Galatians 6:9

“Let us not become weary in doing good, for at the

proper time we will reap a harvest if we do not give
up.”
 Introduction
This module is composed of lessons and activities
involving transformations, patterns and symmetries.
The learning tasks incorporated in the module will
help you practice your visual and spatial skills as you
work with the geometric patterns and designs. The
skills you’ll learn will be showcased through a digital
poster design that you will create to promote or
advocate awareness about the Filipino culture, art,
issues, and etc.
 Learning Objectives
At the end of this module, you must have:
1. drawn the image of a polygon after reflection
and specified rotation;
2. used geometric concepts, especially
isometries in describing and creating designs;
3. applied concepts in geometry for the
enrichment of Filipino culture and the arts.
 Symmetry
(Stewart, p73)
- is a mathematical concept
- is an aesthetic concept
- it allows us to classify and
distinguish regular patterns
With acknowledgement to some slides from www.rcsdk12.org/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid...ppt
 Symmetry

(Stewart, p74)
- Aesthetic concept
The human body:
“bilaterally symmetric”
that its left half is the
same as the right half.
 Symmetry
- it allows us to classify and
distinguish regular patterns
1. Number pattern
2. Logic pattern
3. Geometric pattern
Symmetry

- Mathematical concept
Transformation – a rule for
moving things around
 In geometry, a
transformation is a way
to change the position
of a figure.
Motif
- ‘any non-empty plane’
- any object drawn in
plane
Pattern
- ‘as repetitions of a motif in the
plane’
- the image of the basic motif
under the additional number of
transformations.
 Renaming Transformations

It is common practice It is common practice

to name shape to name
transformed shapes
using capital letters:
using the same
letters with a“prime”
symbol:
In some transformations, the figure
retains its size and only its position is
changed.
This type of transformation are:
translations, rotations, and reflections

In other transformations, such as

dilations, the size of the figure will
change.
TRANSLATION
 TRANSLATION
A translation is a transformation that
slides a figure across a plane or through
space.

- all points of a figure move the same

distance and the same (specified)
direction.
A TRANSLATION IS A CHANGE IN LOCATION.
 TRANSLATION
What does a translation look like?
original image

x y
Translate from x to y

A TRANSLATION IS A CHANGE IN LOCATION.

 TRANSLATION
In the example below triangle A is translated to
become triangle B.

A B

Describe the translation.

Triangle A is slide directly to the right.
 TRANSLATION
In the example below arrow A is translated to
become arrow B.

Describe the translation.

Arrow A is slide down and to the right.
 Let's examine some
translations related to
coordinate geometry.

The example shows how

each vertex moves the
same distance in the
same direction.
 In this example,
the "slide" moves
the figure 7 units
to the left and 3
units down (or 3
units down and 7
units to the left.)
ROTATION
 ROTATION
A rotation is a transformation that
turns a figure about (around) a point or a
line.
- to spin a shape.
- the point a figure turns around is
called the center of rotation that can be
on or outside the shape.
 ROTATION
What does a rotation look like?
center of rotation

A ROTATION MEANS TO TURN A FIGURE

 ROTATION
If a shape spins
360°, how far does 360°
it spin?
 ROTATION
If a shape spins
180°, how far does
it spin?
Rotating a shape 180° turns a
shape upside down.

180°
 ROTATION
If a shape spins 90°,
how far does it
spin?

90°
 ROTATION
Describe how the triangle A was transformed to
make triangle B

A B

Describe the translation.

Triangle A was rotated right 90°
 ROTATION
Describe how the arrow A was transformed to make
arrow B

B
A

Describe the translation.

Arrow A was rotated right 180°
 ROTATION
When some shapes are rotated they
create a special situation called rotational
symmetry.

to spin a shape the exact same

 ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY
A shape has rotational symmetry if, after
you rotate less than one full turn, it is the
same as the original shape.
Here is an example…
As this shape is rotated 360°, is it ever
the same before the shape returns to
its original direction?
90° Yes, when it is rotated 90° it is the
same as it was in the beginning.

