2 Integral Calculus

Do You Know
It was in this aspect that the process of integration was treated by
Leibnitz, the symbol of being regarded as the initial letter of the word
Sum, in the same way as the symbol of differentiation d is the initial letter
in the word difference.

Definition
If f and g are functions of x such that g ( x) = f ( x), then the function g is
called a anti-derivative (or primitive function or simply integral) of f w.r.t. x.
It is written symbolically,
d
f ( x) dx = g ( x), where dx g ( x) = f ( x)

Points to Consider
1. In other words,
f ( x ) dx = g ( x ) iff g ( x ) = f ( x )
2. f ( x ) dx = g ( x ) + c, where c is constant, [Q ( g ( x ) + c ) = g ( x ) = f ( x )]
and c is called constant of integration.

d
Illustration 1 If [ x n + 1 + c ] = ( n + 1) x n , then find x
n
dx.
dx
d
Solution. As, [ x n + 1 + c ] = ( n + 1) x n
dx
( x n + 1 + c ) is anti-derivative or integral of ( n + 1) x n
xn + 1
x dx = n + 1 + C
n

Illustration 2 Evaluate e x (cos x sin x ) dx.

Solution. Here, e x (cos x sin x ) is the derivative of e x cos x
e (cos x sin x ) dx = e x cos x + C
x

Fundamental Integration Formulae

d
Since, { g ( x)} = f ( x)
dx
f ( x) dx = g ( x) + C
Therefore, based upon this definition and various standard
differentiation formulas, we obtain the following integration formulae
 Chapter 1 : Indefinite Integrals 3
d xn + 1 xn + 1
= xn, n 1 x dx = + C, n 1
n
(i)
dx n + 1 n+1
d 1 1
(ii)
dx
(log | x |) =
x
x dx = log | x | + C, when x 0
d x
(e ) = e e dx = e x + C
x x
(iii)
dx
d ax ax
= a x , a > 0, a 1 a dx = +C
x
(iv)
dx log e a log a
d
(v)
dx
( cos x) = sin x sin x dx = cos x + C
d
(vi)
dx
(sin x) = cos x cos x dx = sin x + C
d
(tan x) = sec2 x sec x dx = tan x + C
2
(vii)
dx
d
( cot x) = cosec2 x cosec x dx = cot x + C
2
(viii)
dx
d
(ix)
dx
(sec x) = sec x tan x sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
d
(x)
dx
( cosec x) = cosec x cot x cosec x cot x dx = cosec x + C
d
(xi)
dx
(log |sin x |) = cot x cot x dx = log |sin x | + C
d
(xii)
dx
( log |cos x |) = tan x tan x dx = log |cos x | + C
d
(xiii) (log |sec x + tan x |) = sec x sec x dx = log |sec x + tan x | + C
dx
d
(xiv) (log|cosec x cot x|) = cosec x
dx
cosec x dx = log |cosec x cot x | + C
d 1 x
= sin 1 + C
1 dx x
(xv) sin =
dx a a x2
2
a x
2 2 a
d 1 x 1 1
dx = cos 1 + C
x
(xvi)
dx
cos

=
a 2
a x 2
a x 2 2 a
d 1 tan 1 = 2
x 1 dx
= tan 1 + C
1 x
(xvii)
dx

a a a + x2
a +x
2 2
a a
1 1 1
cot 1 = 2 dx = cot 1 + C
d x 1 x
(xviii)
dx

a a a + x2
a +x
2 2
a a
d 1 sec 1 =
x 1 dx 1
sec 1 + C
x
(xix)
dx

a a x x2 a2
x x a2 2
=
a a

d 1 1 x 1 dx
cosec 1 + C
1 x
(xx) cosec
dx a
=
a x x a
2 2
x x a2 2
=
a a
4 Integral Calculus

Points to Consider
1. k f ( x ) dx = k f ( x ) dx, where k is constant.
ie, The integral of the product of a constant and a function = the constant
integral of the function.
2. { f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) f n ( x )} dx = f1 ( x ) dx f 2 ( x ) dx f n ( x ) dx.
ie, The integral of the sum or difference of a finite number of functions is
equal to the sum or difference of the integrals of the various functions.
3. Geometrical interpretation
x2
eg, y = x dx = +C
2
x2+C3
x2+C2
x2+C1

O (x,0)

Fig. 1.1

y = f ( x ) dx = F( x ) + C

F ( x ) = f ( x ); F ( x1 ) = f ( x1 )
Hence, y = f ( x ) dx denotes a family of curves such that the slope of the
tangent at x = x1 on every member is same ie, F ( x1 ) = f ( x ) [when x1 lies in the
domain of f ( x )]
Hence, anti-derivative of a function is not unique. If g1( x ) and g2( x ) are two
anti-derivatives of a function f ( x ) on [ a, b], then they differ only by a
constant.
ie, g1( x ) g2( x ) = C
4. Anti-derivative of a continuous function is differentiable.
ie, If f ( x ) is continuous, then
f ( x ) dx = F( x ) + C
F ( x ) = f ( x )
F ( x )
always exists and is continuous.
5. If integrand is discontinuous at x = x1, then its anti-derivative at x = x1 need
not be discontinuous.
1 / 3
eg, x dx. Here, x 1/ 3 is discontinuous at x = 0.

1 / 3 3 2/ 3
But x dx =
2
x + C is continuous at x = 0.

