STP Technologies & Their Cost Effectiveness

STPTechnologies&TheirCostEffectiveness

Prof.Arunabha Majumder
E i it Fellow
Emiritus F ll
SchoolofWaterResourcesEngineering
Jadavpur University

ExDirectorProfessor
AllIndiaInstituteofHygiene&PublicHealth
Govt.ofIndia
 Indian Scenario
IndianScenario
In India cities and towns generate 38000KL waste water daily.
Sewage treatment facilities are limited in our country and
many of the treatment facilities are not functioning properly.
The organic pollutant (measured as BOD/COD/SS) removal
performances of conventional technologies employed in a
majority of STPS under GAP/NRAP have been extensively
studied and reported.
p
But microbial pollutants(measured as MPN of Total and faecal
coliforms ) removal performances are not getting monitored
properly.
l
 Indian Scenario (contd)
IndianScenario(contd)
Total
Totalurbanwastewatergeneration:38255mld
urban wastewater generation: 38255mld
STPsCapacity:11788mld
STPsnumberwise:38%ASP,28%WSP,20%
S b i 38% S 28% S 20%
UASB,14%others
STPscapacitywise:60%ASP,26%UASB,6%
WSP,8%others
CPCBandSPCBsaretheregulatoryagencies
forwaterqualitymonitoring
q y g
 MinistryofEnvironment&Forest
R
Recommendations
d i
MinistryofEnvironment
y Parameter Notto Discharge
exceed into/on
andForest,GovtofIndia
BOD(mg/l) 30 Waterbody
constitutedacommitteein
1999 to recommend
1999torecommend
BOD(mg/l) 100 Landfor
coliformstandardsfor irrigation
treatedsewagedischarged
TSS(mg/l) 50 Water body
Waterbody
intotheriversandlakes.
TSS(mg/l) 200 Landfor
irrigation
g

Faecal 1000 Waterbody

Coliform(MP desirable orfor
N/100ml) 10000max agriculture
permissible and
aquaculture
 MinistryofUrbanDevelopment
R
Recommendation
d i
MinistryofUrbanDevelopment Parameter Value Remarks
andPovertyalleviation
constitutedintheyear2004a
committeetodeterminethe Faecal 500 Desirable
normsforcoliformlevelinthe
f lf l l h Coliform
treatedwastewaterspecificto (MPN/100ml)
thestretchoftheriverYamunain
Faecal 2500 Maximum
Delhi
Delhi. Coliform Permissible
TheCommitteemadethe (MPN/100ml)
followingrecommendations
which have been mentioned in
whichhavebeenmentionedin BOD 3mg/lorless
/l l
theadjacenttable:
 Standardfordischargeoftreatedsewageintothestretchof
Ri
RiverYamunainDelhi
Y i D lhi

Parameter Notto Remarks Note TertiaryTreatmentafter

exceed conventionaltreatmentprocesses
likeASPorTFisrequiredto
BOD 10mg/l Immediate achievetherecommended
goall standardsforBODandFC.
d d f d
TertiaryTreatmentoptions
includechemicalsaided
Faecal 2500
2500 See
See flocculation sedimentation with
flocculation,sedimentationwith
Coliform MPN/100ml adjacent orwithoutpostgranularmedia
note filtrationandorchlorination.
OverviewofWastewaterTreatmentProcesses
SewageTreatmentProcessSelection

TreatedSewageQuality:MeetStd.
Treated Sewage Quality : Meet Std
PowerRequirement:Minimize
LandRequirement:Minimize
Capital Cost: Optimum Utilization
CapitalCost:OptimumUtilization
O&MCost:LowerRunningCost
Waste Stabilization Pond Systems
WasteStabilizationPondSystems

PerformanceoftheUnit
Canreliablyproducehighquality
C li bl d hi h li
effluentwithlowBOD,SS,Faecal
coliform andhighD.O.levels.
BODreductionoftheorderof90%
orso.
Suspendedsolidsreductionis
somewhatlowduetopossible
overflowofalgae.
Coliformreductioncanbeupto6
units.
TotalNitrogenremovalbetween
7090%.
TotalPhosphorusremovalbetween
3045%.
Detentiontime:6to8days
Duckweed Pond System
DuckweedPondSystem