So this shape is said to have

rotational symmetry.
REFLECTION
 REFLECTION
A reflection is a transformation that flips a
figure across a line.
 REFLECTION
Remember, it is the same, but it
After a shape is isreflected,
backwardsit looks like a
mirror image of itself.
 REFLECTION
Notice,
The linethe
that
of reflection
shapes
a shapearecan
isexactly
flipped
be onthe over
thesame
shape
is
called
distance
or it can
a line
be
fromoutside
ofthe
reflection.
line
theofshape.
reflection on
both sides. Line of reflection
 REFLECTION
Determine if each set of figures shows a reflection or a
translation. A

C B

C’ B’

A’
 What happens to points in a
Reflection?
» Name the points of the
original triangle.
A (2,-3) B (5,-4) C (2,-4)
» Name the points of the
reflected triangle.
A’ (2, 3) B’(5,4) C’(2,4)
» What is the line of
reflection?
x-axis
» How did the points
change from the original
to the reflection?
The sign of y switches
 CONCLUSION
We just discussed three types of transformations.

See if you can match the action with the

appropriate transformation.

FLIP REFLECTION
SLIDE TRANSLATION
TURN ROTATION
 Translation, Rotation, and Reflection all
change the position of a shape, while the
size remains the same.
The fourth transformation that we are
going to discuss is called dilation.
 DILATION

Dilation changes the size of the

shape without changing the shape.

When you enlarge a photograph or

use a copy machine to reduce a map,
you are making dilations.
 DILATION
Enlarge means to make a shape bigger.

Reduce means to make a shape smaller.

The scale factor tells you how much

something is enlarged or reduced.
 DILATION
Notice each time the shape transforms the shape
stays the same and only the size changes.

200%
50%
ENLARGE
REDUCE
 DILATION
Look at the pictures below

Dilate the image with a scale factor

of 75%

Dilate the image with a scale factor

of 150%
See if you can identify the transformation that
created the new shapes

TRANSLATION
 See if you can identify the transformation that
created the new shapes

Where is the line of REFLECTION

reflection?
See if you can identify the transformation that
created the new shapes

DILATION
See if you can identify the transformation that
created the new shapes

ROTATION
 Does this picture
show a
translation,
rotation, dilation,
or reflection?
Rotation
How do you
know?
Because the image is turned.
 Does this
picture show a
translation,
rotation, dilation,
or reflection?
Dilation
How do you
know?

Because the post- image got

bigger.
 Does this picture
show a translation,
rotation, dilation, or
reflection?
(Line) Reflection
How do you know?

Because the image flipped

over.
Symmetry
» A pattern is symmetric if it is built up from
related parts
» A plane pattern has a symmetry if there is an
isometry of the plane that preserves the
pattern
Isometry
» An isometry of the plane is a mapping that preserves
distance and shape

» Formed from transformations consisting of any

combinations of the three operations: translation,
reflection, rotation
» Glide reflection is a combination of a reflection and
a translation
 Symmetric patterns
» A plane pattern has a symmetry if there is an
isometry of the plane that preserves it.
– There are three broad types of symmetric
patterns.
» Frieze patterns
» Rosette patterns (finite designs)
» Wallpaper patterns
 Frieze Patterns

» Have the following transformations along

one line
– Reflections
– Rotations
– Translations
– Glide reflection.
 Types of Friezes:

1. Hop - translation symmetry only:

2. Step -glide reflection plus
translation symmetry:
3. Jump - reflection over a horizontal
line plus translation:
4. Sidle - reflection over a vertical
line plus translation:
5. Spinning hop - Rotation (a half-turn
or rotation at 1800 angle) plus
translation:
6. Spinning jump - Reflection over a
vertical line plus a reflection over a
horizontal line plus translation and
rotation.
7. Spinning Sidle - Reflection over a
vertical line plus glide reflection plus
0
translation and rotation at 180
angle.
 Rosette pattern
» Has only reflection and rotations
» perform rotations about its center
point and reflections along some line
passing through the center point
» Each of these symmetric
transformations generates a new
figure that overlaps with the original
figure.
 Rosette patterns
» Leonardo’s Theorem: There are two
types of rosette patterns.
– Cn and Dn,
Leonardo’s Theorem for Rosette patterns

