Pangasinan State University
Bayambang Campus
Social Sciences Department
Bayambang, Pangasinan
Name: Jericson T. Figuracion
Course: BSE – Social Studies
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
Activity no. 1
Define the following terms and give one example each.
Word Definition
1. Isometry Isometry is invariant with
respect to distance. That is, in
an isometry, the distance
between any two points in the
original figure is the same as
the distance between their
corresponding images in the
transformed figure image.
Reflections, rotations,
translations are isometries.
Dilation is not an isometry.
2. Symmetry Symmetry comes from a
Greek word meaning 'to
measure together' and is
widely used in the study of
geometry.
Mathematically, symmetry me
ans that one shape becomes
exactly like another when you
Date: May , 2020
Rating: __________
Example
The figure shows a translation, an
isometry.
An irregular polygon ABCDE is
translated to A'B'C'D'E'.
Notice that the distance between A
and B is the same as the distance
between their image A' and B'.
Reflection Symmetry
Sometimes called line symmetry or
mirror symmetry, reflection
symmetry is when an object is
reflected across a line, like looking
in a mirror. The face mentioned
before is an example of reflection
symmetry. Here are some more
 move it in some way: turn, flip examples of reflection symmetry.
or slide. For two objects to be The line of symmetry does not
symmetrical, they must be the have to be vertical; it can go in any
same size and shape, with one direction. Also, certain objects,
object having a different like a square or a circle, can have
orientation from the first. many lines of symmetry.
There can also be symmetry in
one object, such as a face. If
you draw a line of symmetry
down the center of your face,
you can see that the left side is
a mirror image of the right
side. Not all objects have
symmetry; if an object is not
symmetrical, it is
called asymmetric.
3. Rotation A rotation is a transformation Rotations can be seen, in a variety
that turns a figure about a of situations:
fixed point called the center of The Earth experiences one
rotation. complete rotation on its axis every
An object and its rotation are
the same shape and size, but
the figures may be turned in
different directions.
Rotations may be clockwise or
counterclockwise.
When working in the
coordinate plane:
-assume the center of rotation
to be the origin unless told
otherwise.
-assume a positive angle of 24 hours.
rotation turns the figure Rotations in the coordinate plane:
counterclockwise, and a Rotation 90º:
negative angle turns the figure
clockwise (unless told
otherwise).

Starting with ΔABC, draw the

rotation of 90º centered at the

4. Translation Translation is a term used in
geometry to describe a
function that moves an object a
certain distance. The object is
not altered in any other way. It
is not rotated, reflected or re-
sized.
5. Reflection A reflection can be thought of
as folding or "flipping" an
object over the line of
reflection.
The original object is called
the pre-image, and the
reflection is called the image.
The image is usually labeled
origin. (The rotation is
counterclockwise.)
To "see" that this is a rotation of
90º, imagine point B attached to
the red arrow. The red arrow is
then moved 90º (notice the 90º
angle formed by the two red
arrows). Look at the new position
of point B, labeled B'. This same
approach can be used for all three
vertices.
Rotation of 90º on coordinate axes.
Centered at origin. (x, y) → (-y, x)
Triangle △ABC has coordinates
A(3,−1),B(7,−5) and C(−2,−2).
Translate △ABC to the left 4 units
and up 5 units.
Determine the coordinates of △A′B
′C′.
Graph △ABC. To translate △ABC,
subtract 4 from each x value and
add 5 to each y value of its
coordinates.
A(3,−1)→(3−4,−1+5)=A′(−1,4)
B(7,−5)→(7−4,−5+5)=B′(3,0)
C(−2,−2)→(−2−4,−2+5)=C′(−6,3)
The rule would
be(x,y)→(x−4,y+5)
Reflections in the coordinate plane:
Reflect over the x-axis:
 using a prime symbol, such as
A'B'C'.
An object and its reflection
have the same shape and size,
but the figures face in opposite
directions. The objects appear
as if they are mirror
reflections, with right and left

When you reflect a point across

the x-axis, the x-coordinate
remains the same, but the y-
coordinate is transformed into its
opposite (its sign is changed).
reversed. If you forget the rules for
reflections when graphing, simply
fold your paper along the x-axis
(the line of reflection) to see where
the new figure will be located.

Or you can measure how far your

points are away from the x-axis to
locate the new points, such as B is
4 vertical units above the x-axis,
so B' will be 4 vertical units below
the x-axis.
6. Dilation A dilation is a transformation Dilations in the coordinate plane:
that produces an image that is Most dilations in the coordinate
the same shape as the original, plane use the origin, (0,0), as the
but is a different size. center of the dilation.
A dilation that creates a larger Dilation scale factor 2:
image is called an
enlargement.
A dilation that creates a
smaller image is called a
reduction.
A dilation stretches or shrinks
the original figure.