6. Anti-derivative of a periodic function need not be a periodic function.

eg, f ( x ) = cos x + 1 is periodic but ( cos x + 1) dx = sin x + x + C is aperiodic.
 Chapter 1 : Indefinite Integrals 5

Illustration 3 Evaluate
x 2 + 5x 1
(i) dx (ii) ( x 2 + 5)3 dx
x
x 2 + 5x 1
Solution. (i) I = x
dx

x2 5 x1 1
= 1/ 2 + 1/ 2 1/ 2 dx
x x x
= 3/ 2
x 1/ 2 ) dx
3(/x2 + 1 + 5x
1/ 2
1/ 2 + 1
x 5x x 1/ 2 + 1
= + +C
3 /2 + 1 1/2 + 1 1/2 + 1
xn + 1
x dx = + C
n
using
n+1
2 5/ 2 2
I= x + 5 x 3 / 2 2 x1 / 2 + C
5 3
(ii) I = (x + 5)3 dx
2

Expanding the integrand by the binomial formula

I= (x + 15x 4 + 75x 2 + 125) dx
6

x 7 15x 5 75x 3
I = + + + 125x + C
7 5 3
x7
I= + 3 x 5 + 25x 3 + 125x + C
7

Illustration 4 Evaluate
dx
(i) tan 2 x dx (ii)
sin x cos 2 x
2

sin 6 x + cos 6 x cos x cos 2x

(iii) dx (iv) dx
sin 2 x cos 2 x 1 cos x

I= tan x dx
2
Solution. (i)
I = (sec x 1) dx
2

I= sec x dx 1 dx
2

I = tan x x + c
1
(ii) I= dx
sin 2 x cos 2 x
sin 2 x + cos 2 x
I = sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx (as sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1)

sin 2 x cos 2 x
I= sin 2 x cos2 x dx + sin 2 x cos2 x dx
I= sec x dx + cosec
2 2
x dx
I = tan x cot x + C
6 Integral Calculus
sin 6 x + cos 6 x
(iii) I= sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx

(sin 2 x + cos 2 x )3 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x (sin 2 x + cos 2 x )

I= sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx

[ using ( a + b)3 = a 3 + b3 + 3 ab ( a + b)]

1 3 sin x cos x
2 2
I= sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx

1
= sin 2 x cos2 x dx 3 dx
(sin 2 x + cos 2 x )
= sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx 3 x + C

= sec x dx + cosec x dx 3 x + C
2 2

= tan x cot x 3 x + C
cos x cos 2x
(iv) I= dx
1 cos x
cos x (2 cos 2 x 1)
I= 1 cos x
dx

(2 cos x + 1) (cos x 1)
I= (cos x 1)
dx

I= (2 cos x + 1) dx
I = 2 sin x + x + C

Illustration 5 Evaluate
x3 x2
(i) dx (ii) dx
x+2 x +5
2

x3
Solution. (i) I= x + 2 dx
8
I = x 2 2x + 4 dx
x + 2
x3
I= x 2 + 4x 8 log | x + 2| + C
3
x2
(ii) I= 2 dx
x +5
5 dx
= 1 2 dx = x 5 2
x + 5 x + ( 5 )2
5 x
=x tan 1 + C
5 5
x
I = x 5 tan 1 + C
5
 Chapter 1 : Indefinite Integrals 7

Points to Consider
In rational algebraic functions if the degree of numerator is greater than or
equal to degree of denominator, then always divide the numerator by
denominator and use the result of integration.

Illustration 6 Solve
(i) 5log e x
dx (ii) 2log 4 x
dx
Solution. (i) I =5 log e x
dx

=x log e 5
dx (as a log e b
= blog c a )

x log e 5 + 1
= +C
(log e 5 + 1)
x log e 5 + 1
5 dx = +C
log e x
log e 5 + 1
(ii) I = 2log 4 x
dx

=2
log x
22 dx

1
= 21/ 2 log 2 x
dx using log bn x = log b x
n
= 2log 2 x
dx

= x dx ( using a log a b
= b)

x 3/ 2
= +C
3/2
2
2 dx = x 3/ 2 + C
log 4 x
3

Methods of Integration
If the integrand is not a derivative of a simple function, then the
corresponding integrals cannot be found directly. In order to find the integral
of complex problems, we follow the following rules :

Integration by Substitution
(or by change of the independent variable)
If g ( x) is a continuously differentiable function, then to evaluate
integrals of the form,
I = f ( g ( x)) . g ( x) dx,
we substitute g ( x) = t and g ( x) dx = dt
The substitution reduces the integral to f ( t) dt.
After evaluating this integral we substitute back the value of t.
8 Integral Calculus
Illustration 7 Evaluate
sin (log x ) 3 sin x + 4 cos x
(i) dx (ii) dx
x 4 sin x 3 cos x
m tan 1 x
e
(iii) dx (iv) x sin (4x 2 + 7) dx
1 + x2
sin (log x )
Solution. (i) I = x
dx
d 1
We know, (log x ) =
dx x
1
Thus, let log x = t dx = dt (i)
x
I= sin ( t ) dt = cos ( t ) + C
= cos (log x ) + C [using Eq. (i)]
3 sin x + 4 cos x
(ii) I = dx
4 sin x 3 cos x
d
We know, (4 sin x 3 cos x ) = (4 cos x + 3 sin x )
dx
Thus, let 4 sin x 3 cos x = t (i)
(4 cos x + 3 sin x ) dx = dt
dt
I= t
= log | t | + C

3 sin x + 4 cos x
I= 4 sin x 3 cos x
dx

= log |4 sin x 3 cos x | + C [using Eq. (i)]

m tan 1 x
e
(iii) I= dx let m tan 1 x = t
1 + x2
dt m
I= e dx = dt
t
m 1 + x2
1 1 1
I= e dx =
t
dt dt
m 1 + x2 m
1 t 1 m tan 1
I= e +C= e x
+C
m m
I= x sin (4x + 7) dx
2
(iv)

Let 4x + 7 = t
2

1
8x dx = dt, x dx = dt
8
dt
I = sin ( t )
8
1
I = cos ( t ) + C
8
1
I = cos (4x 2 + 7) + C
8
 Chapter 1 : Indefinite Integrals 9

Points to Consider
1
1. If f ( x ) dx = g ( x ) + C, then f ( ax + b) dx = a g ( ax + b) + C
1 1 1
2. If x dx = log | x | + C, then ax + b dx = a log | ax + b| + C
Thus, in any fundamental integral formulae given in article fundamental
integration formulae if in place of x we have ( ax + b), then same formula is
applicable but we must divide by coefficient of x or derivative of (ax + b) ie, a.