» Cn, which has n-fold rotational

symmetry and no reflectional symmetry
 Leonardo’s Theorem for Rosette patterns

» Dn, which has n-fold rotational symmetry

and reflectional symmetry
 Wallpaper Patterns
» Have the following transformations in two
linearly independent directions
– Reflections
– Rotations
– Translations
– Glide reflection.
The 17 types of wallpaper groups
Wallpaper floor tilings
Wallpaper cloth
 Tessellation
- is created when a shape is repeated over
and over again covering a plane without any
gaps or overlaps.

To tesselate
- means to form or arrange small
squares in a checkered or mosaic pattern.

- is derived from the ionic version of the Greek

word "tesseres," which in English means
"four."

- The first tilings were made from square tiles

  
Regular Tessellation
- made up of congruent regular
polygon

Properties
- must tile a floor with no overlaps or
gaps
- tiles must be the same regular
polygons
- all vertices must look the same
 Semi-Regular Tessellation
•Archimedean tessellations
•Regular tessellations of two or more
different polygons around a vertex and each
vertex has the same arrangement of
polygons.
 
Demi-Regular Tessellation
•An edge to edge tessellation.
•The order or arrangement of
polygons at each vertex is not the same.
 
Tessellation
Fractals
Fractal
–is an object or quantity that displays
self-similarity on all scales.

- from a latin adjective Fractus which

means “broken” or “fractured”.
Fractal
–need not exhibit exactly the
same structure at all scales, but
the same "type" of structures
must appear on all scales. (one
examines finer and finer details
of the object, the magnified area
is similar to the original but is
not identical it)
Fractals
Fractals
–Characteristics
–Characteristics
1. Self-similar:
1. Self-similar: examines
examines
finer and
finer and finer
finer details
detailsof
ofthe
the
object; the
object; the magnified
magnifiedarea
areaisis
similar to
similar to the
the original
originalbut
butisis
not identical
not identical to
to it.
it.
2. Fractional dimensions: a
2. Fractional dimensions: a
ratio providing a statistical
ratio providing a statistical
index of complexity
index of complexity comparing
comparing how detail in a
how detail in a pattern
pattern changes with the
changes with the
scale at which it isscale at
measured.
which it is measured.
 2. Approximate self
similarity
Types of
Fractals
1. Exact
self similarity

3. Statistical
self similarity
 Exact Self-similarity
Self similarity may be exact –Normally only occurs in
mathematically defined fractals
Exact self-similarity
 Approximate Self-Similarity
Structures that are recognizably similar but not exactly so
–Example: Mandelbrot set
Statistical Self-Similarity
Irregularity is the same on the average
–Example: coastline
Random fractals are
  - Useful to describe many highly
irregular real-world objects.

- Examples include clouds,

mountains, coastlines, turbulence,
and trees.

- They are often used in computer

and video game design, especially for
graphics of organic environments
Thank you!
 References
» Haese Mathematics. Transformation geometry. Retrieved from
https://www.haesemathematics.com.au/media/W1siZiIsIjIwMT
UvMDMvMmhvcGVhbWJz
dV9pZ2NzZV8yMC5wZGYiXV0/igcse_20.pdf
» Eck, D. (2017). Planar symmetry groups. Retrieved from
http://math.hws.edu/eck/js/symmetry/symmetry-info.html
» Frieze Patterns. In Learn some math. Mathematical Association
of America. Retrieved from
https://www.maa.org/sites/default/files/images/upload_library
/4/vol1/architecture/Math /seven.html