Starting with ΔABC, draw the

 dilation image of the triangle with
a center at the origin and a scale
factor of two.
Notice that every coordinate of the
original triangle has been
multiplied by the scale factor (x2).
Dilations involve multiplication!
A description of a dilation Dilation with scale factor 2,
includes the scale factor (or multiply by 2.
ratio) and the center of the (x, y) → (2x,2y)
dilation.
• The center of dilation is a
fixed point in the plane.
• If the scale factor is greater
than 1, the image is an
enlargement (a stretch).
• If the scale factor is between
0 and 1, the image is a
reduction (a shrink).
• If the scale factor is 1, the
figure and the image are
congruent.
7. Transformation Geometric transformations Common types of transformation
involve taking a preimage and Any image in a plane could be
transforming it in some way to altered by using different
produce an image. operations, or transformations.
There are two different Here are the most common types:
categories of transformations:
 The rigid transformation,
which does not change the
shape or size of the
preimage.
 The non-rigid
transformation, which will
change the size but not the
shape of the preimage.

Translation is when we slide a


8. Tessellation A tessellation is a regular
pattern made up of flat shapes
repeated and joined together
without any gaps or overlaps.
These shapes do not all need to
be the same, but the pattern
should repeat. Another word
for tessellation is tiling.
The word tessellation is
derived from the Greek
"tesseres", which means "four"
and refers to the four sides of a
square, the first shape to be
tiled.
figure in any direction.
Reflection is when we flip a figure
over a line.
Rotation is when we rotate a figure
a certain degree around a point.
Dilation is when we enlarge or
reduce a figure.
Regular Tessellations
A regular tessellation is a pattern
made by repeating a regular
polygon. A regular polygon is one
having all its sides equal and all it's
interior angles equal.
So there are only 3 kinds of regular
tessellations - ones made from
squares, equilateral triangles and
hexagons.

9. Fractal In mathematics, a fractal is a Peacock

Geometry self-similar subset of
Euclidean space whose fractal
dimension strictly exceeds its
topological dimension.
Fractals appear the same at
different levels, as illustrated
in successive magnifications of
the Mandelbrot set.
Fractals exhibit similar
patterns at increasingly small
scales called self similarity,
also known as expanding
symmetry or unfolding
symmetry; if this replication is
exactly the same at every Males of both the white peacock
scale, as in the Menger sponge, and standard peacock variety are
[5] it is called affine self- resplendent examples of fractals in
similar. Fractal geometry lies the animal kingdom. Trivia: the
within the mathematical white peacock is not an albino.
branch of measure theory.
 CHAPTER 1

1. What is mathematics for you?

For me, mathematics is all around us. We can see it in our daily lives, and has
importance in shaping our world through advancements and problem solving. Without
Mathematics, the world is in danger and we cannot achieve inventions and discoveries. It
is one of the first things you learn in life. Mathematics appears in many fields and plays a
function to reveal the simplicities of nature, generalize to the complexities of the real
world and and the areas of human activity.
2. Where do you apply the principles of mathematics?
I can apply the principles of mathematics to all facets of my life. As we all know,
it will take us to the real world where in we can notice the different use and functions of
mathematics like numbers or quantities as they consider it as the heart of mathematics
and the fundamental essence of consciousness. Simply, we can apply mathematics when
we conduct economic activities.
3. Do you need mathematics every day?
Yes of course. Mathematics makes our life orderly and served as a vital
discipline. It is because we can use it to gain creativity, to reason out, in critical thinking,
and most especially problem-solving. It also describe our understanding of all that we
observe because it arises from experiences and becomes an integral part of our culture
and society.
4. What have you learned from school on mathematics so far?
I’ve learned the different patterns and symbols in mathematics, the nature of it,
mathematical expressions, and how to cope up with the different problems using
formulas and codes. I can say that we can learn more in mathematics if you are aware in
the real world where you are living.
5. Did you appreciate mathematics? Why or why not?
Yes. Although I’m not good at it, still I can appreciate the learnings using
different formulas, solution and patterns to solve a problem.
6. Did you ever perform well in mathematics? Why or why not?
No. Because I guess I don’t have the capability to perform good at math but I
think it’s just that my brain didn’t cooperate to pick up such solutions to a problem. But,
for me, we should love math, so that math will love us also.

7. Who is Fibonacci and what did he do?

Fibonacci is a great mathematician of the Middle Ages. His full name in Italian is
Leonardo Pisano, which means Leonardo of Pisa, because he was born in Pisa, Italy
around 1175. Fibonacci discovered the famous Fibonacci sequence.
8. Why did Fibonacci become famous?
Fibonacci is famous in his book “Liber Abaci” of a simple numerical sequence
that is the foundation for an incredible mathematical relationship behind phi.  This
sequence was known as early as the 6th century AD by Indian mathematicians, but it was
Fibonacci who introduced it to the west after his travels throughout the Mediterranean
world and North Africa.
9. Around what year was the Fibonacci sequence invented?
Fibonacci sequence was invented on 1202 AD.