GEOMETRY

YEAR 10 INTERMEDIATE, 5.2 COURSE

  Content HW ü
11-01 Angle sum of a polygon  
11-02 Exterior angle sum of a convex polygon    
11-03 Congruent triangle proofs    
11-04 Proving properties of triangles and quadrilaterals    
11-05 Similar figures

11-06 Finding unknown sides in similar figures

11-07 Tests for similar triangles

 Congruence test: One of four tests for proving that triangles are congruent: SSS, SAS, AAS and
RHS
 
Congruent: Identical, exactly the same (symbol: )
 
Enlargement: An increase in the size of a shape
 
Included angle: The angle between two given sides of a shape
 
Convex polygon: A polygon whose vertices all point outwards
 
Regular polygon: A polygon with all angles equal and all sides equal, such as an equilateral
triangle or a square
 
Scale factor: The amount by which a shape has been enlarged or reduced, equal to
 
Similar: To have the same shape but not necessarily the same size, an enlargement or reduction
(symbol: |||)
ANGLE SUM OF A POLYGON

11-01
 POLYGONS
• A POLYGON IS A GENERAL NAME FOR ANY SHAPE WITH
STRAIGHT SIDES.
• THEY ARE NAMED AFTER THE NUMBER OF SIDES THEY HAVE.
• A POLYGON MAY BE EITHER CONVEX OR NON-CONVEX
(CONCAVE)
Convex Non-convex
A polygon’s name is determined by the number of sides
that it has.
 Angle Sum of A Polygon

•  
• The angle sum of a polygon with sides is given by the formula

• This formula applies to both convex and non-convex polygons.

Example 1 Find the angle sum of:
 
𝐴=180 ×( 𝑛− 2)

a) this hexagon.
 

A = 720
Example 1 Find the angle sum of:
 
𝐴=180 ×( 𝑛− 2)

b) Find the angle sum of a nonagon (9 sides).

A = 1260
Example 1 Find the angle sum of:
 
𝐴=180 ×( 𝑛− 2)

c) Find the angle sum of a heptagon(7 sides).

 

A = 900
Example 1 Find the angle sum of:
 
𝐴=180 ×( 𝑛− 2)

d) Find the angle sum of a decagon (10 sides).

 

A = 1440
 
Example 2 Find the number of sides in a polygon that
has an angle sum of 1080  
= 1080

= 1080

Use algebra to solve for n

180 n = 1080 + 360

180n = 1440

n=8
Regular polygons

A regular polygon has all angles equal and all sides equal.

For example, a regular hexagon has

6 equal angles and 6 equal sides.
The size of each angle in a regular polygon with n sides can
be find by:
 

=
 
 

=
Example 3 Find the size of one angle in a regular pentagon
 
=

= 108

 
Each angle in a regular pentagon is 108
Complete Ex 11 - 01 P. 373

Q 1- 8 All
EXTERIOR ANGLE SUM OF A
CONVEX POLYGON
11-02
The sum of the exterior angles of a
convex polygon is 360°
 
Example 4 For a regular octagon, find the size of:
 
a) each exterior angle

 
 Sum of exterior angles = 360

One exterior angle = 360 8

= 45
Example 4 For a regular octagon, find the size of:
 
b) each (interior) angle
 
Each angle =

= 135

OR Each angle = 180 - 45 (due to angle on a straight line)

= 135
 
Example 5 Find the number of sides in a regular polygon if:
 
a) Each exterior angle is 24

 
 Sum of exterior angles = 360

Number of exterior angle = 360 24

= 15

The regular polygon has 15 sides

 
Example 5 Find the number of sides in a regular polygon if:
 
a) Each (interior) angle is 140
 
Each angle = 180 - 140 (due to angle on a straight line)

= 40
Sum of exterior angles = 360

Number of exterior angles = 360 40

= 9 sides
OR
 
Example 5 Find the number of sides in a regular polygon if:
 
a) Each (interior) angle is 140
 
= 140

Solve for n using algebra

n=

n = 9 sides
Complete Ex 11- 02, P. 377

Q1 – 4 All
CONGRUENT TRIANGLE PROOFS
11-03
Two figures are congruent if they are identical in shape and
size.
 
