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Hoc Ve Dien Tu PDF
Hoc Ve Dien Tu PDF
Chng 3 : Kh c in
3 - 1 nh hng ca mi trng i vi kh c in 46
3 - 2 ng bc (lng) v v s 48
3 - 3 S sn sinh v dp tt h quang in 51
3 - 4 u tip xc 54
3 - 5 B ngt mch du 58
3 - 6 B ngt mch Hexafluoride lu hunh. B ngt mch khng kh. B ngt mch
chn khng 65
3 - 7 Cng tc cch ly v cng tc cu dao 69
3 - 8 C cu thao tc v thao tc mch in 74
3 - 9 Cu ch 78
3 - 10 Cng tc khng kh t ng 86
3 - 11 Nam chm in 88
3 - 12 B tip xc 92
3 - 13 Rle 98
3 - 14 B in khng 104
3 - 15 Thit b phng chng n in 108
Chng 4 : My bin p
4 - 1 Nguyn l chung ca my bin p 112
4 - 2 Kt cu v cng ngh ca my bin p 120
4 - 3 Phng php u dy my bin p 133
4 - 4 o th my bin p 139
4 - 5 Vn hnh my bin p 144
4 - 6 B iu chnh in p v b h cm 152
Chng 6 : ng c in khng ng b
6 - 1 Nguyn l hot ng c bn ca ng c in khng ng b 161
6 - 2 Kt cu ca mt in khng ng b 171
6 - 3 Vn hnh mt in kiu lng sc 176
- Trang 1 -
6 - 4 Khi ng v phanh hm mt in kiu lng 182
6 - 5 Mt kiu vnh gp 188
6 - 6 Mt mt pha 193
6 - 7 Mt c gp chnh lu ba pha 197
6 - 8 H hng v kim tra sa cha mt 198
Chng 9 . ng dy in lc
9 - 1 Nhng vn chung ca ng dy in 232
9 - 2 Dy dn 236
9 - 3 ng dy mc trn khng , ngoi tri 241
9 - 4 ng dy trong nh 247
9 - 5 Kt cu cp in 250
9 - 6 u ni cp in 254
9 - 7 Lp t v vn hnh cp in 256
- Trang 2 -
13 - 4 Mch in chiu sng v vn hnh 323
Chng 14 : c qui
14 - 1 B tr bn cc c qui 326
14 - 2 Dung dch in gii 327
14 - 3 Np - phng in ca c qui 328
14 - 4 Vn hnh c qui 330
Chng 17 : K thut in t
17 - 1 Linh kin in t 342
17 - 2 Thirixto 345
17 - 3 Vn hnh thit b thirixto 348
17 - 4 Thit b thirixto xc pht v bo v 350
17 - 5 Mch chnh lu 353
17 - 6 Linh kin v thit b chnh lu khc 362
17 - 7 n p ngun in 365
Chng 18 : ng h in
18 - 1 Kt cu v nguyn l ca ng h in 367
18 - 2 S dng ng h in thng dng 377
18 - 3 ng h vn nng 385
18 - 4 ng h m ga m 393
18 - 5 Cng t in v ng h cng sut 400
18 - 6 ng h kp (dng gng km) 407
18 - 7 Cu in 409
Chng 19 : o th din
19 - 1 o in 410
19 - 2 Th nghim in 418
- Trang 3 -
CHNG I
KIN THC C BN IN
1 - 1 Nhng khi nim c bn trong mch in
1 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in xoay chiu bin i theo hnh sin, vy cng dng in v in
p m chng ta thng ni ly g lm chun?
p: Trong mch in xoay chiu, chng ta dng "Tr s hiu dng" lm
chun o; bng cch tnh nhit lng m dng in xoay chiu - pht ra khi qua
in tr bng vi nhit lng m dng in mt chiu pht ra khi chy qua cng
in tr, vi thi gian l nh nhau. Tr s ca dng in xoay chiu nh vy gi l
tr s hiu dng.
- Trang 4 -
p: Vi s u dy th hin hnh 1 - 1 - 4, nu cn 3 pha th dung
lng ca n l:
3U 02
P = 3U I =
r
Khi t 1 pha (pha C), lc :
Ic = 0
U 3U
IA = IB = =
2r 2r
3U 3U 2
Pt = PA + PB = UI A (hoc IB) = U =
2r 2r
Pt 1
Do : =
P 2
Cho nn khi t mt pha, dung lng gim xung cn mt na so vi 3
pha.
- Trang 5 -
1- 1 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Gi thit in p ngun l 220V, nu c hai bng n 110V 25W v
110V 100W, liu c th mc ni tip hai bng n ny vo mch in khng (
dng in p 220V)? Sau khi mc nh vy th kt qu s ra sao?
p: Khng c. Bng n khc cng sut th khng th mc ni tip, nu
c mc th bng 25W s b chy.
25 25
Dng in nh mc ca bng n 25W l = 0.23A; in tr l: = 473
110 (0.23) 2
100 100
Dng in nh mc ca bng n 100W l = 0.91A ; in tr l: = 121
110 (0.91) 2
Khi hai bng n mc ni tip, u vi ngun 220V th dng in chy qua s l
220
khong = 0.37A . Cng dng in ny vt qu nhiu so vi dng
473 + 121
in nh mc ca bng 25W, do bng n ny s b chy (lc , in p hai
u bng n 25W l khong 0.37 x 473 = 175V ch khng phi l 110V).
- Trang 6 -
p: Khi qun cun cao tn, s dng dy dn nhiu si l nhm gim thiu
nh hng hiu ng b mt ca dng in xoay chiu tn s cao. S dng dy dn
rng rut l nhm li dng y tit din hu hiu ca dy dn, tit kim kim
loi mu. V vi cun dy cao tn (c dng in cao tn chy qua) th hiu qu ca
dy dn rng rut cng ging nh dy dn c c cng ng knh ngoi.
- Trang 7 -
in lng trn cc t in: Q = CU = C2U2
C 16 / 3
U2 = U= x 550 = 367 V
C2 8
Qua c th thy, t in c in dung nh th in p nhn c ln hn
gii hn chu p ca n, cho nn b nh thng.
- Trang 8 -
1 - 2 Dng bt th in kim tra mch in
1 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bt th in ch c mt u chm
vo vt dn in, ti san c th pht sng ?
p: Kt cu bn trong ca bt th in
nh th hin hnh 1 - 2 - 1. B phn pht sng l
bng n c hai cc. Bng n np kh neon, mt
cc ni vi u khc ca bt th sau khi u ni
tip vi mt in tr c in tr ln. Khi in p gia hai cc ca bng n t n
tr s nht nh, gia hai cc s pht sng, sng ca n t l thun vi in p
gia hai cc. Khi in p gia vt mang in i vi t ln hn in p bt u
pht sng ca bng n, th khi chm mt u bt vo n, cn u kia qua ngi ni
vi t thnh mch kn, nn c th pht sng, tc dng ca in tr l hn ch dng
in chy qua ngi nhm trnh in git nguy him.
- Trang 9 -
1 - 2 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng bt th in kim tra u kim loi ca bng
n, thng c th lm cho bng n neon pht sng, nhng
dng vn k ph thng o li khng c in p. To sao?
p: Hin tng trn y c th dng hnh 1 - 2 - 4
gii thch. im A biu th dy pha trong bng n, in tr
cch in ca n i vi kim loi trn ui n l Rl, in tr
cch in ca F i vi t G l R2, do dng in r gia A v
V
F l I1, st p gia FG l VFC = I1.R2 = R 2 , gi thit
R1 + R 2
10
U = 220V, R1 = 5, R2 = 10 th VFG = 220 = 147 V cho
5 + 10
nn c th lm cho bng n neon sng. Nhng in tr ca vn k ph thng nh
hn 0.1 dng n o in p gia F v G, tng ng vi vic mc song song
1
R FG = = 0.1
mt in tr nh gia F v G, khin 1 1 (gi thit in tr ca
+
10 0.1
0.1
vn k l 0.1), th VFG = 220 = 4.3V nn khng thy c s c trn vn
5 + 0.1
k ph thng.
Hnh 1-2-5
- Trang 10 -
, cho nn bt in vn c th pht sng. im G trc tip ni vi t, in th ca
n gn bng 0, cho nn bt in khng pht sng.
Khi dng vn k o in p ca im F vi t, do in tr ca cun dy vn
k nh hn R1 rt nhiu, UF hu nh bng 0, cho nn khng c s c. ng
nhin,
nu cch in gia dy pha vi dy gia rt km, tc tr s Rl rt nh th vn k
cng c th c s c
- Trang 11 -
1 - 3 Cun dy c li st
1 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi Ti Sao trong cun cn tn s thp (thp dn), ni chung u c li st,
cn trong cun cn cao tn li khng c li st?
p: in khng ca cun cn c lin quan n in cm ca cun dy, m
in cm ca cun dy c lin quan n tnh cht ng t ca n. Nu ng t
ca
cun dy l vt cht t tnh, th in cm tng ln. Sau khi cun cn qun ln li
st nh vy c th tit kim c nhiu kim loi mu (ng hoc nhm).
Cun cn tn s thp ch nn s dng trong mch in di 100Hz. Do tn
s
thp nn dng phin thp Silic lm ng t s khng gy ra nhit cao do dng
in xoy trong li st sinh ra.
