MATHEMATICS

REF : GRADE 8A (LMS)

MODULE 2.01

Types of transformations:

1. Translations (Slide)
2. Reflections (Flip)
3. Rotation (Spin)
4. Dilation ( Change in size)

TRANSLATIONS:

When a figure is moved from one place to another without flipping, rotating, or changing it in
any other way, this is called a translation. A translation is simply a slide, where a figure starts at
one spot and slides to another.

When a figure is translated, be it a line, angle or object, every part of the figure moves in the
same direction for the same distance.

Notations: A quick way of showing or indicating something without actually writing it out. It is
like the short- hand way of writing.

In a translation, a new figure is shown with the same letters as the original, but you add an
apostrophe (') after each letter, which is read as "prime."
For example, triangle ABC is translated down and to the right. The new triangle is called A'B'C',
which is read as A prime, B prime, C prime.
Double prime notation may be used when more than one transformation is performed. For
example, if triangle XYZ is reflected and translated, then the resulting image could be called
X"Y"Z", read as X double prime Y double prime Z double prime, to denote that two
transformations occurred.
Note:

If line segment XY is translated down it would be called X’Y’, read as X Prime , Y Prime.

If polygon LMNOP is translated up and to the right, the new polygon would be called L’M’N’O’P’
read as L Prime, M Prime, N Prime , O Prime and P Prime.

After a figure is translated, the figure in the new location is called an image. The original figure is called
the pre-image.

Definition:

 Image

A new figure that is the result of a transformation is called an Image.

 Pre-image
The original figure prior to a transformation is called Pre-image.

Using prime notation allows you to identify which figure is the translated image and which one
is the original pre-image.
  Congruent

Figures that are translated do not change in size or shape. When two figures are exactly the
same, they are called congruent.
In other words, Figures that have the same shape and size are congruent. This means that their
angles are also exactly the same and are also congruent.

 When a figure is translated, the image will be congruent to the pre-image.

 All lines, angles, and segments remain exactly the same, just placed in a new location.
 Parallel lines that are translated together will remain parallel.

Module 2.02

Reflections and Rotations

REFLECTION:
A mathematical reflection is a type of rigid transformation in which one figure is a
direct mirror image of another.

A line halfway between you and your reflection is called the line of reflection.

Characteristics of a Reflection
There are several important characteristics of a reflection:

 A reflection maps a line to a line, a ray to a ray, a segment to a segment, and an angle to
an angle. Each piece of the original pre-image is exactly the same in the image.
 A reflection preserves lengths of segments. The length of a line segment will be the
same in a reflection.
 A reflection preserves degrees of angles. The angles of the image are congruent to the
angles in the pre-image.
 If a figure is...

Reflected over the x-axis→the y-values are opposites.

Reflected over the y-axis→the x-values are opposites.

 A true reflection must be the exact distance from the line of reflection as the pre-image.
The following figure is not a reflection because the distance varies.
 ROTATION:

In math, when an object spins or turns, it is called a rotation . A transformation that

turns a figure a given angle and direction around a fixed point is called Rotation.

Centre of Rotation:
The center of rotation is the point around which an object is rotated. For example in a clock, the
place where the hands are fixed would be the center of rotation.

Characteristics of a Rotation

There are several important characteristics of a rotation:

 A rotation maps a line to a line, a ray to a ray, a segment to a segment, and an angle
to an angle. All parts of the original object are the same in the pre-image and the
image.
 A rotation preserves lengths of segments.
 A rotation preserves degrees of angles.
 When a figure is placed on the coordinate plane, the center of rotation is often
the origin.
Example:
Rotate triangle ABC 90 degrees counterclockwise around the origin .
Quick Recall:
RIGID TRANSFORMATION
 In math, a rigid transformation is any time a figure changes location, without
changing its shape, area, or size. One type of transformation is called rotation, or
turning a figure around a fixed point

 The next type is called Reflection. This is when a figure mirrors another.

 Another type of transformation is called a Translation. This is when a figure moves

without being rotated or reflected

 Whether the figure spins, flips, or slides, it should have the same shape, area, and
size.

MODULE 2.03

CONGRUENT FIGURES

After a rigid transformation has been performed, the pre-image and the image are
congruent. This means that although the image is in a new place, its size is exactly
the same as the original pre-image.
Congruence is shown by using the symbol ≅.
If all the transformations in a series are rigid transformations, then the pre-image
and image will be congruent.
 MODULE 2.04

Dilation:
Dilation is a type of transformation that changes the size but does not change the shape of a
figure. Dilations are not rigid transformations because the size does not stay the same.

Scale factor:
Scale Factor is the ratio of two corresponding lengths that determines the change in size from a
pre-image to an image in Dilation.
 A scale factor that is a number greater than 1 represents a dilation that increases the size of the
pre-image. A scale factor that is less than 1 represents a decrease in the size of the pre-image.

SIMILAR FIGURES:

Similar figures are objects that have the same shape and same angle measurements,
but different sizes. One is larger than the other. They look a lot alike, but they are
not exactly alike; they are similar.

Characteristics of Similar Figures

 angles correspond to one another and are congruent

 sides correspond to one another and are proportional
 sides all have the same proportional relationship

Similar

Angles Same angle measurements Congruent : Same angle measurements

Sides Can be the same or different sizes Congruent :Exact same size
Transformations translations, reflections, rotations, or Congruent: translations, rotations, or reflections
dilations (not dilations)

Note:
 Congruent figures also qualify as similar. They have the same angle
measurements and are the same size. When figures are marked as
congruent, you can also assume that they are similar.
 Translations, rotations, and reflections create congruent figures. Dilations
create similar figures.

In the image shown, figures A and C are congruent and similar. They have exactly the same size,
shape, and angle measurements

Figures A and B are similar but not congruent. They have the same shape and the ratio of their
sides (

6
2
= 3) is the same, but figure B is larger.

Figures B and C are similar but not congruent. They have the same shape and the ratio of their
sides (
6
2
= 3) is the same, but figure B is larger.