Here is the list of some of frequently used formulae

( ax + b) n + 1
( ax + b) dx = + C, n 1
n
(i)
a ( n + 1)
1 1
(ii) ax + b dx = a log | ax + b| + C
ax + b 1 ax + b
(iii) e dx =
a
e +C

bx + c 1 a bx + c
(iv) a dx =
b log a
+C

1
(v) sin ( ax + b) dx = a cos ( ax + b) + C
1
(vi) cos ( ax + b) dx = a sin ( ax + b) + C
1
sec ( ax + b) dx = tan ( ax + b) + C
2
(vii)
a
1
cosec ( ax + b) dx = a cot ( ax + b) + C
2
(viii)

1
(ix) sec ( ax + b) tan ( ax + b) dx = a sec ( ax + b) + C
1
(x) cosec ( ax + b) cot ( ax + b) dx = a cosec ( ax + b) + C
1
(xi) tan ( ax + b) dx = a log |cos ( ax + b) | + C
1
(xii) cot ( ax + b) dx = a log |sin ( ax + b) | + C
1
(xiii) sec ( ax + b) dx = a log |sec ( ax + b) + tan ( ax + b) | + C
1
(xiv) cosec ( ax + b) dx = a log |cosec ( ax + b) cot ( ax + b) | + C
10 Integral Calculus
Illustration 8 Evaluate
(i) cos 4x cos 7x dx (ii) cos x cos 2x cos 5x dx
Solution. When calculating such integrals it is advisable to use the
trigonometric product formulae.
(i) cos 4x cos 7x dx
1
Here, cos 4x cos 7x = (cos 3 x + cos 11x )
2
I= cos 4x cos 7x dx
1
=
2 (cos 3 x + cos 11x ) dx
1 1
=
2 cos 3 x dx + 2 cos 11x dx
sin 3 x sin 11x
= + +C
6 22
(ii) cos x cos 2x cos 5x dx
1
We have, (cos x cos 2x ) cos 5x = (cos x + cos 3 x ) cos 5x
2
1
= {2 cos x cos 5x + 2 cos 3 x cos 5x}
4
1
= { (cos 4x + cos 6x ) + (cos 2x + cos 8x )}
4
1
cos x cos 2x cos 5x = {cos 2x + cos 4x + cos 6x + cos 8x}
4

I= (cos x cos 2x cos 5x ) dx

1
4
= (cos 2x + cos 4x + cos 6x + cos 8x ) dx

sin 2x sin 4x sin 6x sin 8x

= + + + +C
8 16 24 32

Points to Consider
While solving such problems it is expedient to use the following trigonometric
identities :
1
1. sin mx cos nx = {sin ( m n ) x + sin ( m + n ) x }
2
1
2. cos mx sin nx = {sin ( m + n ) x sin ( m n ) x }
2
1
3. sin mx sin nx = {cos ( m n ) x cos ( m + n ) x }
2
1
4. cos mx cos nx = {cos ( m n ) x + cos ( m + n ) x }
2
 Chapter 1 : Indefinite Integrals 11

Illustration 9 Evaluate
8x + 13
(i) x x 5 dx (ii) dx
4x + 7
x3 x2 + 1
(iii) dx (iv) dx
1 + 2x ( x 2 1 )2
x2 dx
(v) ( a + bx )2 dx (vi)
x+1 x

Solution. (i) I= x x 5 dx

Let x 5 = t 2
dx = 2t dt
I= (t + 5) t 2t dt = 2 ( t 4 + 5t 2 ) dt
2

t 5 5t 3
=2 + +C
5 3
( x 5 )5 / 2 5 ( x 5 )3 / 2
=2 + +C
5 3
8x + 13
(ii) I = dx
4x + 7
Let 4x + 7 = t 2
1
4dx = 2t dt, dx = t dt
2
2 ( t 7) + 13 1
2
I= t
t dt
2
1
2
I= (2t 2 14 + 13 ) dt
1
2
= (2t 2 1) dt
1 t
I = t3 + C
3 2
1 1
I = (4x + 7)3/ 2 (4x + 7)1/ 2 + C
3 2
x3
(iii) I = dx, let 1 + 2x = t 2
1 + 2x
2dx = 2t dt, dx = t dt
3
t2 1
t dt
2
I= t
1
8
I= ( t 3 t 4 + 3 t 2 1) dt
6

1 t7 3
= t5 + t3 t + C
87 5
1 (2x + 1)
7/ 2
3
I= (1 + 2x )5/ 2 + (2x + 1)3/ 2 (2x + 1)1/ 2 + C
8 7 5
12 Integral Calculus
x2 + 1
(iv) I= ( x 2 1)2 dx
1 + 1 / x2
I= 1
2
dx (dividing Nr and Dr by x 2)
x
x
dt 1 1
I = 2 let x = t 1 + 2 dx = dt
t x x
1
= +C
t
1 x
I= +C= +C
1 1 x2
x
x
2a a2
x 2
x2 1 b b
(v) I= ( a + bx )2 dx = b2 + ( bx + a )2
dx