Cun cn cao tn do dng trong mch in cao tn, nn nu s dng li st,
s
sinh ra dng in xoy rt ln, lm tn tht nhiu nng lng, khin li st c
nhit cao. Mt khc, in cm ca cun cn cao tn thng khng yu cu qu
ln, cho nn ni chung cun cn cao tn khng dng li st.
- Trang 12 -
V dng in ny ch yu l dng in kch t, phn in th m t thng
xoay chiu do n sinh ra cm ng trong cun dy, gn nh bng vi in p U bn
ngoi, ngc chiu nhau; vi s Vng ca cun y v tn s ca ngun in c
nh, th ln ca phn in th s t l thun vi t thng; gi y in p ngoi
c nh, phn in th cng c nh, t thng cng c nh, cho nn trong hai tnh
hung trn, t thng trong li st mch kn l bng nhau. Khi u song song, s vng
ca cun dy tng gp i, lm cho t thng bng nhau, dng in kch t chy
qua mi cun dy phi gim 1/2, cho nn dng in I ca mch in vn khng i.
- Trang 13 -
1 - 4 in v t
1 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy ti in ti sao li rung v ku?
p: Dy ci cng ca nh my in v trm bin in trong khi vn hnh
b rung v ku, phn ln xy ra trong dy ci hai phin (hoc nhiu phin) cng pha.
Bi v trong cc y ci cng pha, ln v chiu ca dng
in chy qua l ging nhau (nh hnh 1 - 4 - 1): Khi c dng
in chy qua, s sinh ra t trng quanh mi dy ci. Do
tc dng tng h ca t trng v dng in trong dy ci
khin hai si dy ci chu lc ht ln nhau, li v dng in
chy qua dy ci l in xoay chiu 50Hz, trong mi na
sng khi dng in bin i t "khng" n tr s ln nht
ri li gim xung n tr s "khng", lc ht gia hai dy
ci cng bin i t "khng" n tr s ln nht ri li
gim xung bng "khng". Nu phin in v cp gia khe
h dy ci cp rt chc chn th tuy chu lc dy ci cng khng b rung. Nhng,
thng thng trong qu trnh vn hnh, cp dy ci b r lng hoc khong cch
cp dy qu xa (ni chung c 800-1000mm c mt cp) th di tc dng ca lc t,
dy chnh s b rung 100 ln/giy, km theo c ting ku chi tai.
Dy ci rung trong thi gian di khng nhng pht ra tp m chi tai m cn s lm
cho kim loi dy ci b mi, nt v gy nn s c, cho nn cn nhanh chng loi tr
hin tng ny.
- Trang 14 -
1 - 5 Vt liu Cch in
1- 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cch in trong ca thit b in cao p th s dng cch in
giy du, cn cch in ngoi li s dng cch in v c nh s cch in, thy
tinh v.v...
p: Cch in trong phn ln dng cch in giy du c ch to bng
cch chng xp giy cp in ri tm du, do x si c tc dng ngn cch trong
du, cn du li chn lp kn khe h trong giy, cho nn cng in hc rt cao,
c bit l cng in hc tc thi; c th t trn 100kV/mm, tnh cng ngh
cng tng i tt, v th c s dng lm cht cch in trong rt nhiu thit
b in cao p (nh t in, cp in, bin th, b h cm v.v...). Nhng cht v c
nh s cch in, thy tinh v.v... do kh bin cht li t b nh hng ca thi tit
kh hu, m cng c hc li cao, li chu c phng in, v th c s dng
rng ri lm cch in ngoi ca thit b in cao p.
- Trang 15 -
dng quan trng na, l tng tr nng lng. i vi t in tm phng th in
dung ca n C= o. r.A/d, trong eo l h s cch in chn khng; r l h s cch
in tng i ca mi cht; A l din tch bn cc; d l khong cch gia hai cc
Nu r ln, th in dung C s tng ln theo t l thun. V th, khi chn vt liu
cch in dng cho t in, mt mt phi ch cng in hc, mt khc mun
r ln mt cht, nh vy c th gim th tch v trng lng cho n v dung lng
ca t in. Cht cch in dng cho cp in v my in khng c yu cu tng
tr nng lng, mun tnh cc ha tng i yu, tc er tng i nh. i vi
cch in cho cp in, r nh cn c th gim thiu dng in np in khi cp
in vn hnh. Ming rnh cun dy stato ca mt c khe h, nu r mi cht cch
in th rn ca mt nh chnh lch vi .khng kh tng i nh th cng
trng ca ming rnh hoc khe h cng tng i nh th c th nng cao in p
nh thng.
- Trang 16 -
CHNG II
NHNG VN C BN CA
H THNG CP IN
2-1 Truyn ti in
2 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao h thng in xoay chiu s dng sng hnh sin m khng s
dng sng dng khc?
p: Sau khi cc loi my in v thit b in t hp thnh h thng in,
mun vn hnh bnh thng phi bo m h thng in c hnh (dng) sng thng
nht nh vy thit k v ch to my in v thit b in mi c cn c chung. Bi
v,trn t C cng dng in i = C.du/dt (trong cng thc du/dt l biu sut) trn
in cm L, in p u = L.di/dt (trong cng thc , di/dt l biu sut cng ); xt
v ton hc, ch c hm s sin sau khi vi phn hoc tch phn th th (dng sng)
ca hm s mi khng thay i. ng thi, trong mch in thng s c mt s
in p v cng thm vo, duy chi c hm s sin khi cng thm vo dng sng
mi khng pht sinh biu k d, cn bt c hnh sng no u khng c tnh cht
ny.
- Trang 17 -
cao, th ph ti lu di ca ng dy khng , lng ph u t, chn qu thp th
khng lu li phi thay in p cp cao hn, cng khng kinh t.
.
cng dng in ph ti ca phn xng l I 2 . Quan h
v tr pha gia chng vi nhau c th biu th nh hnh 2 - 1 -
6. V tr khng ca ng dy l in tr thun, cho nn
U song song vi I 2 . Do h s cng sut ca ph ti phn
. .
.
xng l 0.6 cho nn U phn gii thnh hai thnh phn 0.6
. . .
U v 0.8 U (ng mnh trong hnh). T ta c : ( U 2 + 0.6 x 32) + (0.8 x 32)
2 2
.
= 4002, gii ra. ta c U 2 = 380V.
2 - 1 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao my bin th dung lng ln hoc cu dao dn cao p s dng
trn ng dy ti in ba pha u dng ba pha to thnh?
- Trang 18 -
p: Ngi ta thng dng ba ci mt pha m khng dng mt ci ba pha l
do: (1) th tch v trng lng qu ln, v mt vn chuyn phi chu s hn ch bi
kh nng ca phng tin vn ti hoc kch thc ca ng s, cu cng, ng
hm v.v... (2) Bin th hoc cu dao dn cao p d b ngi s dng ch cn chun
b mt ci mt pha l c, so vi d b mt ci ba pha c th tit kim v mt u
t rt ln. (3) Nu khng may b h hng th ch cn sa cha mt ci mt pha, tc
sa cha s nhanh hn l sa cha thit b ba pha.
- Trang 19 -
p: Khng c. Nguyn nhn l:
(1) ch dy dn tip t s xut hin st p r rt khin in p pha tip
t u c ph ti s rt thp; in p ba pha khng cn bng; tnh vn hnh ca
ph ti tr nn xu. (2) Do in p ca pha i vi t l in p dy, cho nn khi
ngi tip xc vi dy pha bt k no khng tip t th s rt nguy him. (3) Khi
in p dy ca li in l 380V, khng th trc tip u ni vi ph ti chiu
sng. (4) Khi xy ra ngn mch gia dy dn pha tip t vi pha khng tip t, do
dng in ngn mch b hn ch bi in tr tip t hai ch ca pha tip t,
khng lm nng chy dy ch, nn s ko di qu trnh ngn mch. (5) Khi
chn in tr tip t tng i ln th phn vt tip t c th xut hin in
p nguy him.
- Trang 20 -
2 - 1 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi xy ra s c ngn mch mt ch no ca h thng
in lc s lm cho h thng dao ng, thm ch ph
v c h thng?
p: Nu xy ra ngn mch im D trn
ng dy gn nh my in A (xem hnh 2-1-14),
in p dy chnh ca nh my A s st xung gn
bng 0, mt ph ti, ng c khng kp iu chnh
tng ng, tc quay ca t my nh my A tt s
tng cao. Lc ny, trn ng dy chnh ca nh my
B vn cn in p cn li tng i cao, ph ti mt i khng nhiu, tc quay
ca my pht in tng tng i ln. Nh vy, t my ca hai nh my A, B sinh ra
chnh lch tc quay, nu thi gian ngn mch ko di tng i lu th t my
ca hai nh my s mt ng b, khin h thng dao ng thm ch b ph v. V
th nng cao tnh n nh vn hnh song song ca h thng, yu cu nhanh chng
khc phc s c ngn mch, phng nga m rng s c.