Retentionperiod721days
Shallowdepthofwaterfrom
1.252.0mts.
ForsettledwastewatersBOD
For settled wastewaters BOD
andSSremovalupto 30mg/lis
achievable
Highmineralandnutrient
removalrateduetouptakeof
duckweeds.
Capitalcostofthesameorder
ofWSPwithadditionalcostof
floatingcellmaterial.
g
Facultative Aerated LAGOON (FAL)
FacultativeAeratedLAGOON(FAL)
Noprimaryorsecondary
settling required with no
settlingrequiredwithno
sludgerecirculation.
Anaerobicbottomlayerand
aerobictoplayer.
Simultaneousdegradation
of sludge in the bottom
ofsludgeinthebottom
layerandorganicsinthetop
layer.
BODremoval7090%
Suspendedsolidsremoval
70 80%
7080%
Coliformremoval6099%
Trickling filter
Tricklingfilter

Proven100yearoldtechnology
Lessmonitoringrequiredthan
ASP
Ruggedsystemwithsimpleand
p
silentoperation.
Consistenteffluentquality
Standalonetreatmentprocess
forsewageifoperatedatlow
rates.
rates
Tobeusedincombinationwith
ASPforefficientpeformance.
p g
Lowpathogenremoval
Bacteria,2090%
Viruses5090%
Giardia cysts7090%
cysts 70 90%
ActivatedSludgeProcess
(ASP)
Provenandtestedmethodology
allovertheworldforthelast78
decades.
Severalmodificationsavailable
forspecificrequirements.
Uninterruptedpowersupply
requiredforaerationandsludge
recirculation.
Reactorsludgelevelstobe
carefullymonitoredandsludgeis
tobewithdrawnfromthesystem.
8090%removalofbacteria.
9099%removalofviruses.
BIOFORTechnology(BiologicalFiltrationand
O
OxygenatedReactor)
dR )
Enhancedprimarytreatmentwith
additionofchemicalsand
dd f h l d
coagulants.
Highrateprimarytubesettlers
and integrated thickening offering
andintegratedthickeningoffering
spaceeconomy.
SuspendedsolidsandBOD
removaloftheorderof90%and
70%respectivelyintheprimary
clarifier.
Lowturbiditywithsuspended
solidsunder15mg/landtotal
lid d 15 /l d l
systemefficiencyof98%.
Pathogenremovalof2onthelog
scale.
scale
HighRateActivatedSludgeBIOFORF
T h l
Technology
Compactlayoutasaresultof
highrateprocesses.
g p
Higheraerationefficiency
throughdiffusedandtapered
aerationsystem.
y
Spacesavingasprimary
sedimentationisdispensed.
Compliancewithstrict
Compliance with strict
dischargestandards.
Absenceofaerosolandodor
nuisance in the working area
nuisanceintheworkingarea.
Selfsufficientinenergy
requirementduetogasengine
based cogeneration sysytem.
basedcogenerationsysytem.
Fluidized Aerated Bed (FAB)
FluidizedAeratedBed(FAB)

Twostagebiologicaloxidation.
Treatmentschemewithout
primarysedimentationand
sludgedigestion.
Reactorsuptodepth5mensures
lowlandrequirement.
HighBODremovalwitheffluent
g
concentrationlessthan10mg/l
HighSuspendedsolidsremoval
witheffluentconcentrationless
than20mg/l
Faecalcoliformsremovalofthe
orderof23onlogscale.
g
SubmergedAerationFixedFilmTechnology
(SAFF T h l )
(SAFFTechnology)
Essentiallyatricklingfilterwith
enhancedoxygensupplythrough
h d l h h
submergedaeration.
Unconventionalplasticmedia
with high void ratio and specific
withhighvoidratioandspecific
surfacearea.
HighBODremovalwith98%
y
efficiencywitheffluentBOD
concentrationlessthan10mg/l.
HighSuspendedsolidsremoval
witheffluentconcentrationof20
mg/l.
/l
Faecal coliforms removalofthe
orderof23onlogscaleatSAFF2
Stage.
Stage
Cyclic Activated Sludge Process (CASP)
CyclicActivatedSludgeProcess(CASP)