1 a 2bx + a
=
b2 1 dx b2 ( bx + a )2 dx
1 a 2bx + 2a a
I=
b 2
x 2
b ( bx + a ) 2
dx

1 a 1 2
= x 2 2 dx a ( bx + a ) dx
b 2
b ( bx + a )
1 a 2 a
= x 2 log | bx + a | + +C
b2 b b b ( bx + a )

1 a2
= 3
bx 2a log | bx + a | +C
b ( a + bx )
dx
(vi) I= (rationalising Dr )
x+1 x
x+1+ x
I= ( x + 1) ( x )
dx

I= ( x+1+ x ) dx

2 2
I= ( x + 1 )3 / 2 + ( x )3 / 2 + C
3 3

Integral of the Form

1 1
1. f x + 1 2 dx
x x
1 1
Put x + = t 1 2 dx = dt
x x
1 1 1
2. f x 1 + 2 dx Put x = t
1
1 + 2 dx = dt
x x x x
 Chapter 1 : Indefinite Integrals 13
x2 + 1
3. dx
x4 + kx2 + 1
Divide numerator and denominator by x2
x2 1
4. 4 dx
x + kx2 + 1
Divide numerator and denominator by x2

x x ( x 2x + 1) (ln x + 1)
Illustration 10 x 4x + 1
dx
x
x (x 2x
+ 1) (ln x + 1)
Solution. I = dx
x 4x + 1
Put x x = y x x (ln x + 1) dx = dy
1 1
1+ 1+ 2
y2 + 1 y2 y
I= dy = dy = dy
y4 + 1 1
y2 + 2 1
2

y y + 2
y
1 1
Let y =t 1 + 2 dy = dt
y y
dt 1 1 t
I= 2 = tan +C
t +2 2 2
1 x 1
y x x
1 y 1
= tan 1 +C= tan 1 x +C
2 2 2 2

( x 2 1) dx
Illustration 11 Evaluate 1
.
( x 4 + 3 x 2 + 1) tan 1 x +
x
Solution. The given integral can be written as
(1 1 / x 2 ) dx
I= 1 1
(dividing Nr and Dr by x 2)
( x + 3 + 1 / x ) tan
2 2
x+
x
(1 1 / x 2 ) dx
I= 1
{( x + 1 / x )2 + 1} tan 1 x +
x
1 1
Let x + = t 1 2 dx = dt
x x
dt
I= 2 (i)
( t + 1) tan 1 ( t )
Now, make one more substitution
dt
tan 1 t = u. Then, = du
t +1
2
14 Integral Calculus
du
Eq. (i) becomes, I= u
= log |u | + C

I = log |tan 1 t | + C = log |tan 1 ( x + 1 / x )| + C

( x 7/ 6 x 5/ 6 ) dx
Illustration 12 x1/ 3 ( x 2 + x + 1)1/ 2 x1/ 2 ( x 2 + x + 1)1/ 3
x 7/ 6 ( x 7/ 6 x 5/ 6 ) dx
Solution. I =
x 7/ 6 x1/ 3 ( x 2 + x + 1)1/ 2 x1/ 2 x 7/ 6 ( x 2 + x + 1)1/ 3
(1 x 2 ) dx
=
x 3/ 2
( x + x + 1)1/ 2 x 5/ 3 ( x 2 + x + 1)1/ 3
2

1
1 2 dx
x
= 1/ 2 1/ 3
1 1
x+ +1 x+ +1
x x
1
Putting x+ =t
dt x
=
( t + 1)1/ 2 ( t + 1)1/ 3 1
1 2 dx = dt
x
Substitute, ( t + 1) = u 6
6u 5 du
=
u3 u2
u3
= 6 du, put u 1 = z
u 1
( z + 1 )3
= 6 dz
z
z3 + 3 z2 + 3 z + 1
= 6 dz
z
1
= 6 z 2 + 3 z + 3 + dz
z
z3 3 z2
= 6 + + 3 z + log | z | + C
3 2
1/ 6
1
where, z= x+ +1 1
x

Illustration 13 The value of {{[ x ]}} dx, where {.} and [.] denotes frac-
tional part of x and greatest integer function) is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 1
Solution. Let I = {{[ x ]}} dx
where, [ x ] = Integer and we know {n} = 0; n Integer.
I = 0 dx = 0
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
 Chapter 1 : Indefinite Integrals 15

Illustration 14 The value of [{ x }] dx; (where [.] and {.} denotes greatest
integer and fractional part of x is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 1
Solution. As, we know y = { x } could be shown as
y

x
O

[{ x }] = 0
Thus, I = [{ x }] dx = 0 dx = 0
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.

d ( x 2 + 1)
Illustration 15 The value of x2 + 2
, is

(a) 2 x 2 + 2 + C (b) x 2 + 2 + C (c) x x2 + 2 + C (d) None of these

d ( x 2 + 1)
Solution. Here, I=
x2 + 2
We know, d ( x 2 + 1) = 2x dx
2x dx
I=
x2 + 2
Put, x2 + 2 = t2
2x dx = 2t dt
2t dt
I= = 2t + C
t
I = 2 x2 + 2 + C
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.