- Trang 21 -
2 - 2 Dy ci (Dy dn nh)
2 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong h thng 6 ~ 10 kV ca nh my pht in v trm bin in, ti
sao u s dng dy ci ch nht?
p: Khi din tch tit din nh nhau, th chu vi y ci hnh ch nht ln
hn hnh trn; tc b mt tn nhit ca thanh dn chnh hnh ch nht ln hn, do
iu kin lm mt tt hn, ng thi, do nh hng ca hiu ng in tch tp
trung b mt ca in xoay chiu, in tr ca dy chnh tit din hnh ch nht s
nh hn in tr tit din hnh trn, o khi din tch tit din v nhit pht
nhit cho php ging nhau th dng in chy qua tit din hnh ch nht s ln
hn. Cho nn, trong h thng 6 ~ 10kV ni chung u s dng dy ci ch nht, cn
trn thit b phn phi in 35 kV v trn na, phng nga qung in tm,
thng s dng dy ch hnh trn.
- Trang 22 -
Hi: Ti sao khi s dng ghp song song dy ci hnh ch nht, mi pha
khng c qu 3 dy, cn dy dn chia tch th c th dng dy dn mm c 3 si
tr ln?
p: Khi dng in lm vic vt qu dng in cho php ca dy ci th
mi pha c th dng hai hoc 3 dy ci hnh ch nht ghp song song c nh ln gi
cch in. c th ta nhit tt, gia cc dy phi gi khong cch bng dy
ca n, khng c chng ln nhau. Nhng s dy dn mi pha tng ln, th dng
in cho php ca n b nh hng bi iu kin ta nhit tr nn km v hiu ng
b mt, nn khng tng ln theo t l thun khi mi pha c 3 dy, dng in ca dy
gia chim khong 20% tng cng dng in, hai dy bn chim 40% mi dy.
Do khng nn s dng mi pha qu ba dy ci ch nht. Cn dy dn chia tch do
nhiu si dy dn mm to thnh, do gia cng v lp rp tng i d, khng cn
phi xp chng, c th xp rng gia, cho nn cho php s dng 4 si tr ln.
- Trang 23 -
Hi: Dy ci dng ai s dng trong thit b phn phi in, khi lp t c
hai cch: t ngang v t ng (xem hnh 2 - 2 - 8). Ti sao?
- Trang 24 -
nng, nh hng an ton vn hnh. Ni chung, nhit thp, bulng nn sit cht
mt cht, nhit cao, bulng nn sit lng mt cht.
- Trang 25 -
xoay chiu trn thp tm, sinh ra tiu hao t tr khin thp tm pht nng. S tn
hao ny s tng mnh theo s tng ln ca dng in v do thp tm qu nng d lm
lo ha cht in mi cch in ca ng bc, nh hng n tui th s dng. Sau
khi thp tm x rnh, do c khe h, t thng trong thp tm gim r rt, t lm
gim ng k s tn hao t tr.
- Trang 26 -
2 - 2 - 20 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ch cong ca thanh dn xung t dy ci
cng ni vi thit b nn lm theo ng nt t hay
ng nt lin th hin hnh 2 - 2 - 20 ? Ti sao?
p: B phn un cong ni t thanh dy ci vi
thit b phi c gng gn im ta nht, nh ng
nt lin trong hnh. V rng nh vy dy dn xung s
ngn hn so vi ng nt t th hin s lm cho ng
lc c hc m dy ci phi chu khi xy ra s c ngn
mch tng i nh. Nhng phi ch : theo qui nh,
phn tip xc gia dy ci vi thit b phi ngoi 25mm sau on thng t ch
un cong.
- Trang 27 -
Hi: Dy ci phn phi in t trong phng ni chung nn sn mu, ti sao
dy ci phn phi in ngoi tri li khng sn mu?
p: Do dy ci phn phi in ngoi tri phn ln dng dy cp (dy mc
trn khng), khi nhit thay i, dy dn co gin rt r rt, nu b mt dy c sn
th s nhanh chng b ph hng. ng thi, do tc dng kh khng kh ngoi tri
rt ln, gp hn 4 - 6 ln so vi tc khng kh lm mt t nhin trong phng, cho
nn hnh thc ta nhit ch yu ca b mt dy ci phn phi in ngoi tri l
i lu. Sn mu khng th lm tng mt cch r rt kh nng ta nhit ca n. Cho
nn dy ci phn phi in ngoi tri ni chung u khng sn mu.
- Trang 28 -
2 - 2 - 24 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao dy ci bng st hoc nhm khng c sn trc tip sn bin
mu kim tra nhit vn hnh?
p: l bi v thy ngn v bc cha trong sn bin mu c tc dng n
mn tng i mnh i vi st hoc nhm. Nu trc khi sn khng sn mt lp
sn bo v chng n mn th s lm hng dy ci do b n mn.
- Trang 29 -
2 - 3 Vng quang in (phng in vng quang)
2 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bui ti, trn ng dy ti in cao p c bit, ti sao c in qung
mu lam thm?
p: Quanh dy dn ng dy ti in cao p c in trng rt cao, di
tc dng ca in trng mnh, lm cho khng kh quanh n ion ha sinh ra hin
tng phng in, gi l phng in qung tn (in qung). Nh vy, bui ti c
th nhn thy qung nh sng mu lam thm.
- Trang 30 -
in p ti hn ca phng in qung tn. in qung khng ch lm tn tht mt
phn in nng, m c khi dy dn xy ra in qung s lm cho khng kh gn
ion ha, lm gim cch in, d gy nn chp rch v s hoc gia cc pha;
trong phm vi in qung s sinh ra kh zn v axt nitric, c tc dng ph hoi i
vi kim loi v cht cch in hu c. Ngoi ra, m thanh c bit do in qung
sinh ra cng nh hng n s phn on ca nhn vin trm bin in i vi s
c ca thit b. Tng ng knh ca dy dn c th nng cao in p ti hn ca
in qung. ng knh dy chnh ca trm bin in 220KV nn chn tng i
ln.
- Trang 31 -
2 - 4 Vn tip t im trung tnh
2 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao h thng in 110 ~ 220kV l h thng tip t im trung tnh
cn h thng in 3 - 35kV l h thng khng tip t im trung tnh? Cn h
thng 380/220V li l h thng tip t im trung tnh?
p: Trong h thng in cao p, mc cch in khi im trung tnh trc
tip tip t s gim thp hn khong 20% so vi khng tip t, m ngha kinh
t ca vic gim thp mc cch in th s khc nhau ty theo s khc nhau ca
in p nh mc. Trong h thng 110 - 220kV, gi thnh ch to bin th v thit b
in, i khi t l thun vi in p th nghim (khi cho in p th nghim ln
vt th nghim, khng b nh thng hoc chp rch cng khng c phng in cc
b trong du). in 110 ~ 220kV nu p dng hnh thc im trung tnh trc tip
tip t th gi ch to bin th v thit b in cng gim khong 20%, cho nn h
thng cao p ny thng l h thng tip t. Nhng trong h thng 8 -35kV, u t
cch in chim t l tng i nh, im trung tnh tip t khng c gi tr kinh t
ln m cn lm cho dng in ngn mch ca mi pha i vi t tng ln nhiu,
cho nn u p dng hnh thc im trung tnh khng tip t. Cn nh h thng
380/220V th do n l in p ca in sn xut sinh hot hng ngy ca mi ngi,
im trung tnh ca 380V trc tip tip t s gim thp in th ca dy i vi
t, gim thiu nguy c in git.
- Trang 32 -
dng ln CA , CB sinh ra cng lch pha 60o, m ICA = ICB = ( 3 Uxg)/XC = ( 3 Uxg )/(l/
Co)= 3 CoUxg , tng vct ICB v ICA l vct IC = 3Uxg Co ,tc cng dng
in chy vo im tip t gp 3 ln dng in in dung ca mi pha i vi
t.
- Trang 33 -
p. Trong h thng h ba pha bn dy, im O ca bin p cp in in p
thp, trc tip tip t. Nu trong ba pha c mt pha tip t th s sinh ra dng in
cng ln ca mt pha ngn mch tip t. Lc ny, cu ch tng i gn
im xy ra s c trn ng dy cp in s nhanh chng chy t, khin dy cp
in ca pha tip t ngt in, m khng nh hng n cc dy khc v h thng.
V th, trong h thng ny ni chung khng cn v mt dy tip t m lp thit b
kim tra cch in.
- Trang 34 -
tip t) xy ra t dy mt pha, nhng cha ri xung t, mt ca trm ti tiu
u quay ngc. Ti sao?
- Trang 35 -
khng cn bng, ch gn bng nhau, l bnh thng. Do im trung tnh ca my
pht in i vi t l cch in, cho nn ip p pha ca cc pha my pht in
.
khng bng in p ca cc pha i vi t. Nu in p pha A i vi t U AO
. .
bng tng vct in p pha A U A vi in p in dung ca pha A i vi t U AD
. . .
tc U AO = U A + U AD .Bi v iu kin l cch in v v tr lp t ca cc cun
dy pha khc nhau. Cho nn s phn b in dung cun dy cc pha i vi t
khng ging nhau, do din p o c ca cc pha i vi t khc nhau. My
pht in khng ging nhau th mc khng cn bng ca in p pha i vi t
cng khng nh nhau. Hin tng ny l bnh thng.