Essentially activated sludge process

operatedd in
i batches
b h through
h h auto
control.
Aeration and settling in one tank
leading to lower plant foot print.
print
Uninterrupted power supply is a
must as the whole process is auto
controlled.
HighBODremovalwitheffluent
concentrationlessthan10mg/l
HighSuspendedsolidsremoval
witheffluentconcentrationless
ith ffl t t ti l
than20mg/l
Faecal coliforms removalofthe
order of 23
orderof2 3onlogscale.
on log scale.
UpflowAnaerobicSludgeBlanketProcess
(UASB)
Processnotvulnerabletopower
cuts.
Recoveryofgaswithhighcalorific
value.
Lowsludgeproduction.
Noprimarytreatment,suspended
solidsinthewastewateractsas
carriermaterialformicrobial
i i lf i bi l
attachment.
Recoveryofgaswithhighcalorific
value.
value
Lowsludgeproduction.
PosttreatmentofUASBis
invariably required
invariablyrequired.
 LandAreaRequirementforDifferentSTPs
Sl. STP Land Advantage Disadvantages Applicability
No
No. Process Area
Area,
hectare
/MLD
1 Waste 0.80to i) The inherent simplicity of construction offers low i)Largelandrequirement i)
Suitableunderwarm
Stabilisati 1.5 cost technology option ii)Highcostoflining
Indianclimatic
on Pond
onPond ii) High quality effluent at least operating costs.
costs iii) Risk of odour nuisance
iii)Riskofodournuisance conditions
conditions
System iii) Low skill requirement for operation of the plant. andmosquitobreedingiv ii)Forareaswitheasy
(WSPS) Iv) Fish yield from aquaculture ponds around 4 7 Riskofgroundwater availabilityofland
MT/ha/year contaminationinporous iii)
Inareaswithsocial
andfracturedstrata preferencefor
aquaculture
aquaculture
iv) Inareaswithlow,
unreliableorexpensive
powersupply.
2 Duckwee 1.5to i) Less sensitive to low temperature, high nutrient i)Lowpathogenremoval i) Lowstrengthdomestic
d Pond
dPond 2.0
2.0 levels, pH fluctuations, pests and diseases duetoreducedlight
due to reduced light wastewater or after
wastewaterorafter
System compared to other aquatic plants penetration primarysedimentation
(DPS) ii) Simultaneous significant nutrient removal withinfluentBOD<
ii)Duckweeddieoffincold 80mg/L
iii) Yield of highly protein containing vegetative weatherconditions ii) Incombinationwith
material (35 45%) as animal feed eexistingWSP
st g S
iv) Duckweed as an excellent feed for poultry iii) Ruralandsemiurban
settlementswitheasy
v) Realization of tangible economic returns from sale landavailability
of raw or processed weed or fish iv)Asapolishingpondforan
existingactivatedsludge
g g
plantorother
technologybasedSTPs
 Contd..
Sl. STPProcess Land Advantage Disadvantages Applicability
No. Area,
hectare
/MLD
3 Facultative 0.27to i)Simpleoperationoftheplantrequiringlower i)Possibilityof i)Standalonesystemfor
Aerated 0.4 skilledmanpowerii) groundwater sewagetreatment
Lagoon(FAL) Minimumcivil,electricalandmechanical contaminationinporous ii)Asanupgradation option
installation andfracturedstrata foroverloadWSPs
iii)Lowerenergycostscomparedtoother ii)Highcostoflining
aerobicprocessesiv)
LowerO&Mcost
4 Trickling 0.25to i)Simpleoperationoftheplantrequiringlower i)Blockageofportsin i)IncombinationwithASPfor
