Transformations

By V. Murali

Isometry
- Transformation that maintains the shape and size of the object.
- The examples of isometry are translation, reflection and rotation or the
combination of two or three transformations.

Example 1
In the diagram below, figure P’ is the image of figure P under reflection. Therefore, this
transformation is an isometry.

P’

Congruence
- two figures are have the same shape, size and area.
- Two congruent figures can exactly overlap one another.
- Under any isometry, the object and its image are congruent.

Example 2
The diagram below shows two congruent figures. Figure B is the image of figure A. Find
the forms of isometry that map the object onto its image.

A
Solution
A’ → B is a
Axis of reflection

A’ B

A → A’ is a translation

Properties of Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a 2-dimensional closed shape with four straight sides. E.g. The shape
ABCD shown here is a quadrilateral.

A line segment drawn from one vertex of a quadrilateral to the opposite vertex is called a
diagonal of the quadrilateral. AC is a diagonal of quadrilateral ABCD, as is BD.

1. Square
- All sides are equal in length.
- All interior angles are right angles (90 ).
A → A’ is a translation
- Opposite sides are parallel.
 - All diagonals are equal, bisect each other and perpendicular of the other.
- Has 4 axes of reflection.

2. Rectangle
- Opposite sides are parallel and equal in length.
- All interior angles are right angles (90 ).
- All diagonals are equal and bisect each other.
- Has 2 axes of reflection.
x x
y
y

y y
x x

3. Rhombus

 All sides of a rhombus are equal in length

 Opposite sides are parallel.
 Opposite angles of a rhombus are equal.
 The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles.
Note: Rectangles, squares and rhombuses (or diamonds) are parallelograms

4. Parallelogram

 Opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel and equal in length.

 Opposite angles are equal in size.

5. Kite

 Two pairs of adjacent sides of a kite are equal in length

 One pair of opposite angles (the ones that are between the sides of unequal length)
are equal in size.
 One diagonal bisects the other.
 Diagonals intersect at right angles.
Example 2

Find the value of x and y in the following diagram.

Solution:
x = 115 (Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal)
y = 65 (Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal)

Example 3

Find the value of the x and y in the following diagram.

Solution
Angle y and 110 are the angles of opposite and between two unequal sides of a kite.
Therefore, y = 110

So, x + y + 65 + 110 = 360 (The total of interior angles of a quadrilateral is 360 )

x + 110 + 65 + 110 = 360
x + 285 = 360
x = 75

Similarity
- Two shapes are similar if corresponding angles are the same and the
corresponding sides are proportional.

Example 3
∆ABC and ∆PQR are similar. Find the length of PQ.
A
P
12.5 cm
C 8.4 cm B R 3.36 cm Q
Solution
=

PQ = x 3.36 cm
= 5 cm
Therefore, the length of PQ is 5 cm.

Enlargement

A'

image B'

object B

O
C C'

Centre of enlargement
Properties
- The object and its image are similar.
- Has centre of enlargement and scale factor.
Scale factor = = = or

= = = or

=
- The image bigger than object if the scale factor > 1
- The image smaller than object if the scale factor < 1.
 - If the scale factor = 1, the all the points on the plane remain in their
respective positions.

Test yourself

1. If A(3, -7) is mapped onto A’(-5, 11) under a translation, find the coordinates of the
image of B(-3, 15) under the same translation.
2. If P(-4, 7) is mapped onto P’(6, 7) under a reflection, find the coordinates of the
image of Q(-5, -4) under the same translation
3. The following diagram shows a polygon ABCD is rotated clockwise trough an
angle 180 about the point M. Construct the image of the polygon.
A

B
C

4. The following diagram shows a trapezium PQRS is rotated anticlockwise trough an

angle 90 about the point A. Construct the image of the trapezium.
5. If the triangle below reduced with a scale factor . Find the area of its image.

26 cm
10 cm