- Trang 36 -
cn in p mt pha gim r rt l thuc s c cu ch in p thp mt pha chy
t. V d, pha C chy t th in p i vi t ca pha A, B bnh thng, nhng
in p pha C st gim r rt, cn khong 30 ~ 50% in p pha, in p gia pha
AC v BC cng c st gim. l v mch in p ba pha cn u nhiu ph ti
gia dy, nh vn k ng h o in v.v... Lc ny, vn k pha C v ph ti u
gia pha AC, BC ni tip nhau nn c s phn p nht nh, ln ca phn p ny t
l nghch vi ln ca tr khng ph ti gia cc pha.
- Trang 37 -
dp h quang ca trm bin in s ra khi vn hnh. Bi vy, khng nn p dng
phng php u mc trn, l nhm phng nga dung lng cun dy dp h
quang khng m khng th tha mn yu cu b dng in in dung.
- Trang 38 -
2 - 4 - 21 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mng phn phi in 3 - 10kV im trung tnh khng tip t, khi dng
in in dung i vi t ln hn 30A, yu cu phi lp cun dy kh h quang,
i vi my pht in in p l 3 - 10kV, khi dng in in dung i vi t ln
hn 5A phi lp cun dy kh h quang, ti sao?
p: Mng phn phi in 3 - 10kV im trung tnh khng tip t, khi xy
ra mt pha tip t th dng in tip t ca n l dng in in dung. Khi dng
in tip t tng i nh th h quang tip t s t ct, nhng khi ln hn 30A
th h quang in khng th t tt na, thng km theo h quang gin on sinh ra
qu in p khong gp 3 ln ton pha. Ngoi ra, do dng in tip t tng i
ln, kch thc v phm vi tc ng ca h quang cng ln di tc dng ca gi,
sc nhit v lc in ng nn h quang dao ng ko di, thng gy nn ngn
mch nhiu pha, dn n mt in. Do , khi dng in in dung i vi t
ca mng phn phi in 3 - 10kV im trung tnh khng tip t ln hn 30A th
phi lp cun dy kh h quang b tr, nhm gim dng in tip t, c li cho
dp kh h quang.
Khi cun dy bn trong my pht in c s c mt dy tip t, nu tip tc
vn hnh khi cn s c th c th gy chy li st stato. Cho nn, nu cn my pht
in vn hnh mt thi gian khi vn cn s c mt pha trong my tip t th dng
in in dung nht nh phi nh hn 5A, nu ln hn 5A th phi lp cun dy
kh h quang im trung tnh b tr, nhm gim dng in tip t, ph hng
my pht in.
- Trang 39 -
mi pha A, pha B u bt s bng n bng nhau (tc bt s cng tc) th in p
a n mi bng n l 190V. Khi s bng n bt trn pha A ln hn s bng n
trn pha B th in tr ng tr RA < RB, in p u ca n pha B ln hn in p
u ca n pha A. Nu s n pha B khng thay i, th cng vi vic tng s n
pha A, sng ca n pha B cng sng, cn sng ca n pha A cng ti. Khi
nghim trng, n pha B c th b chy dy tc do in p qu cao.
Cng l do , trong h 3 pha 4 dy, dy trung tnh b t s xut hin hin
tng ging nh vy, pha nhiu bng n c bit ti, pha t n c bit sng.
- Trang 40 -
2 - 5 Cp in v thng tin
2 - 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mng in lc ca nhiu nc c ni p dng thng tin ti ba, c ni
li p dng thng tin vi ba. Mi loi c c im g?
p: Thng tin ti ba l dng dy ti in cao th ca chnh mng in lc
truyn dn thng tin. N l sng cao tn chuyn tn hiu ngn ng thnh tn hiu
in, ti trn sng in ngun theo tn s lm vic, truyn dn theo truyn ti in
cc. N c cc u im: cng c hc cao, bo dng tin li, u t tit kim.
Nhc im ca n l bng tn thng tin hp, tn s s dng cht khi ng dy
xy ra s c thng gin on thng tin, cht lng thng tin km, thng thng ch
c th m n tuyn, ch thch hp vi mng in lc dung lng tng i nh.
Thng tin vi ba l mt trong cc loi thng tin v tuyn, bc sng di mt
mt, s truyn b vi ba tng t nh s truyn b sng nh sng, bc sng pht x
ca n ch c th truyn b theo ng thng. V qu t l hnh cu, khong cch
truyn b sng vi ba khong 50km, nu mun thng tin vi ba c khong cch xa hn
th phi c cch 50km t thm mt trm trung chuyn vi ba. Trm trung chuyn
nhn tn hiu ca trm pha trc, qua khuch i ri truyn tip n trm k tip,
c th truyn b, sau cng truyn b tn hiu n on cui, hon thnh nhim v
thng tin. Thng tin vi ba l da vo sng khng gian truyn b nn vic truyn b
rt n nh, cht lng thng tin tt, tin cy cao, bng tn thng tin rng (2
11kHz) dung lng ln, thng c th truyn 2700 ng thoi. Cng vi s tng
ln ca dung lng li in, cc mng in ln sau ny s tng bc dng thng
tin vi ba thay cho thng tin ti ba.
- Trang 41 -
Hi: Ti sao tin hnh hon v dy dn ba pha ca ng dy ti in cao p
c th gim thiu s gy nhiu i vi ng dy thng tin?
p: Dy dn ba pha ti in cao p thng
xp ngang bng, thng ng hoc tam gic khng
u b tr l khng i xng. . Khi ng dy ti
in gn hoc song song vi ng dy thng tin,
tng giao kt t ca cc pha giao nhau vi ng
dy thng tin khng phi bng khng, t c th
cm ng ra in p gy nhiu trn ng dy thng tin, nh hng thng tin v nguy
him n s an ton ca ngi v thit b. Nu lun lu thay i v tr ca dy dn
ba pha ng dy ti in trn ct in nh th hin trong hnh, trong ln thay i v
tr th nht, dy dn cc pha ln lt chim gi cc v tr hnh hc A, B, C nh vy
tng giao kt t cc pha giao nhau vi ng dy thng tin s gn bng 0, nn c th
ci thin hoc loi tr gy nhiu i vi ng dy thng tin.
- Trang 42 -
2 - 6 Nhng vn khc
2 - 6 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi chn thit b in khng ch phi xem xt in p, cng
m cn phi xem xt n nh ng thi?
p: in p, cng dng in l ch ph ti m thit b in c th chu
c trong tnh hnh bnh thng, mt khi xy ra ngn mch th ng lc gia cc pha
rt ln, ng lc ny ph thuc vo ln ca dng in ngn mch h thng, nu
khi xy ra ngn mch, thit b in chu khng ni ng lc gia cc pha th thit b
ny khng th vn hnh an ton. Vi th phi xt n n nh trng thi ng
(ng thi).
- Trang 43 -
2 - 6 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi v ng cong ( th) ph ti, ti sao thng cn c vo tr s ph
ti cch mi na gi v?
p: Ni chung, theo s thi gian pht nng ca dy dn 16mm tr ln l trn
10 pht, cn ph ti nh vi thi gian rt ngn khng phi l nguyn nhn ch yu
gy nn dy dn t n nhit cao nht, v rng, trc khi nhit ca dy dn
cha kp ln n nhit ph ti tng ng th ph ti nh i qua. Thc tin
chng t, thi gian dy dn n nhit tng n nh l khong na gi do , ch
c ph ti duy tr c thi gian na gi tr ln mi c th gy nn nhit tng cao
nht ca dy dn. Nn thng thng ly tr s ph ti mi na gi v ng
cong th ph ti, tr s ln nht ca ph ti trong gi l ph ti tnh ton, lm
ch da chn thit b in theo iu kin pht nng.
- Trang 44 -
ca ng h th t pha u vi pha A, B, C bn ph ti, trn thc t, lc ny u A,
B, C ca ng h th t pha l u vi pha B, C, A m B, C, A vn l thun theo th
t pha, do ng h th t pha vn ch bo th t pha chnh xch, qua c th
thy, th t pha chnh xc khng chng t v tr pha chnh xc.
- Trang 45 -
CHNC III
KH C IN
3 - 1 nh hng ca mi trng i vi kh c in
3 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: iu kin t nhin ca vng cao nguyn c nh hng g ti s hot
ng bnh thng ca thit b in?
p: iu kin t nhin ca vng cao nguyn c nh hng n kh nng
kh h quang v tn nhit ca thit b in. iu kin tn nhit ca vt cht pht
nhit ph thuc vo mt khng kh, khng kh cng long th tn nhit cng kh
khn, m khng kh vng cao nguyn l tng i long, s tn nhit tng i kh
khn. H quang in l mt hnh thc phng in ca cht kh, n chu nh hng
ca iu kin mi cht. Do tng i cao so vi mc nc bin, kh p thp, kh
h quang tng i kh khn. Cho nn, khi thit k v ch to thit b in vng cao
nguyn cn xem xt y n nhn t ny.
- Trang 46 -
ng ca c cu thao tc tng mnh, cng s dn n c cu thao tc khng lm
ng tc. Bin php phng nga l lp thm thit b gia nhit.