( x )5 xk
Illustration 16 If dx = a log + c, then a and k are
( x )7 + x 6 1+ x
k

(a) 2 / 5, 5 / 2(b) 1 / 5, 2 / 5 (c) 5 / 2, 1 / 2 (d) 2 / 5, 1 / 2

( x )5
Solution. Here, I = dx
( x )7 + x 6
dx
=
( x )2 + ( x )7
dx 1 5
= , put = y 7/ 2 dx = dy
7/ 2 1 x 5/ 2 2x
x 1 + 5/ 2
x
16 Integral Calculus
2 dy 2
=
5 1+ y
=
5
log |1 + y| + C

2 1
= log + C
5 1 + y
2 x 5/ 2
= log 5/ 2 + C (i)
5 x + 1
xk
where, I = a log +C (given) (ii)
1+ x
k

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

xk 2 x 5/ 2
a log + C = log +C
1+ x 1+ x
k 5/ 2
5
a =2/5 and k =5/2
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.

cos 5x + cos 4x
Illustration 17 The value of 1 2 cos 3 x
dx, is equal to

sin 2x
(a) sin x + sin 2x + C (b) sin x +C
2
sin 2x
(c) sin x +C (d) None of these
2
cos 5x + cos 4x
Solution. Here, I = dx
1 2 cos 3 x
9x x
2 cos cos
= 2 2 dx
3x
1 2 2 cos 2 1
2
x 9x
2 cos cos
= 2 2 dx
3x
3 4 cos 2
2
3x
Multiplying and dividing it by cos , we get
2
x 3x 9x
2 cos cos cos
= 2 2 2 dx
3x 3 3x
3 cos 4 cos
2 2
2 cos x / 2 cos 3 x / 2 cos 9x / 2
= dx
cos 9x / 2
(using cos 3 = 4 cos 3 3 cos )
x 3x
= 2 cos cos dx = (cos 2x + cos x ) dx
2 2
sin 2x
= + sin x +C
2
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
 Chapter 1 : Indefinite Integrals 17
cos 7x cos 8x
Illustration 18 The value of 1 + 2 cos 5x
dx, is equal to

sin 2xcos 3 x
(a) + +C (b) sin x cos x + C
2 3
sin 2x cos 3 x
(c) +C (d) None of these
2 3
cos 7x cos 8x
Solution. Here, I = dx
1 + 2 cos 5x
15x x
2 sin sin
= 2 2 dx
1 + 2 cos 5x
5x
Multiplying and dividing by sin ,
2
15x x 5x
2 sin sin sin
= 2 2 2 dx
5x 5x
sin + 2 sin cos 5x
2 2
15x x 5x
2 sin sin sin
= 2 2 2 dx
5x 15 5x
sin + sin x sin
2 2 2
x 5x
= 2 sin sin dx
2 2
= (cos 2x cos 3 x ) dx

sin 2x sin 3 x
I= +C
2 3
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.

1
f ( x ) cos x dx = 2 f ( x ) + c, then f ( x ) can be
2
Illustration 19 If

(a) x (b) 1 (c) cos x (d) sin x

1 2
Solution. Here, f ( x ) cos x dx = f ( x ) + C
2
Differentiating both the sides, we get
f ( x ) cos x = f ( x ) f ( x )
d
ie, cos x = ( f ( x ))
dx
f ( x ) = cos x dx
f ( x ) = sin x + C
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
18 Integral Calculus

Target Exercise 1.1

Solved the following integration :
2 + 3x2 dx
1. 2 dx 2.
x (1 + x 2 ) x+1 x
x2 + 3 1 + 2x 2
3. x 6 ( x 2 + 1) dx 4. x 2 (1 + x 2 ) dx
(1 + x )2 x4
5. x (1 + x 2 ) dx 6. 1 + x 2 dx
x6 1 x4 + x2 + 1
7. x 2 + 1 dx 8. 2 (1 + x 2 )
dx

( x + 1) ( x 2 x )
9. x x +x+ x
dx

1 x 2 2 x 2 x
10. x1/ 2 x 1/ 2 x 3/ 2 + x1/ 2 x 1/ 2 dx
x 6 64 x2 4x 2 (2x + 1)
11. 4 + 2x 1 + x 2 4 4x 1 + x 2 1 2x
dx

( x 2 + sin 2 x ) sec 2x
12. 1 + x2
dx 13. 2x e x dx

e 3x + e 5x
14. e x + e x
dx 15. ( e a ln x + e x ln a ) dx

dx
16. 1 + sin x
17. sin x cos x cos 2x cos 4x dx

1 + cos 2 x 1 tan 2 x
18. 1 + cos 2x dx 19. 1 + tan 2 x dx
cos 2x x 21
20. cos2 x sin 2 x dx 21. 4 cos
2
cos x sin
2
x dx

cos x sin x
22. cos x + sin x (2 + 2 sin 2x ) dx 23. (3 sin x cos 2 x sin 3 x ) dx

sec 2x 1
24. cos x dx 25. sec 2x + 1 dx
cos x cos 2x sin x + cos x
26. 1 cos x
dx 27. 1 + sin 2x
dx (cos x + sin x > 0)

cos 2x cos 2 sin 3 x + cos 3 x

28. cos x cos
dx 29. sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx

sec 1 sin 2x dx
2
30. x cosec 2x dx 31.
sin x + cos x
6 6
32. sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx

2 9 x 2 7 x cos 4x + 1
33. sin 8 + 4 sin 8 + 4 dx

34. cot x tan x dx
 Chapter 1 : Indefinite Integrals 19
x dx sin 2x + sin 5x sin 3 x
sin sin ( x ) + sin
2
35. 36. dx
2 cos x + 1 2 sin 2 2x
cot2 2x 1 cos 4 x sin 4 x
37. cos 8x cot 4x dx 38. 1 + cos 4x
dx (cos 2x > 0)
2 cot 2x