For congruent figures:
 
 matching sides are equal

 matching angles are equal

There are four sets of conditions that can be used to determine
if two triangles are congruent.

These are called the tests for congruent triangles or

congruence tests.

They are the SSS, SAS, AAS or RHS tests.

Two triangles are congruent if:

• The three sides of one triangle are respectively equal to
the three sides of the other triangle (SSS rule)
• Two sides and the included angle of one triangle are
respectively equal to two sides and the included
angle of the other triangle (SAS rule)
• Two angles and one side of one triangle are
respectively equal to two angles and the matching
side of the other triangle ( AAS rule)
• They are right-angled and the hypotenuse and
another side of one triangle are respectively equal
to the hypotenuse and another side of the other
triangle (RHS rule).
The
 
Congruence Symbol

The symbol for ‘is congruent to’ is a special equals sign,

written as (which also means ‘is identical to’).
 
The two triangles below are congruent, so we can
write ABC XYZ

This is read as ‘triangle ABC is congruent to triangle

XYZ’
 
When using this notation, we must make sure that the
vertices (angles) of the congruent figures are written in
matching order:

ABC XYZ means A , B= Y, C = Z.

To formally prove that two triangles are congruent, we need to use

one of the four tests for congruence SSS, SAS, AAS or RHS.
Add easier examples from text book first.

Q4 or Q5 - SSS
Then
Q2 SAS or RHS
 
Example 6 In the diagram, PQ || LM, QR || MN and QR = MN

Prove that PQR LMN.

 
PQR LMN:

QR = MN (given) Side

P = L (alternate angles, PQ || LM) Angle

QRP = MNL (alternate angles, QR || MN) Angle

PQR LMN (AAS)

Complete Ex 11- 03, P. 380

Q 1- 8
Ext All
 PROVING PROPERTIES OF
TRIANGLES AND QUADRILATERALS

11-04
Properties of triangles and quadrilaterals can be
proved using the congruence tests.
 
Example 7 ABC is an isosceles triangle (two equal sides) with
AB = AC. D is the midpoint of BC.
 
a) Which congruence test can be
used to prove that ABD ACD
 
For ABD ACD

AB = AC (given) Side
AD is common Side
BD = CD ( D is the midpoint of BC) Side

the congruence test is SSS

 
Example 7 ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC.
D is the midpoint of BC.
 
b) Explain why B = C (or ABD =

 
  B =  C because they are matching
angles of congruent triangles.

(Due to having two matching sides there

must be two matching angles)
  
Example 7 ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC.
D is the midpoint of BC.
 
c) What geometrical result about isosceles triangles does this
prove?
 
  ADB + ADC = 180 straight line

180 2 = 90 meaning each side of D has to be 90

So, ADB = ADC due to both being 90

The Geometrical result: The angles opposite the equal

sides of an isosceles triangle are equal.
 
Example 8
a) If LMNP is a rectangle, prove that PNT MLT.

 
In PNT MLT:

PN = ML (opposite sides of rectangle) side

PNT = alternate angles, PN || ML) angle

PNT = (vertically opposite angles) angle

PNT MLT (AAS)

Example 8
b)  Prove that the diagonals of a rectangle bisect each
other.
 
 PT =  MT and  NT = LT (matching sides
of congruent triangles

T is the midpoint of the diagonals LN and MP

The diagonals bisect each other

Complete Ex 11- 04, P. 384

Q1, 2, 3, 6, 8

Ext All
SIMILAR FIGURES
11-05
Similar figures have the same shape but are not
necessarily the same size.When a figure is enlarged or
reduced, a similar figure is created.

The original figure is called the original, while the

enlarged or reduced figure is called the image.