- Trang 47 -
3 - 2 ng bc (lng) v v s
3 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao phi lp thm chp che chn bng kim loi phn u ng bc
cao p?
p: Trong khi vn hnh, in p tc dng ln ng bc cao p l kh cao, cc
dn in ca ng bc thng l cc ren trn km m c (cu) lc gic, in trng
cc b gc cnh ca m c kh mnh, d lm cho cht kh ion ha to ra gii
phng in t dy chuyn, hnh thnh phng in qung tn, tn hao cng sut. Nu
lp thm chp che chn bng kim loi phn u ng bc, s tng thm bn knh
cong ca in cc, gim thp cng t trng phn u ng bc th c th trnh
c phng in qung tn, cng cn nng cao c in p xuyn thng gia cc
pha phn u ng bc hoc phn u v ngoi, gim thiu s c. V th, ni chung,
phi lp chp che chn bng kim loi cho phn u ng bc cao p.
- Trang 48 -
ngoi cng nht (bn cc tip t) ca li t in ra ngoi, dng o tn hao mi
cht ca ng bc cao p. Khi vn hnh, em cc dn ca ng bc nh 1 tip t.
ng bc nh 2 l em lp bn cc lp th hai tnh t ngoi vo, thng qua n dn
qua mt bch ra (nh hnh v) dng ly ra in p. Cn c vo hiu in th U 2
gia hai bn cc dn ra ca 1 v 2, c th dng o in p hoc bo v rle.
- Trang 49 -
p: Phn cch in l ra trong khng kh bn ngoi thit b in th gi cch
in ngoi. Mi cch in ca n ch yu l khng kh v b mt cch in dng
rn tip xc vi khng kh. Hnh thc phng in ch yu xuyn thng khe h khng
kh v phng in quanh b mt cch in th rn trong khng kh, nhng sau khi s
c c khc phc th tnh nng cch in ca khe h v vt cch in c khi
phc ngay. Cch in trong l ch tnh nng cch in thng qua phn cch in
bn trong thit b in. Mi cch in ca n c th l cht kh, kh nn, kh SF6, du
cch in, cht rn hoc l kt cu cch in phc tp do cc vt liu to thnh.
L trnh phng in ca cch in trong do bn trong thit b in nn khng th t
khi phc, thng em li tn tht nghim trng, lu di cho thit b in. V th i
hi kh nng cch in trong cao hn cch in ngoi.
- Trang 50 -
3 - 3 S sn sinh v dp tt h quang in
3 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi ngt mch bng cng tc, in p v cng dng in tr s
no th c th khin gia cc u tip xc sn sinh ra h quang in?
p: Khi ngt in bng cng tc, nu din p trong mch in khng di
10 ~ 20V, dng in khng di 80 ~ 100mA th c th sinh ra h quang in gia
cc u tip xc
- Trang 51 -
i cao trong thi gian tng i ngn sau khi tt h quang, gim thiu kh nng h
quang chy li.
- Trang 52 -
chnh, b h cm in p hoc bin th, th in tch trn in dung C gia ng
dy i vi t c th thng qua ph ti to thnh mch kn phng in. Nh
vy, in p tc dng gia u tip xc ca DL ch c in p 1 pha , b ngt mch
kh chy li.
- Trang 53 -
3 - 4 u tip xc
3 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Hao mn do in u tip xc ca cng tc xy ra nh th no? C
u tip xc cn lp l xo, c tc dng g?
p: Trong qu trnh ng cu dao, u tip xc ca cng tc do va chm c
gii v sc in ng, sinh ra rung khin b mt u tip xc sinh ra mn do in,
bi v khi u tip xc rung ny th gia u tip xc ng v anh phi tch nhau ra
mt khong cng vi s x dch t nh n ln ca khong cch gia u tip xc
ng v anh ln lt xut hin cu kim loi th lng v h quang in, nhit rt
cn, n ni b mt u tip xc c mt phn kim loi b nng chy. Trong qu
trnh tip xc ln sau, gia u tip xc ng tnh s c s trt tng i, ko i
phn kim loi nng chy, kim loi nng chy cng s bn ra hoc bc hi, v th
l kim loi u tip xc cng ngy cng t, hnh thnh mn do in u tip xc.
Nu lp l xo ln u tip xc khin cho khi u tip xc ng, tnh tip xc nhau
s c sc p ca l xo nht nh, gim c bin rung ca u tip xc, t
gim thiu mn do in u tip xc.
- Trang 54 -
p: Trong mch chiu sng, ph ti gn nh l in tr thun, hiu sut
lc gn bng 1. Khi dng in h quang lc cng tc m vt qua tr s 0 th in p
gia u tip xc ca cng tc cng bng 0, h quang in d tt. Cn trong ng
dy ng lc, hiu sut lc thng rt thp, khi cng tc m, lc dng in h
quang vt qua tr s 0, gia u tip xc vn cn c in p, h quang c th li
sinh ra kh tt, do u tip xc ca cng tc b tn hi tng i nng.
- Trang 55 -
p: Nh th hin hnh 3 - 4 - 9. khi b ngt mch du ngt, chiu dng
in sinh ra h quang i t u tip xc tnh qua u tip xc ng ri qua u tip
xc tnh khc. Do chiu ca hai dng in ngc nhau, do lc in ng sinh ra l
lc y, thi h quang in ra pha ngoi ca u tip xc. Nh vy, m ngoi ca
u tip xc d b chy hng.
- Trang 56 -
Hi: Khi kim tra sa cha thit b in, c th dng gi si bng lau chi
bn trong khng?
p: Khng c. V khi lau chi, gi si bng c th rng rt st li trong
thit b in, nh vy sau khi thng in, c si bng m gy nn nh thng i vi
t hoc gia cc pha. Do , khi kim tra, sa cha thit b in ch cho php dng
vi trng mn lau bn bn trong.
- Trang 57 -
3 - 5 B ngt mch du
3 - 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi b ngt dn c nh SW6 - 220 m ngt dng in ngn mch th
trong b ngt sinh ra p lc rt cao m ng s ca bung dp h quang v ng s
ca tr d u khng phi l ng s cng cao, ti sao ng s khng b v?
p: Bung dp h quang ca b ngt mch ny lp trong ng thp thy tinh
cng cao, ngoi ng dng ng s lm kn. Do ng thp thy tinh chu c p
lc
ca bung dp h quang, ng s ch dng trnh nh hng ca iu kin kh hu
bn ngoi i vi bung dp h quang khng truyn cho ng s, u di m nhm
c van chn ngc. Khi trong bung dp h quang khng c kh p cao th b thp ca
van chn ngc m, lm cho du trong ng thp thy tinh thng vi du trong ng
s bung dp h quang, hp c cu gia, ng s tr , gi y, khi trong bung
dp h quang sinh ra kh p cao, di tc dng ca p lc b thp ca van chn
ngc s dng ng thng du gia ng thp thy tinh vi ng s, lm cho ng s
khng phi chu p lc cao, trnh c ng s bung dp h quang v ng s tr
b v.
- Trang 58 -
3 - 5 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi thc hin iu chnh khng du i vi b ngt mch t du kiu
SW 6 - 220, ti sao phi cho dn bin th vo trong hp gi y?
p: Vic hon xung khi chia cu dao ca b ngt mch t du kiu SW 6
20 l dng b hon xung du lp trong hp gi y. Khi tin hnh iu chinh hng
du phi cho du bin th vo hp gi y cho ngp b hon xung, nh vy s c
tc dng hon xung khi chia cu dao. Tc chia cu dao ca b ct mch rt cao
(c th t 8 ~ 8.5 mt/giy), nu trong hp gi y khng c du th khng th hp
thu ng nng ca b phn vn ng, phn c ca b ngt mch s b va p v
chn ng tng i ln, d b hng.
- Trang 59 -
thi do p lc khng gian hon xung qu cao khin hi du kh tch ly dn n phun
du. V th b ct mch du khng nn du qu y.
- Trang 60 -
to ra hnh thnh mch t khp kn men theo vch kt, sinh ra mt t thng rt cao.
Dng in xoy do n sinh ra v tn hao t tr khin kt du pht nng.Do phi
m mt khe h trn kt du v hn li bng ng thau nhm tng t tr ca mch
t, gim thiu s pht nng ca kt du.
Cn khi b ngt mch nhiu du t 35kV trng thi thng mch, dng
in chy vo t mt bn nh np kt v chy ra qua mt bn khc, cho nn trong
kt du, dng in vo mt bn ra mt bn ngc chiu nhau, t thng sinh ra trit
tiu nhau, v th kt du khng b nng nn khng cn hn ng thau.
- Trang 61 -
vi C' , s ln hn Cl nhiu. in p pha 220 kV c phn phi theo dung khng
ca in dung cho nn in p trn Cl c bit cao. ci thin s phn phi in
p gia cc ca ngt, c th mc song song mt t in tng ng cp s lng
(khong 1800F) vo gia cc ca ngt, s lng ca n ln hn nhiu in dung
phn b i vi t lc c th b qua khng tnh n nh hng ca in dung
tn lon. Nh vy, s phn phi in p gia cc ca ngt s do in dung mc vo
gia cc ca ngt quyt nh. Do c th loi tr nh hng ca in dung phn
b tn mn. Khi lp rp nu t in mc song song vo bn ca ngt t dy ci n
mch in ln lt k hiu l C'1 , C'2 , C'3 , C'4 th thng ly C'1 = C'2 > C'3 = C'4
.Cc in dung ny gi l in dung qun bnh in p.
