vd nc, khng kh, thy tinh trong
Truyn qua khuch tn (Diffuse transmission): nh
sng xuyn qua vt th b tn x theo nhiu hng
khc nhau

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 Nu vt th ch hp thu mt s tia c bc sng nht
nh trong nh sng mt tri chiu n vt mang mu

Nu tt c nh sng chiu n u b vt th hp thu

mu en, nu khng c bc sng no ca nh sng
chiu n b hp thu mu trng

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 Vt liu trong sut, trong m v c
Vt liu trong sut (Transparent materials): Hu ht cc tia
sng chiu ti u truyn qua trc tip, Vd khng kh,
nc, thy tinh trong
Vt liu trong m (Transluent materials): cc tia sng chiu
ti b khuch tn khi truyn qua chng, vd mt s loi thy
tinh m, nha m
Vt liu c: nh sng chiu ti khng th truyn qua, hu
ht b phn x hoc hp thu bi vt liu. Ex. G, , vi..

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 nh lut Lambert-Beer
Khi chiu mt chm tia sng n sc i qua mt mi
trng vt cht th cng ca tia sng ban u (Io)
s b gim i ch cn l I
truyn qua T (transmittance)

hp thu A (Absorbance)

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 truyn quang T hay hp thu A ph thuc vo bn
cht ca cht hp thu, dy ca dung dch truyn qua l
v nng c ca dung dch cht hp thu.
nh lut Lambert Beer

e: h s hp thu mol ( hp
thu A ca dung dch c b
dy 1 cm, nng 1 mol/l

nh lut Lambert-Beer ch ng trong mt khong gi tr nng nht nh, v

khng phi mi cht u tun theo nh lut ny
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 Thuc tnh ca mu sc
Tng mu (hue) : mu sc ch o ca mt mu, vd ,
xanh lam, vng...

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 bo ha (Saturation or Chroma): tinh khit ca
mu sc, cng ca tia mu ch o so vi pht
sng ca mu.
Mu c bo ha cng cao cng ti.
Mu cng km bo ha cng xn, ti

bo ha dao ng t
mu tnh khit (100%) n
mu xm (0%) cng mt
sng.

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 pht sng (Brightness): tng nng lng nh sng
pht ra t ngun sng hoc phn chiu t mt b mt
no
sng (Lightness or value): v mt k thut c
nh ngha l t s gia pht sng ca mt b mt vt
th so vi b mt trng hon ho (trong cng mt iu
kin chiu sng)

pht sng tng khi tng

cng nh sng chiu vo
b mt, nhng sng ca b
mt khng b nh hng
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 S cm nhn mu sc
Th th nh sng trn vng mc gm 2 loi t bo: t bo
hnh que (rods) v t bo hnh nn (cones)
T bo hnh que nhy cm vi nh sng hn, gip mt
nhn thy trong iu kin nh sng yu, nhng t hoc
khng c vai tr trong s cm nhn mu sc.
T bo hnh nn gm 3 loi: Red (64%), Green (32%), Blue
cones (4%)

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 ng cong phn hi khi nh sng chiu vo ca 3 loi t
bo hnh nn c nhy cao nht tng ng vi 3 vng
, xanh lam, xanh lc: R cones ~ 580 nm, G cones ~ 550
nm, B cones ~ 440 nm.
Hn hp ca 3 ng cong phn hi ca 3 loi t bo
c no x l v chuyn thnh s nhn thc v mu sc.

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 Instrumental color mesurement
Lovibond tinctometer: a visual colorimeter, in which standardized
Lovibond colored glasses (red, yellow, blue colors) are combined
to match a sample that is viewed at simultaneously.
used in the color measurement of lubrication oil, sugar solutions,
beer, and light-reflecting materials, such as oleomargarine