Filter(TF) 0.50 skilledmanpowerii) distributionarm. goodandconsistent
Ruggedsystem,lesspronetohydraulicand ii)Blockageofbio filter performance
organicoverloading duetoexcessbiomass
iii)Reducedrequirementforprocessmonitoring growthorfloatingmatter
iv)Sludgewithbettersettlingcharacteristics iii)Riskofodour and
filterfly
5 Activated 0.15to i)Performanceisnotsignificantlyaffecteddue i)Performanceis Themostwidelyusedoption
Sludge 0.25 tonormalvariationsinwastewater adverselyaffecteddueto fortreatmentofdomestic
Process(ASP) characteristicsandseasonalchanges interruptioninpower wastewaterformediumto
supplyevenforashort largetownswherelandis
period scarce
ii)Foamingproblemmay
occuriii)Requires
elaboratesludge
digestion/drying/disposal
arrangement
 Contd..
Sl. STP Process Land Advantage Disadvantages Applicability
No. Area,
hectare
/MLD
6 BIOFOR 0.08 i) Higher aeration efficiency through co - current i) Continuous and
Technology diffused aeration system high chemical dosing
(Biological ii) Able to withstand fluctuations in flow rate and in primary
Filtration and organic loads clarification
Oxygenated iii) Compliance with stricter discharge standards ii) Undigested sludge
Reactor) iv) Effluent suitable for UV disinfection without from primary
filtration clarification requiring
v) Absence of aerosol and odour nuisance in the post treatment
working area
vi) Absence of corrosive gases in the area
7 High Rate 0.10 i) Higher aeration efficiency through diffused and None, except high
Activated tapered aeration system high cost
Sludge Biofor ii) Compliance with stricter discharge standards
-F iii) Stable digester performance and consistent gas
Technology production
8 Fluidized 0.06 i) Deep reactors enabling small space requirements i) Reliance on The FAB technology
Aerated Bed ii) Elimination of the need for sludge recirculation and patented filter based system is
(FAB) monitoring of MLSS in the reactor media particularly
iii) Capacity to handle shock loads ii) Reliance on applicable for:
iv) Low & stabilised sludge production eliminating the flocculants, i) small to medium
need for sludge digestion polyelectrolyte flows in congested
and chemical locations
disinfectant ii) Sensitive locations
( i l)
(optional) iii) decentralised
d li d
iii) Requires skilled approach
manpower iv) Reliving existing
overloaded STPs
 Contd..
Sl. STPProcess LandArea, Advantage Disadvantages Applicability
No. hectare/MLD
9 Submerged 0.05 i) Deepreactors i) Cloggingofreactorduetoabsenceof TheSAFFtechnologybased
AerationFixed
Aeration Fixed enablingsmall
enabling small primary sedimentation
primarysedimentation system is particularly applicable
systemisparticularlyapplicable
Film(SAFF) space ii) Relianceonproprietaryfiltermedia for: i)Small
Technology requirements iii) Highrelianceonexternalenergyinput tomediumflowsincongested
ii) Abilityto iv) Requiresskilledmanpower locationsii)Sensitive
effectivelytreat locationsiii)
dilutedomestic Decentralizedapproach
wastewaters iv)Relivingexistingoverloaded
iii) Low&stabilized tricklingfilters
sludgeproduction
eliminatingthe
needforsludge
di
digestion
i