- Trang 62 -
p: Du cch in trong b ngt mch t du ch c tc dng dp h quang
m khng phi l cch in. Qua 2 - 3 ln nhy mch, du tr nn en ch ni
ln rng trong du c ht than, nhng iu ny khng nh hng n tnh nng dp
h quang ca du cho nn khng cn thay. Chu k thay du ca b ngt mch t du
c th tin hnh cng vi chu k sa cha.
- Trang 63 -
3 - 5 - 22 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Liu c th da vo quan st bn ngoi ca du trong b hin th mc
du suy on du trong cng tc du hoc cha b than ha?
p: Cng tc du sau khi ct dng in s c ngn mch, do tc dng tia h
quang khin du b than ha, hnh thnh nhiu cht cn lng mu en t li di y
kt du. Nhng v tr lp b hin th mc du l trn mt du kt du, cho nn
khng th cn c vo tnh hnh quan st bn ngoi du trong b hin th mc du
phn on du trong cng tc du b than ha cha, m phi ly mu du t trong
van x du di y kt du, tin hnh th nghim n gin, phn on cht
lng du c cn ph hp qui nh khng.
- Trang 64 -
3 - 6 B ngt mch Hexafluoride lu hunh.
B ngt mch khng kh. B ngt mch chn khng
- Trang 65 -
ha trong khe h h quang. Thay vo l kh nn mi khin tnh nng cch in ca
khe h h quang khi phc nhanh chng. Do , b ngt mch kh nn c tc dp
h quang nhanh hn b ngt mch du m cn c kh nng ct ngt tng i ln.
- Trang 66 -
hp dng trng hp thao tc nhiu, tui th s dng cao gp khong 10 ln b
ngt mch du.
- Trang 67 -
Do , s dng b ngt mch c mc song song in tr c th hn ch qu p khi
ngt mch ng dy ko trn khng.
- Trang 68 -
3 - 7 Cng tc cch ly v cng tc cu dao
3 - 7 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: "Cng tc cu dao" v "cng tc cch ly" l cng mt loi thit b in
phi khng?
p: "Cng tc cu dao" "Cng tc cch ly" cng thuc loi cng tc kiu
dao. Bt k l ngoi hnh, nguyn l kt cu, phng php thao tc u rt ging
nhau, nhng chng c im khc nhau r rt, cn phn bit rch ri.
Cng tc cu dao dng ng ngt mch in di 500V, do khi ngt mch
in thng c h quang cho nn c lp u tip xc dp h quang hoc u tip
xc ngt nhanh. ng thi, tng kh nng dp h quang, li dao ca n u
tng i ngn; Cng tc cch ly chia ra loi cao p v thp p, n khng c php
dng ngt ng mch in c ph ti m ch dng cch ly mch in, cho nn
khng cn xt n vic dp h quang. bo m cch ly mch in mt cch tin
cy, phng nga qu p nh thng hoc chp rch gia cc pha, dao ca n tng
i di, khong cch gia cc pha cng tng i ln.
Tm li: Cng tc cch ly khng th dng lm cng tc cu dao m cng tc
cu dao cng ch cho php dng cch ly mch in trong tnh hnh in p khng
cao.
- Trang 69 -
khi li dao ri xa mt qung, in p khng th duy tr h quang chy li nn cui
cng b dp tt.
i vi mch song song di 10kV, cng dng in cn bng (do chch
lch in p sinh ra) ca dy chnh hoc my bin th tr s ng ngt cho php c
th t 70A. Thi im u tip xc tch ly, do gia mch v ca dng in ph ti
trong qu trnh phn phi li, c mt hiu in th nht nh, cho nn lun gy ra h
quang. Nhng hiu in th ny ch c vi phn trm ca in p dy, ging ln hai
u im tip xc, khng th duy tr h quang tip tc chy khin h quang t tt
.Bi v, ni chung tc dng dp h quang bng lc in ng t nhin ca cng tc
cch ly t 70A tr xung tng i c hiu qu, nu dng in qu ln s dn n
u tip xc b chy hng nghim trng, thm ch hnh thnh ngn mch gia cc pha
cho nn tr s ct ng cho php l 70A.
- Trang 70 -
3 - 7 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao mt s cng tc cu dao in p thp li cn lp cu dao ngt
khn cp?
p: Ni chung, cng tc cu dao in p thp u l loi ko ngt ngun
in mnh v mng ph ti, khi ko ngt ngun in mnh v s sinh ra h quang
tng i ln, c th lm chy hng u tip xc ca li dao, thm ch gy nn s
c bng ngi. Cng tt lp cu dao ngt khn cp nh vo sc ko ca l xo, sau
khi cu dao chnh ko ra, li dao ngt khn cp cui cng nhanh chng tch ra
khin h quang nhanh chng b ko di ri tt, gim c nguy him trn.
- Trang 71 -
quang ch yu l do tc dng ca lc in ng, m li dao ca cng tc cng
ngn
th lc in ng trn n v di h quang cng ln, cng c li tt h quang.
Cho nn chiu di ca cng tc dao kiu mi u ch to tng i ngn, m li
tit
kim vt liu ng.
- Trang 72 -
ngun, khng may thiu cn thn dy ngun chm vi v st s hnh thnh
mch kn vi t, gy nn s c ngn mch hoc in git. Nh vy khng an
ton; ht sc nguy him. V th, trc tin phi u thng dy ngun sau mi
tip t nh vy mi tng i an ton.
- Trang 73 -
3 - 8 C cu thao tc v thao tc mch in
3 - 8 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: V sao trong tiu chun cng tc mi nht qui nh tng bc loi b c
cu thao tc bng tay i vi b ngt mch in?
p: V theo s pht trin ca nn kinh t quc dn, in li quc gia cng
cng pht trin, dung lng ngn mch ca li in cng khng ngng tng ln
theo s tng ln ca mng in. C khi mng in ang c im s c th b ngt
mch du li c th ng thng mch, nh vy c kh nng xy ra s c n b ngt
mch du. M c cu thao tc bng tay, khi ng thng cu dao ngi th phi dng
trc cng tc thao tc, nu xy ra s c n, s nguy him cho ngi. Do ,
khng cho php s dng c cu thao tc bng tay. Hn na, xt v mt lp t t
ng ng li cu dao v thao tc nhanh, th c cu thao tc bng tay l khng hp l.
Hin nay, trong h thng 6 - 10kV cn s dng nhiu c cu thao tc bng tay, v
th cn tng bc loi b.
- Trang 74 -
3 - 8 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong c cu thao tc s dng nam chm in th cng tc iu
khin ca n phi thng qua b tip xc mt chiu u thng mch ng cu
dao, cn khi nhy cu dao th cng tc iu khin c th trc tip u thng mch
nhy cu dao?
p: Ni chung, cng tc iu khin h LWI v LW2 thng dng, n ch cho
php dng in vi ampe chy qua. Khi li st cu dao ca c cu thao tc in t
rt ln, cng sut ng cu dao cn thit rt ln, dng in ng cu dao ca n c
th t my chc hoc my trm ampe, cng tc iu khin khng chu ni, i hi
phi dng b tip xc mt chiu u thng mch ng cu dao, lm cng sut
cn thit cho c cu thao tc in t khi nhy cu dao th tng i nh, cng
dng in ca n cng ch vi ampe, v th cng tc iu khin c th trc tip u
vo mch nhy cu dao.
- Trang 75 -
3 - 8 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ni chung t cng tc u c lp n ch bo, ti sao trn c cu thao
tc ca cng tc cn lp phin ch bo ngt, ng?
p: S ch bo ca n ch l tn hiu b tr. Bi v khi ngun in ca n
c s c tip im ph mt tc dng, bng n hng v.v... c th dn n s ch bo
ca n khng chnh xc. V th, v tr tuy thao tc cn phi lp thm phin ch bo
ngt, ng cu dao. Hn na, khi v tr lp cng tc v t cng tc khng cng ch,
bn cng tc c th bit trng thi ngt, ng ca cng tc.
- Trang 76 -
Hi: Khi u thng thit b phn phi in phi ng cng tc cch ly trc
ri ng b ngt mch. Khi ngt th trc tin ngt b ngt mch ri n ngt cng
tc cch ly. Ti sao?
p: Do hn ch v cu to, ni chung cng tc cch ly khng th u thng
hoc ngt dng in tng i ln, nu khng s dn n h quang tng i ln,
rt d chy cng tc; thm ch c th gy ra s c thng vong ngi hoc ngn
mch ngun in. Cn b ngt mch du hoc b ngt mch khng kh do p dng
cu to thch hp, c th lm tt h quang, khng n ni dn n hu qu xu ni
trn, nn khi u thng thit b phn phi in th trc tin ng cng tc cch ly ri
ng rle, cn khi ngt th ngt rle trc ri ngt cng tc cch ly sau.