Integration by Parts
Theorem If u and v are two functions of x, then
du
uv dx = u v dx dx v dx dx
ie, The integral of product of two functions = (first function) (integral of
second function) integral of (differential of first function integral of second
function).
Proof For any two functions f ( x) and g( x), we have
d d d
{ f ( x) g ( x)} = f ( x) { g ( x)} + g ( x) { f ( x)}
dx dx dx
d d
f ( x) dx { g ( x)} + g ( x) dx { f ( x)} dx = f ( x) g( x) dx
d d
or f ( x) dx { g( x)} dx + g ( x) dx { f ( x)} dx = f ( x) g ( x) dx
d d
or f ( x) dx { g ( x)} dx = f ( x) g ( x) dx g ( x) dx { f ( x)} dx
d
Let f ( x) = u and { g ( x)} = v
dx
So that g ( x) = v dx
du
uv dx = u v dx dx
v dx dx

Points to Consider
While applying the above rule, care has to be taken in the selection of first
function (u) and selection of second function (v). Normally we use the following
methods :
1. If in the product of the two functions, one of the functions is not directly
integrable (eg, log | x |, sin 1 x, cos 1 x, tan 1 x, , etc.) Then, we take it as
the first function and the remaining function is taken as the second function.
eg, In the integration of x tan 1 x dx, tan 1 x is taken as the first function
and x as the second function.
2. If there is no other function, then unity is taken as the second function. eg, In
the integration of tan 1 x dx, tan 1 x is taken as first function and 1 as the
second function.
3. If both of the function are directly integrable, then the first function is chosen
in such a way that the derivative of the function thus obtained under integral
sign is easily integrable.
20 Integral Calculus

Usually we use the following preference order for selecting the first
function. (Inverse, Logarithmic, Algebraic, Trigonometric, Exponent).
In above stated order, the function on the left is always chosen as the
first function. This rule is called as ILATE.

Illustration 20 Evaluate
(i) sin 1 x dx (ii) log e | x | dx
1 1
Solution. (i) I = sin x dx = sin x 1 dx
I II
Here, we know by definition of integration by parts that order of preference
is taken according to ILATE. So, sin 1 x should be taken as first and 1 as
the second function to apply by parts.
Applying integration by parts, we get
1
I = sin 1 x ( x ) x dx
1 x2
1 dt
= x sin 1 x + t1/ 2 let 1 x2 = t
2
2x dx = dt
1 1 t1/ 2 1
= x sin x+ +C x dx = dt
2 1/2 2
I = x sin 1 x + 1 x 2 + C

1
sin x dx = x sin 1 x + 1 x 2 + C

(ii) I= log e | x | dx = log e | x | 1 dx

I II
Applying integration by parts, we get
1
= log | x | x x dx
x
= x log | x | 1 dx
I = x log | x | x + C

Illustration 21 Evaluate
(i) x cos x dx (ii) x 2 cos x dx
Solution. (i) x cos x dx
I= x cos x dx
I II
Applying integration by parts,
d
I = x ( cos x dx ) ( x ) { (cos x ) dx } dx
dx
I = x sin x 1 sin x dx
I = x sin x + cos x + C
 Chapter 1 : Indefinite Integrals 21
I= x
2
(ii) cos x dx
I II
Applying integration by parts,
d
I = x 2 ( cos x dx ) dx ( x
2
) { cos x } dx

= x 2 sin x 2x (sin x ) dx = x 2 sin x 2 x (sin x ) dx

We again have to integrate x sin x dx using integration by parts,

= x 2 sin x 2 x sin x dx
I II
dx
= x 2 sin x 2 x ( sin x dx ) ( sin x dx ) dx
dx
= x 2 sin x 2 { x cos x 1 ( cos x ) dx }
I = x sin x + 2x cos x 2 sin x + C
2

sin 1 x cos 1 x
Illustration 22 Evaluate sin 1 x + cos 1
x
dx.

sin 1 x cos 1 x sin 1 x ( / 2 sin 1 x)

Solution. sin 1 x + cos 1
x
dx = /2
dx

(Q sin 1 + cos 1 = / 2)
2 1
I=
(2 sin x / 2) dx

4 1
I=
sin x dx 1 dx
4 1
I=
sin x dx x + C (i)

Let x = sin 2 , then dx = 2 sin cos d = sin 2 d

1
sin x dx = sin 2 d
I II
Applying integration by parts
1 cos 2 1 1
sin x dx = 2 + 2 cos 2 d = 2 cos 2 + 4 sin 2
1 1
= (1 2 sin 2 ) + sin 1 sin 2
2 2
1 1
= sin 1 x (1 2x ) + x 1 x (ii)
2 2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
4 1 1
I= (sin 1 x ) (1 2x ) + x 1 x x + C
2 2
2
= { x x 2 (1 2x ) sin 1 x} x + C

22 Integral Calculus

Integral of the Form e x { f ( x) + f ( x)} dx

Theorem Prove that e x { f ( x ) + f ( x )} dx = e x f ( x ) + C

e { f ( x ) + f ( x )} dx
x
Proof We have,

= e f ( x ) dx + e f ( x ) dx
x x

II I
= f ( x ) e x f ( x ) e x dx + e
x
f ( x ) dx + C
= f (x) e + C x

Thus, to evaluate the integrals of the type e x { f ( x) + f ( x) } dx, we first

express the integral as the sum of two integrals e x f ( x) dx and e x f ( x) dx
and then integrate the integral involving e x f ( x) as integrand by parts
taking e x as second function.