10 Cyclic 0.120.15 i)Canbedesignedto i) Noprovisionforsludgemanagement TheCyclicActivatedSludge

Activated removeNandPalong ii) Noprovisionofprimarytreatment Process(CASP)maybeapplicable
Sludge withcarbonremoval iii) Highrelianceonexternalenergyinput for:
Process iv) Requiresskilledmanpower i)smalltomediumflowsin
(CASP) congestedlocations
ii)Sensitivelocations
iii)decentralised approach
iv)relivingexistingoverloaded
tricklingfilters
11 Upflow 0.2 0.3 i)Sludgehandlingis i)Ingeneralcannotmeetthedesiredeffluent Thesuitabilityofthistechnology
Anaerobic minimized dischargestandardunlessproperposttreatment maybedoubtfulasastand alone
Sludge ii)Powersupply isadopted,whichinturnmaymakethetreatment secondarytreatmentoption
Blanket interruptionshave schemeenergyintensiveormayrequirelargeland
(UASB)
(UASB) minimal effect on plant
minimaleffectonplant area
Process performance ii)Effluentisanoxicandinvariablyexerts
iii)Canabsorbhydraulic substantialinitial/instantaneousoxygendemand
andorganicshock whichmayhaveadverseimpactonreceiving
loading inlandwaterbodiesorwhenusedforirrigation
 CapitalandO&MCostforDifferentSTPs
Sl. STPProcess Energy CapitalCost,Rs.Million/MLD O&MCost,million/year/MLD
No.
o Requirement
equ e e
1 WasteStabilisation PondSystem Negligible. Rs.2.5 5.0 Million/MLD Rs.0.090.15million/
(WSPS) year/MLD
Rs.0.250.41/m3
2 DuckweedPondSystem(DPS) Negligible. Rs.2.5 5.0Million/MLD Rs.0.25million/MLD/year.

Rs.0.68/m3
3 FacultativeAeratedLagoon(FAL) 18KWh/ML Rs.2.2to3.0 Million/MLD 0.15to0.2million/MLD/yr.
Rs.0.41to0.55/m3
4 TricklingFilter(TF) 180KWh/ML Rs.4to5Million/MLD Rs.0.5million/MLD/year.
Rs.1.40/m3
5 ActivatedSludgeProcess(ASP) 180 225 Rs.5to6 Million/MLD Rs.0.5to0.7
KWh/ML million/MLD/Year
Rs.1.40to1.92/m3
6 BIOFORTechnology(Biological
BIOFOR Technology (Biological 220 335
220 335 Rs. 10 to 12 Million/MLD
Rs.10to12 RS 1.2 million/mld/Year
RS1.2million/mld/Year
FiltrationandOxygenatedReactor) kWh/ML Rs.3.30/m3
7 HighRateActivatedSludgeBiofor F 180kWh/ML Rs.7.5 Million/MLD Rs.0.80million/MLD/Year
Technology Rs.2.20/m3
8 FluidizedAeratedBed(FAB) 99to170 Rs6to8 Million/MLD Rs.0.9to1.0million/MLD/
kWh/ML
kWh/ML year
Rs.2.47to2.74/m3
9 SubmergedAerationFixedFilm(SAFF) 390kWh/ML Rs.9 Million/MLD Rs.1.4million/MLD/year
Technology Rs.3.84/m3
10 CyclicActivatedSludgeProcess(CASP) 150 200 Rs.11 Million/MLD Rs.1.4million/MLD/year
kWh/ML
11 UpflowAnaerobicSludgeBlanket 10 15KWh/ML Rs.3.0to4.0 Million/MLD Rs.0.12to0.17
(UASB)Process million/MLD/Year
Rs.0.33to0.47m3
 Land(ha/MLD)areafordifferentSTPs
( / )

2.5

LandArea(ha/MLD)
2 2
1WSPS
2DPS
3 FAL
3FAL
4TF
1.5 1.5 5ASP
Landarea(ha/MLD)

6BIOFOR Technology
7HRASBF
8FAB
1 9SAFF
10CASP
0.8 11USAB

0.5 0.5
0.4
0.3
0.25
0.15
0.1 0.06 0.05
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Sl.No.
 CapitalCostfordifferentSTPs

14

12 12

11
CapitalCost(MillionRs.//MLD)

CapitalCost(Rs.
Million/MLD)
10

8 8
7.5

6 6

5 5 5

4 4

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Sl No
Sl.No.
 O&MCostforDifferentSTPs
1.6

1.4 1.4 1.4 O&MCost

(Rs.Million/Year/MLD)

1.2 1.2

1 1
on/Year/MLD)

0.8 0.8

0.7

06
0.6
Cost(Rs.Millio

0.5

0.4
O&MC

0 25
0.25
0.2 0.2
0.15 0.17

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Sl.No.
 THANK YOU
THANKYOU

NAMASKAR