The scale factor describes by how much a figure has

been enlarged or reduced.
  

Scale factor =
 

• If the scale factor is greater than 1, then the image is an

enlargement.

• If the scale factor is between 0 and 1, then the image is a

reduction.
Example 9 Find the scale factor for each pair of similar figures.

 
Scale factor =

Scale factor =

=
Example 9 Find the scale factor for each pair of similar figures.

 
Scale factor =

Scale factor = or

=
 The similarity symbol |||
The symbol for ‘is similar to’ is ‘|||’. As with congruence
notation, we must make sure that the vertices (angles)
of similar figures are written in matching order.

 If two figures are similar, then:

 
• the matching angles are equal
• the matching sides are in the same ratio
 
Example 10 The two quadrilaterals KLMN and PQRT are similar.

a) List all pairs of matching sides and matching angles

 By rotating the figure KLMN , its

shape can be matched with PQRT.

Pairs of matching sides:  

Pairs of matching angles:
KN & QR K&R
MN & PQ N&Q
ML & PT M&P
LK & TR L&T
Example 10 The two quadrilaterals KLMN and PQRT are similar.

b) Use the correct notation to write a similarity statement relating

these two quadrilaterals.
 
K matches R
matches
matches
matches

KLMN I I I PQRT

Matching order of vertices 

Example 11 Test whether each pair of figures are similar.
 
= = =
 For the two quadrilaterals, matching angles are equal and the
ratios of matching sides are equal.

Quadrilaterals are similar

 Example 11 Test whether each pair of figures are similar.
 
= but
 For the two rectangles, matching angles are equal (90) but the ratios
of matching sides are not equal

Rectangles are NOT similar

Complete Ex 11- 05, P. 392

Q1 – 4 FCO where applicable

FINDING UNKNOWN SIDES IN
SIMILAR FIGURES
11-06
Example 12 The two triangles are similar. Find the values of d & k .

Since the triangles are similar, the ratios of matching sides are equal
   

I will show you two ways.

= x 44 = x 27 Watch both and then you
choose
d = 66 d = 18
Example 12 The two triangles are similar. Find the values of d & k .

Since the triangles are similar, the ratios of matching sides are equal
OR  
Scale factor =  
k=
= = k = 18
d = 44
=66
  
Example 13 PNT MLT. Find the value of y.

 Ratios of matching sides are equal.

KN = 9 + 15 = 24

= x 18

=
Complete Ex 11- 06, P. 395
Q1- 8 FCO where applicable
TESTS FOR SIMILAR TRIANGLES
11-07
There are four sets of conditions that can be used to
determine if two triangles are similar.

These are called the tests for similar triangles or similarity

tests.
 
There are four tests for similar triangles.

Two triangles are similar if:

• the three sides of one triangle are proportional to the
three sides of the other triangle (‘ SSS ’ )
 • two sides of one triangle are proportional to two sides
of the other triangle, and the included angles are equal
(‘ SAS ’)
  • two angles of one triangle are equal to two angles
of the other triangle (‘ AAA ’  or ‘equiangular’ )
 • they are right-angled and the hypotenuse and a second
side of one triangle are proportional to the hypotenuse
and a second side of the other triangle (‘ RHS ’ ).
Example 14 Which test can be used to prove that each
pair of triangles are similar?

 Two pairs of angles are

equal, or equiangular.

‘AAA’
Example 14 Which test can be used to prove that each
pair of triangles are similar?
Two pairs of matching
sides are in the same
ratio and the
included angles in both
triangles are equal.

‘SAS’
Example 14 Which test can be used to prove that each
pair of triangles are similar?
 
= =

 Both have right angles,

and the pairs of
hypotenuses and second
sides are in the same ratio.

‘RHS’
Example 14 Which test can be used to prove that each
pair of triangles are similar?  
= = =

All three pairs of

matching sides
are in the same ratio.

‘SSS’
Complete Ex 11- 07, P. 398

Q 1 – 3 FLCO