Points to Consider
The above theorem is also true, if we have e kx in place of e x . ie,
e { f ( kx ) + f ( kx )} dx = e f ( kx ) + C
kx kx

General Concept
e { f ( x) g ( x) + f ( x)} dx
g(x)

f ( x) g ( x) dx +
I = e{ e f ( x) dx
g(x) g(x)
Proof { 123
II I II

= f ( x) e g(x) f ( x) e dx + e f ( x) dx = f ( x) e g(x)
g (x) g(x)

2
(x sin x + cos x) x cos x ( x sin x + cos x)
2

eg, e

x 2
dx

(x sin x + cos x) x sin x + cos x
e cos x
2
dx
x2
(x sin x + cos x) cos x + cos x dx
e x cos x


x x

cos x
e (x sin x + cos x) +C
x
e (sin x sec x) dx = e sin x dx e sec x dx
tan x tan x tan x
eg,
e tan x cos x + e sec2 x cos x dx e
tan x tan x
sec x dx
e tan x
cos x

Illustration 23 Evaluate
1 + sin x cos x 1 + sin 2x
(i) e x dx (ii) e 2x dx
cos 2 x 1 + cos 2x
 Chapter 1 : Indefinite Integrals 23
1 + sin x cos x
Solution. (i) I = e x dx
cos 2 x
1 sin x cos x
I = ex 2 + dx
cos x cos 2 x
I= e {tan x + sec x} dx
x 2

I = e x tan x dx + e x (sec 2 x ) dx
II I
I = tan x e sec 2 x e x dx + e x sec 2x dx + C
x

I = e x tan x + C
1 + sin 2x
2 x 1 + 2 sin x cos x

(ii) I = e 2x dx = e dx
1 + cos 2x
2
2 cos x
1 2 sin x cos x 2 x 1
= e 2x 2
+ 2 dx = e sec x + tan x dx
2

2 cos x 2 cos x 2
1
= e 2x tan x dx + e 2x sec 2 x dx
II I 2
e 2x e 2x 1
= tan x sec 2 x dx + e
2x
sec 2 x dx
2 2 2
1 2x
I= e tan x + C
2
2
1x
Illustration 24 Evaluate e x dx.
1 + x
2
2
1x (1 2x + x 2 )
Solution. I = e dx =
x
ex dx
1 + x (1 + x 2 )2
2

1 + x2 2x
I= e
x
2 2
dx
(1 + x ) (1 + x )
2 2

1 2x d 1 2x
= ex 2 2
dx as = 2 2
1 + x (1 + x ) dx 1 + x (1 + x )
2 2

x
e
= +C
1 + x2
ex
I= +C
1 + x2

Integrals of the Form e ax sin bx dx , e ax cos bx dx

I = e (sin bx) dx
ax
Let
Then, I = sin bx e ax dx
I II
e ax
e ax
I = sin bx
a b cos bx a
dx
24 Integral Calculus
1 b e ax e ax
I = sin bx e ax cos bx ( b sin bx) dx
a a a a
2
1 b b
= sin bx e ax 2 cos bx e ax 2 sin bx e ax dx
a a a
1 b b2
I = sin bx e ax 2 cos bx e ax 2 I
a a a
b 2
1 e ax
I + 2 I = ( a sin bx b cos bx)
a a2
a2 + b2 e ax
I 2
= 2 ( a sin bx b cos bx)
a a
e ax
or I = ( a sin bx b cos bx) + C
a2 + b2
e ax
e sin bx dx = ( a sin bx b cos bx) + C
ax
Thus,
a2 + b2
e ax
e cos bx dx = ( a cos bx + b sin bx) + C
ax
Similarly,
a + b2
2

Aliter Use Eulers equation

P= e cos bx dx and Q = e
ax ax
Let sin bx dx

Hence, P + iQ = e ax e ibx dx = e (a + ib) x dx

1 a ib ax
P + iQ = e (a + ib) x = 2 e (cos bx + i sin bx)
a + ib a + b2
( ae ax cos bx + be ax sin bx) i ( ae ax sin bx be ax cos bx)
=
a2 + b2
e ax ( a cos bx + b sin bx)
P=
a2 + b2
e ax ( a sin bx b cos bx)
Q=
a2 + b2

Illustration 25 Evaluate
(i) e x cos 2 x dx (ii) sin (log x ) dx
1 + cos 2x
Solution. (i) I = e x cos 2 x dx = e x dx
2
1 1
2 cos 2x e
I= e x dx + x
dx
2
1 x 1
I = e + I1 (i)
2 2
where I1 = cos 2x e x dx
 Chapter 1 : Indefinite Integrals 25
I1 = cos 2x e x dx = cos 2x e x 2 sin 2x e x dx
I II
= e cos 2x + 2 sin 2x e x dx
x

I II
= e x cos 2x + 2 {sin 2x e x 2 cos 2x e x dx }
= e x cos 2x + 2 sin 2x e x 4 I1
1
I1 = {e x cos 2x + 2 sin 2x e x} (ii)
5
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1 1 1 x
I = ex + {e cos 2x + 2 sin 2x e x}
2 2 5
1 1 x
I = ex + e { cos 2x + 2 sin 2x } + C
2 10
(ii) I = sin (log x ) dx
Let log x = t x = e t or dx = e t dt
I = (sin t ) e t dt = sin t e t cos t e t dt
I II I II

I = sin t e t {cos t e t sin t e t dt }

I = e t sin t e t cos t I
1
I = e t (sin t cos t ) + C
2
x
I = { sin (log x ) cos (log x )} + C
2

x 2dx
Illustration 26 Evaluate ( x sin x + cos x )2

x2
Solution. Let I = dx
( x sin x + cos x )2
Multiplying and dividing it by ( x cos x ), we get
( x cos x )
I = ( x sec x ) dx
( x sin x + cos x )2
I II
x cos x
I = x sec x dx
( x sin x + cos x )2
d x cos x
( x sec x ) dx dx
( x sin x + cos x )
2
dx
1
= x sec x
( x sin x + cos x )
1
( x sec x tan x + sec x ) dx
( x sin x + cos x )
x sec x ( x sin x + cos x )
=
( x sin x + cos x )
+ cos 2 x ( x sin x + cos x )
dx
26 Integral Calculus
x sec x
( x sin x + cos x )
= + sec 2 x dx

x sec x
I= + tan x + C
( x sin x + cos x )