- Trang 77 -
3 - 9 Cu ch
3 - 9 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C phi dy cu ch b nng chy khi cng dng in t n nh
mc?
p: Khi tip xc tt iu kin tn nhit bnh thng th dy cu ch s cha
nng chy khi dng in nh mc chy qua. Dy cu ch trn 35 ampe th phi vt
qu 1.3 ln dng in nh mc mi b nng chy. Nhng trong s dng thc t do
tip xc, tn nhit khng tt, v c th c chn ng, kho dng in nh mc
cng c th nng chy.
- Trang 78 -
kim loi. in tr ca loi cht ny nh hn nhiu ct thch anh, hnh thnh mch
dn in, h quang kh tt. Nu ht ct thch anh qu ln, cng khng c li cho
vic kh h quang. Tuy gia ht ct th to c khe h tng i ln, h quang c th
thm nhp tng i tt, nhng din tch b mt lm ngui ca ton b vt liu
chn tng i nh khng lm ngui h quang v hp thu nng lng h
quang. Cho nn ln ca ht ct thch anh phi thch hp.
- Trang 79 -
qung, thm ch ph hoi thit b trong mng in. Nu s dng trong mng in
cao hn in p nh mc ca n th qu p do cu ch sinh ra c kh nng dn n
h quang chy li, khng th lm tt c, hoc gy chy v cu ch, nu s dng
trong mng in bng vi in p nh mc th qu p khi t cu ch ch gp 2 ~ 2.5
ln in p pha ca mng in, hi cao hn in p dy ca thit b mt t cho nn
khng nguy him.
- Trang 80 -
liu ny ch to vt nng chy th tit din s tng i ln, khi vt nng chy ri
t hi kim loi hnh thnh di tc dng ca h quang c lc nh hng khng
nghim trng lm n kh nng lm tt h quang. Nhng trong cao p, do dn in
km. Vt nng chy ln, hi kim loi di tc dng ca h quang lm cho vic th
h quang kh khn, nn thng i sang s dng ng v bc.
- Trang 81 -
i cao, dy cu ch c th ch to mnh, tr s in tr cng tng i ln. Cho
nn s dng dy hp kim ng l hp l hn s dng dy cu ch bnh thng.
- Trang 82 -
3 - 9 - 20 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao u gia v xoy ca cu ch xoy nn lp trn dy vo ca
ngun in cn u ni vi v xoy nn lp trn dy ra ca cu ch?
p: Li nng chy ca cu ch kiu xoy u gia hai u u dy. Nu ni
dy vo ca ngun in vi u gia v xoy, dy ra ni vi v xoy th khi lp li
nng chy v kim tra sa cha, nu dng c kim loi chm phi v gy ngn
mch th li s nng chy, trnh c m rng s c. Nu u ngc li, th v
xoy d chm vi bn ngoi, xy ra tnh hnh ni trn s khng c li nng chy bo
v.
- Trang 83 -
x (1.2)3/2 = 13A. Nu dng dy ng cng s th cng dng in l bao nhiu?
y cn lu : ch s ca ng khc vi ch, khng phi l 10 m l 80, cho nn:
cng dng in = 80 x (1.2)3/2 = 105A. ng nhin quan h ny cng c th s
dng ngc li. V d Hi: dy cu ch 50A th ng knh l bao nhiu? Nu nh
dng dy nng chy bng ng th ng knh l bao nhiu?
ng knh = (1/10 cng dng in)2/3=(1/10 x 50)2/3=2.9mm (tc dy cu
ch s 12), nu dng dy ng th ng knh =(1/80 dng in)2/3 = (l/80 x 50)2/3 =
0.73mm (tc dy ng s 22).
- Trang 84 -
bng. Dng in cng ln th st p ca mt pha hoc hai pha ny s cng ln, s
mt cn bng ca ba pha cng nghim trng.
- Trang 85 -
3 - 10 Cng tc khng kh t ng
3 - 10 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: L sch kh h quang trong thit b kh h quang ca b ngt mch
khng kh t ng ti sao phi lm bng thp? Bn ngoi thp sao li cn phi m
ng (hoc km)?
p: Thit b kh h quang ca b ngt mch khng kh t ng (nh kiu
DZ1, DW2) lm vic da vo nguyn l li dng h quang ngn, tc khi u tip
xc ngt th h quang sinh ra gia du tip xc s b ht vo trong l sch kh h
quang. L sch s chia ct h quang thnh rt nhiu on nh (h quang ngn)
lm tt h quang. Mun gim thi gian tt h quang th phi nng cao tc ht h
quang vo l sch. Qua th nghim chng minh rng, vi cc iu kin khc nh
nhau, trong phm vi tt c dng in ngt, thi gian bn tt h quang ca l sch
thp u nh hn ng. l do l sch thp c hiu ng gn st lm tng lc ht.
Do c tnh ny ca l sch thp, nn l sch kh h quang phi lm bng thp.
Nhng thp rt d b xy ha dn n b g. V th p dng phng php m
ng ln l sch ( tin li v cng ngh, cng p dng m km) bo m tnh
chu n mn ca l sch.
- Trang 86 -
Tn s thao tc ca cng tc t ng tng i thp. Do , khuyt im
cng c hc thp hn ng ca vt liu bc nh hng khng ln n tnh
nng lm vic; tuy gi thnh ca bc tng i t, nhng xt ton din th vn l
hp l.
- Trang 87 -
3 - 11 Nam chm in
3 - 11 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao lc ht ca nam chm in khi khi ng l nh nht, khi ht l
ln nht?
p: Lc ht ca nam chm in mt chiu t l thun vi bnh phng mt
t thng trong khe h khng kh. Sau khi ht ngm li st, khe h khng kh rt li
n v tr nh nht, t tr ca mch t cng gim n tr s nh nht. Lng t
thng trong st in t (nam chm in) = NI/R. Do t th NI ca nam chm in
mt chiu khng i, t tr R li gim n tr s nh nht, do t thng tng
n tr s ln nht, mt t thng cng t tr s ln nht, cho nn lc ht cng l
tr s ln nht. Ngc li, khi khi ng, lc ht nh nht.
- Trang 88 -
cun dy kch t sn c xung cn mt na, ri u vo ngun in 220V, nam
chm in c th hot ng bnh thng khng?
p: Cng dng in kch t ca nam chm in mt chiu quyt nh
bi in p ngoi v in tr ca cun dy kch t (I = U/R). S vng khng thay i
(tc R khng thay i) nu in p gim mt na th dng in kch t cng s gim
mt na, khin t th IW (tc ampe s vng kch t) cng gim mt na, dn n
lc ht khng , v th hm st khng th ht ng.
Nu gim s vng ca cun dy tnh t xung cn mt na, tc R gim mt
na, cn in p khng i, th dng in kch t tng gp i. V th, ampe s vng
kim t tng khng i, lc ht khng i. Nam chm in vn c th ht, nhng
dng in trong cun dy tng gp i, nu vn dng dy dn c ng knh nh c
th s b chy do pht nhit qu nhiu.
- Trang 89 -
sau khi ht s khng th bo m in p hai u nam chm st cn 127V, khin
nam chm in b chy do qu dng.
- Trang 90 -
xung s khng r rt. Nhng phin ng khng c hnh thnh mch vng, nu
khng bn trong s c in p cm ng, sinh ra dng in ngn mch, tng thm tn
hao v nhit .
- Trang 91 -
3 - 12 B tip xc
3 - 12 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Vng ng ngn mch trn li st b tip xc c tc dng g?
p: Cng dng din xoay chiu lun thay i v ln v chiu, trong
khi thay i, phi khng ngng i qua tr s 0 khi dng
in trong cun dy in t l 0 lc ht gia li st
cng st xung tr s 0, do tc dng ca l xo, li st s
tch ra, nhng thi gian tr s 0 rt ngn, lc ht mau
chng t tr s 0 tng ln, khin li st cha tch ra d
ht tr li, li st c th khng ngng ht, tch khin
cng tc sinh ra tp m chn ng. Nu trn b mt li
st tng thm cun dy ng ngn mch, th khi ng
sc t chy qua cun dy ng khin mt phn t
thng 2 (xem hnh 3 - 12 - 1) trong cun dy ng i sau t thng l ngoi cun dy
ng, tc gia 2 v l c lch pha. Khi l 0 th 2 khng bng 0, khi 2 l th l
khng bng 0 cho nn tng lng t thng c th duy tr mt tr s nht nh tr
ln, khin sc ht khng nh hn lc ko ca l xo, li st s khng tch ra, do
loi tr c tp m chn ng.
- Trang 92 -
Hi: C th mc ni tip hai cun dy ht ca b tip xc 110V ri u vo
ngun din 220V dng?
p: Cho d hai b tip xc u cng nhn hiu, nhng do sai s v mt ch
to khin thi gian c ng tc ca hai ci khng th hon ton thng nht. Do khi
u theo phng php trn s dng, th cun dy b tip xc ng trc s c tr
khng gp khong 10 ln ci kia; kt qu s lm b tip xc kia do in p nhn
c qu thp khng th ht; cn ci ht trc do in p u qu cao nn b
chy.
- Trang 93 -
p: Vng ngn mch trn b tip xc xoay chiu l dng phng nga
rung khi ht do dng in giao bin gy nn. Cn rle qu dng xoay chiu khi hot
ng bnh thng th li st vo trng thi ngt, ch khi ng dy xy ra s c
ngn mch mi ht, ri lp tc khi phc v tr ngt, do rle qu dng xoay chiu ch
ht thi gian ngn khi v tr ngt th vng ngn mch khng c tc dng, cho nn c
th khng lp vng ngn mch.