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 The Lovibond Tintometer is a visual colorimeter designed to
optimise the use of Lovibond glass filters. It is arranged with two
adjacent fields of view, seen through the viewing tube, so that the
product in the sample field and a white reflective surface in the
comparison field are observed side by side, suitably illuminated. The
Lovibond glasses are introduced into the comparison field by a
simple system of sliding racks, allowing the user to compare the
colour of light which is either transmitted through or reflected from
the sample with that transmitted through the glasses.A series of
neutral glasses in racks is also supplied; these can be introduced into
the sample field to dull the colour of products which are too bright to
obtain a good colour match using Lovibond Red, Yellow or Blue
glasses. The racks are varied until a visual colour match is found for
the light from the sample and its colour can then be expressed in
Lovibond units. Modes Transmittance, reflectance Range 0.1 - 79.9
Red, Yellow; 0.1 - 49.9 Blue; 0.1 - 3.9 Neutral Resolution 0.1
Lovibond unit Optical system 11 glass-filled nylon racks containing a
graduated range of Lovibond colour glasses
Since the glasses are standardized, it is possible to make a match and
to describe the sample color in numerical terms, which can be
converted to CIE (Commission Internationale de lEclairage) color
specifications, and vice versa
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 H thng CIE
c pht trin bi Hip hi chiu sng quc t
(International Commission on Illumination).
H thng da trn c s mu sc c nh gi thng
qua 3 yu t: ngun sng, vt th, v ngi quan st.

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 Mt s ngun sng c chun ha bi CIE
Ngun D65: M phng nh sng trung bnh ban ngy (bao
gm c vng cc tm) vi nhit ngun ~ 6504K
Ngun C: M phng nh sng trung bnh ban ngy (khng
bao gm vng cc tm) (~ 6774K);
Ngun A: n dy tc (~2856K);.

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 Hm tng thch mu sc CIE v chun ngi
quan st (standard observer)
Hm tng thch mu sc (color matching function): l
nhng gi tr kch thch 3 thnh phn c xc lp nhm
tng ng vi s nhy cm ca mt ngi.
Chun ngi quan st chun, 2 h: 2 Standard Observer
(chun ngi quan st gc 2o) and 10 Supplementary
Standard Observer (chun ngi quan st gc 10o).

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 Khng gian mu CIEXYZ
Mu sc c xc nh thng qua 3 gi tr X, Y, Z (Tristimulus
value), tng ng vi hn hp cng ca 3 thnh phn Red, Green,
Blue to mu tng thch.

Nhc: thiu tnh trc quan, khng xy dng c khi mu sc,

kh hnh dung c mu sc cui cng t 3 gi tr X, Y, Z
cc gi tr X, Y, Z thng dng lm c s tnh ton nhng gi
tr mu sc cho cc khng gian mu khc 31
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 Khng gian mu CIE Yxy
Y: sng,
Mu sc (tng mu, bo ha) c th xc nh thng qua gi tr x, y
trn th hnh mng nga

Nhc: Khong cch cc v tr mu sc trn th cha tng

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thch vi s cm nhn mu sc ca mt ngi.
 Khng gian mu CIELAB
Mt trong nhng khng gian mu thng dng nht
dng o c mu sc, c s dng trong nhiu lnh
vc.
Ra i nm 1976, gii quyt c nhng nhc im
ca khng gian mu Yxy
C tnh trc quan, gn vi s cm nhn th gic hn so
vi cc khng gian mu trc .
L: sng (0 n 100)
a: ta mu trn trc - lc and b: ta mu
trn trc vng lam
Cc v tr mu nm trn trc trung tm l khng mu, i
t tm hng ra ngoi, bo ha mu cng tng 35
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 CIELCh
S dng cng khng gian mu ging CIELab, nhng s
dng ta trc.
L: sng , ging trong L* trong CIELAB
C: bo ha mu (chroma), h: gc mu th hin nh
mu

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nh gi s sai bit mu sc
DL* > 0 lighter, DL* < 0 darker
Da* > 0 redder, Da* < 0 greener
Db* > 0 yellower, Db* < 0 bluer
S sai bit tng:

Thng thng, DE > 1, mt c th nhn

thy s khc nhau v mu sc gia 2 mu
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Ph hp thu UV-Vis ca hp cht hu c
S hp thu tia bc x trong vng UV - Vis ca hp cht hu c
tng ng vi s kch hot gy dch chuyn electron lp ngoi.
Ch xy ra vi mt s nhm chc nht nh (nhm mang mu
chromophore) cha electron ha tr c nng lng kch hot
thp.
Nhng chuyn dch quan trng:

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 Chuyn dch s - s* : cn nng lng ln, khng in
hnh trong ph UV-Vis. (200 - 700 nm) (vd methane
max 125 nm)
Chuyn dch n - s*: c th xy ra bc sng 150 - 250
nm. t gp.
Chuyn dch n - p* and p - p*: nh hp thu nm trong
vng 200-700 nm
Hu ht ph hp thu hp cht hu c da trn s dch
chuyn ny.
hp thu mol ca s dch chuyn n - p* kh thp, t 10
n 100 L mol-1 cm-1 .Chuyn dch p - p* thng cho
hp thu mol t 1000 n 10,000 L mol-1 cm-1 .
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Phn t Chuyn dch max (nm)

s - s* 135

s - s* 150
n - s* 183

p - p* 175

p - p* 254

n - p* 290
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Ph hp thu ca phn t cha nhng nhm mang mu thng phc
tp do s chng chp nhau ca cc chuyn dich do s quay, s dao
ng lin kt ln s chuyn dch electron. S kt hp ca cc mi
chuyn dch chng nhau nh vy hnh thnh di ph hp thu lin
tc.

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 Nhm mang mu
Nhm bt bo ha chu trch nhim cho nhng dch chuyn
electron n * and * trong vng UV-Vis

Chromophore Example Transition max/nm e/L.mol-1cm-1

Ethylene p - p* 165 15000
Acetylene p - p* 173 6000

Acetone p - p* 188 900

n p* 279 15
Acetoxime p- p* 190 5000
Azomethane n - p* 347 4.5

Nitrozobutane p- p* 300 100

n - p* 665 20

Nitromethane n- p* 271 18.6 46

 Nhm tr mu: Nhm bo ha (thng cha cp e khng lin kt),
khng hp thu trong vng UV-Vis nhng s hin din ca chng lm
dch chuyn cc i hp thu ca hp cht v vng bc sng di
hn. , vd. OH, -NH2, -Cl..

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Bathochromic shift (or red shift): max dch chuyn sang vng
bc sng di hn (vng red)
Hypsochromic shift (blue shift): max chuyn sang vng bc
sng ngn hn (vng blue)
Hyperchromic effect: tng cng hp thu
Hypochromic effect: gim cng hp thu

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Bathochromic shift

max = 255 nm max = 265 nm

Hypsochromic shift

max = 280 nm max = 265 nm

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Hyperchromic shift

Pyridine 2- methylpyridine
max = 257 nm max = 262 nm
e max = 2750 e max = 3356
Hypochromic shift

naphthalene 2- methyl naphthalene

max = 250 nm max = 237 nm
e max = 19000 e max = 10250 50
 H lin hp polyene
Tng chiu di h lin hp to s dch chuyn ph hp thu
theo hng bathochromic v tng cng hp thu.

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 -carotene c 11 lk i lin hp max dch chuyn bathochromic
ra khi vng UV v vng blue c mu cam sng

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 Absorption Molar Absorption
Substance
Peak Coefficient

Ethylene(CH2=CH2) 180nm 10000

1.3-butadiene 217nm 21000
Vitamin A 328nm 51000
-carotene 450nm 140000

Benzene 255nm 180

Naphthalene 286nm 360
Anthracene 375nm 7100
Naphthacene 477nm 110000

Ethylene Acetone Crotonaldehyde

max = 171 nm max = 279 nm max = 290 nm53
 Nhm carbonyl
Ph hp thu hp cht carbonyl c mi c bn trong vng
UV tng ng vi s dch chuyn * v trong vng
cm n * (yu).
Trong amide, acid, ester hoc acid halide, do nh hng
cc nhm NR2, OH, OR, X ln nhm C=O gy hiu ng
hypsochromic mnh ln s dch chuyn trong vng cm n
* (chuyn sang vng 200-215 nm so vi 270nm ca
aldehyde, ketone).
S lin hp nhm C=O vi lk i gy hiu ng
bathochromic shift ca cc chuyn dch n * and
* .

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 H lin hp thm
Nhm th c cp e khng lin kt lm tng chiu di h lin
hp nh cng hng v gy ra s dch chuyn bathochromic
di hp thu.

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 Tng chiu di h lin hp thm cng gy nn s dch
chuyn bathochromic ca ph hp thu.

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 Vi dn xut benzene 2 ln th, nu 1 nhm ht v 1
nhm y, s gy s dch chuyn bathochromic ln hn
so vi khi ch gn 1 nhm th.

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 Trng hp h vng thm ngng t, do s lin hp tng
ln, ph hp thu dch chuyn v hng bathochromic.

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