Integration of the Type (sin m x cos n x) dx

(i) Where m, n belongs to natural number.
(ii) If one of them is odd, then substitute for term of even power.
(iii) If both are odd, substitute either of them.
(iv) If both are even, use trigonometric identities only.
m + n 2
(v) If m and n are rational numbers and is a negative
2
integer, then substitute cot x = p or tan x = p which so ever is
found suitable.

Illustration 27 Evaluate sin 3 x cos 5 x dx.

Solution. I = sin 3 x cos 5 x dx
Let cos x = t sin x dx = dt
I = (1 t ) t dt
2 5

t8 t6
I = t 7 dt t 5 dt = +C
8 6
8 6
cos x cos x
I= +C
8 6
Aliter I = R3 (1 R2 )2 dR, if sin x = R, cos x dx = dR

I = R3 dR 2 R5 dR + R dR
7

sin 4 x 2 sin 6 x sin 8 x

I= + +C
4 6 8

Points to Consider
This problem can also be handled by successive reduction or by trigonometrical
identities. Answers will be in different form but identical with modified constant
of integration.

Illustration 28 Evaluate sin 11/ 3 x cos 1/ 3 x dx.

11 1
11 / 3 1/ 3
2
Solution. Here, sin x cos x dx ie, 3 3 = 3
2

cos 1/ 3 x
I= 1/ 3
dx = (cot 1/ 3 x ) (cosec 2 x )2 dx
sin x sin 4 x
 Chapter 1 : Indefinite Integrals 27
I = (cot 1/ 3 x ) (1 + cot2 x ) cosec 2 x dx (let cot x = t, cosec 2 x dx = dt)
= t 1/ 3 (1 + t 2 ) dt = ( t 1/ 3 + t 5/ 3 ) dt
3 3 3 3
= t 2/ 3 + t 8 / 3 + C = (cot2/ 3 x ) + (cot8 / 3 x ) + C
2 8 2 8

Illustration 29 Evaluate
1 1
(i) dx (ii) dx
sin ( x a ) cos ( x b) cos ( x a ) cos ( x b)
1
Solution. (i) I = dx
sin ( x a ) cos ( x b)
cos ( a b) dx
cos ( a b) sin ( x a ) cos ( x b)
I=

1 cos {( x b) ( x a )}
cos ( a b) sin ( x a ) cos ( x b)
= dx

1 cos ( x b) cos ( x a ) sin ( x b) sin ( x a )

cos ( a b) sin ( x a ) cos ( x b)
= + dx
sin ( x a ) cos ( x b)
1
cos ( a b)
= {cot ( x a ) + tan ( x b)} dx

1
= {log |sin ( x a )| log |cos ( x b)|} + C
cos ( a b)
1 sin ( x a )
= log e + C
cos ( a b) cos ( x b)
1
(ii) I= dx
cos ( x a ) cos ( x b)
1 sin ( a b)
=
sin ( a b) cos ( x a ) cos ( x b)
dx

1 sin { ( x b) ( x a )}
sin ( a b) cos ( x a ) cos ( x b)
= dx

1 sin ( x b) cos ( x a ) cos ( x b) sin ( x a )

sin ( a b) cos ( x a ) cos ( x b) cos ( x a ) cos ( x b)
= dx

1
sin ( a b)
= {tan ( x b) tan ( x a )} dx

1
= [ log |cos ( x b)| + log |cos ( x a )|] + C
sin ( a b)
1 cos ( x a )
= log + C
sin ( a b) cos ( x b)

sin ( x + a )
Illustration 30 Evaluate sin ( x + b) dx.
sin ( x + a )
Solution. Let I= dx
sin ( x + b)
Put x + b = t dx = dt
28 Integral Calculus
sin ( t b + a ) sin t cos ( a b) cos t sin ( a b)
I= dt = + dt
sin t sin t sin t
= cos ( a b) 1 dt + sin ( a b) cot ( t ) dt
= t cos ( a b) + sin ( a b) log |sin t | + C
= ( x + b) cos ( a b) + sin ( a b) log |sin ( x + b)| + C

Some Special Integrals

= tan 1 + C
dx 1 x
(i) x2 + a2 a a

dx 1 x a
(ii) x2 a 2
=
2a
log + C
x + a
dx 1 a + x
(iii) a2 x 2
=
2a
log
a x
+ C

= sin 1 + C
dx x
(iv) a x
2 2 a

dx
(v) a +x
2 2
= log | x + x2 + a2 | + C

dx
(vi) x a
2 2
= log | x + x2 a2 | + C

a sin 1 + C
1 1 2 x
(vii) a2 x2 dx =
2
x a2 x2 +
2 a
1 1
(viii) a2 + x2 dx = x
2
a2 + x2 + a2 log | x + a2 + x2 | + C
2
1 1
(ix) x2 a2 dx = x
2
x2 a2 a2 log | x + x2 a2 | + C
2

Some Important Substitutions

Expression Substitution

a2 + x2 x = a tan or a cot
a x2 2
x = a sin or a cos
x a
2 2
x = a sec or a cosec
ax a+x
or x = a cos 2
a+x ax
x
or ( x ) ( x ) x = cos 2 + sin 2
x