- Trang 94 -
th c tc dng bo v u tip xc. Nu dng da hoc mi loi b n, ngc
li c th gy mn hng u tip xc khng ng c.
- Trang 95 -
em ngun in cao hn in p nh mc trc tip t ln cun dy ca b tip
xc, tng nhanh qu trnh qu . Do sau khi ng cu dao, li dng u tip xc
thng ng ca bn thn, a in tr vo, gim thp tr s cng dng in,
gim thiu tiu hao, cho nn gi l in tr kinh t. Cn sau khi b tip xc xoay
chiu c ng tc, do in cm tng ln, khin t th ca cun dy gim, cho nn sau
khi ng tc, tuy t tr gim nhng sc ht khng thay i ln, cho nn khng th
mc ni tip in tr kinh t.
- Trang 96 -
l nhm phng nga dng in khi ng chy qua u tip xc qu ln khi khi
ng ng c, gy nng chy thm ch hn chy u tip xc ng, tnh. Bi v dng
in khi ng ca ng c (c bit l khi ng trc tip) ln hn nhiu ln so
vi dng in nh mc khi hot ng bnh thng, thi gian khi ng tuy ngn,
nhng dng in qu ln cng s dn n hn chy u tip xc. C nhng b tip
xc khng lp thng s dung lng cho php iu khin ng c in, nhng a ra
tr s dng in ln nht cho php thng mch, ngha ca n nh nhau.
- Trang 97 -
3 - 13 Rle
3 - 13 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: V kt cu, rle cng , rle in p, rle thi gian v rle trung gian
kiu in t mt chiu c g khc nhau?
p: Kt cu hnh dng ca bn loi rle kiu in t mt chiu thng
dng c bn ging nhau; u do hm st dng tm, li st tnh hnh ch U lm bng
thp mm v bng nhm. trnh t d dnh cht ly hm st, ni chung u
tng thm mt hoc vi phin in phi t tnh vo gia li st tnh hnh ch U vi
hm st dng tm.
Ch khc nhau ca chng l: s vng cun dy ht ca rle cng t, dy
dn tng i ln c th cho qua dng in tng i ln, khi s dng, cun dy
mc ni tip vi mch in, dy dn ca cun dy rle in p tng i nh, s
vng tng i nhiu, khi s dng, cun dy mc song song vi ngun in. Rle
thi gian th lng ng ng hoc ng nhm lm chm ln li st rle in p. Rle
trung gian, v bn cht l rle in p, nhng tip im nhiu, dng in tip im
tng i ln, ng tc nhy.
- Trang 98 -
dy khng i, dng in trong cun dy s gim, sc in t cng gim, khin li
st kh ht.
V th, rle mt chiu v xoay chiu tuy in p nh mc bng nhau nhng
khng th thay th ln nhau.
- Trang 99 -
Hi: Ti sao trong thit b cp in thng s dng linh kin lm tr (ko di
thi gian) kiu ng h, cn trong iu khin t ng thng s dng kiu in t
mt chiu?
p: Linh kin lm tr (ko di thi gian) kiu ng h khi lm ng tc
tng i n nh, nhng s ln ng tc khng c qu dy; thit b cp in yu
cu ko di thi gian phi tng i chun xc, m s ln ng tc khng nhiu, cho
nn rt thch hp. Trong iu khin t ng, yu cu s ln ng tc ca linh kin
ko di thi gian kh nhiu, kt cu phi chc chn, thi gian lm tr khng di, nn
linh kin ko di thi gian kiu in t mt chiu l rt thch hp.
- Trang 100 -
p: Cu ch l dng bo v ngn mch mt. Khi xy ra ngn mch mt
pha, dng in ngn mch ch chy qua ng dy ca pha ny. V d, im K trong
s b chm v, dng in ngn mch ch chy qua B, yu cu cu ch pha B ng
vai tr bo v. Tnh hnh nh vy cng c th xy ra pha A v pha C. Cho nn, ch
c c ba pha c lp cu ch th tc dng bo v ngn mch
mi coi l hon chnh.
Rle nhit dng lm bo v qu ti cho mt. Thng
thng khi qu ti, dng in ba pha u tng ln, cho d qu
ti do mt pha quay gy nn cng lm dng in hai pha tng
ln. V d, im M t, mch dng in qu ti chy qua hai
pha B, C. Ch cn pha C c rle nhit ng vai tr bo v l
c ri. Tnh hnh nh vy nu xy ra pha A, B hoc pha C,
A cng ln lt c rle nhit ca pha A hoc A, C bo v. Cho
nn, lp rle nhit hai pha l c.
- Trang 101 -
vy, c th phng nga u tip xc b hn chy. Tr s ca R, C c th tnh c
theo cng thc sau:
I2
C= ( mF) , R = (1E+50) / E
10 10I
- Trang 102 -
thnh h quang, khin tip im b dnh. phng nga, c th mc song song b
hp thu tr - t, hai u tip im.
- Trang 103 -
3 - 14 B in khng
3 - 14 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao b in khng c tc dng hn ch dng in tng i ln khi
mch in xy ra ngn mch?
p: B in khng mc ni tip trong mch in. Khi hot ng bnh
thng, in tr ca b in khng nh hn nhiu tr khng ca ph ti, ch chim
vi phn trm. V th nh hng rt t n dng in lm vic, st p gy nn cng
rt nh. Khi xy ra ngn mch, tr khng ca ph ti gn bng 0, tr khng ca
mch in ch yu l tr khng ca b in khng, c th gim thiu ng k dng
in ngn mch trong mch in, v th c tc dng hn ch dng in r rt.
- Trang 104 -
mch sau khi b in khng hn ch, tr s tng i nh, do 2DL c th chn
b ngt mch c nh, tit kim u t.
- Trang 105 -
silic cn nng sang dng phin thp silic cn ngui, th tr s in khng c tng ln r
rt.
- Trang 106 -
in mi nh gnh chu. H s in mi ca khng kh thp hn h s in mi ca
vt liu cch in th lng hoc th rn. Cho nn, trong kt cu cch in ca cun
dy n l khu mng yu, d phng in trong lp khng kh, dn n lm hng ton
b lp cch in. Do khng c php tn ti khng kh.
- Trang 107 -
3 - 15 Thit b phng chng n in
3 - 15 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao cng tc tng cp din cho mt lm vic khai l di ging khai
thc than phi ng kn ln nhau vi cng tc qut thng gi cc b dng thi kh
gas?
p: nhng ni lng kh gas (cht kh n) tng i ln nh mt lm
vic di ging than u phi lp qut thng gi cc b nhm thi i kh gas gim
nng gas phng nga n. Kha lin ng cng tc tng cp in mt bng lm
vic khai l vi cng tc qut cc b ca ni ny l, thi gi trc (lm gim nng
gas) cp in sau, qut gi ngng quay, cng tc tng phi t ng ri cu dao
th mi c th bo m an ton hm l.
- Trang 108 -
mt lm vic khai thc than v cc ng hm nhnh m kh than c th t ti nng
n.
- Trang 109 -
p: Bi v di ging khai thc than tn ti kh mtan (cn gi kh gas) gy
n, cho nn yu cu khi phin cu ch nng chy khng c c nhit nng chy
qu cao gy n kh mtan. Nhit cn thit kh mtan n l 650 ~ 750 oC, Cho
nn nhit nng chy ca cu ch phi thp hn n. Nhng im nng chy ca
ng l l083 oC, Vt qu nhit n ca kh mtan. V th, khng th dng ng
lm phin cu ch, cn im nng chy ca km ch c 419 oC, Cho nn di ging
s dng phin cu ch bng km.
- Trang 110 -
li cu dao. Nu qu thc l s c tc thi, th ng li cu dao l tt, gim thiu
c hi mt in. Nhng s dng trong hm l u l cp in, ni chung rt t xy
ra s c c tnh tc th; ng thi, iu quan trng nht di ging khai thc than
l trnh tia la in. Nu lp thit b t ng ng li cu dao, cp in xy ra s
c dn n nhy cu dao, s nhanh chng t ng ng li cu dao li cp in cho
b phn xy ra s c nh vy s mt ln na to ra tia la, dn n m rng s
c, c kh nng gy nn s c nghim trng chy kh mtan. Do cng tc cp in
cho hm l cm s dng t ng ng li cu dao.
- Trang 111 -
CHNG IV
MY BIN P
4 - 1 Nguyn l chung ca my bin p
4 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trn mc my bin p khng ghi h s cng sut? C th li
dng s liu trn mc bin p tm ra h s cng sut?
p: Khng th c. Bn thn my bin p ngun khng c h s cng sut
c nh. H s cng sut ca n hon ton do tnh cht v ln ca ph ti quyt
nh.
- Trang 112 -
4 - 1 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng phng php n gin g xc nh c s vng ca my bin
p?
p: Ch cn dng dy ng cch in qun mt s vng nht nh ln bn
ngoi cun dy cn o ca my bin p, dng vn k o in p cm ng ca n.
Ly in p cm ng chia cho s vng qun, c s vng mi vn... li ly s
vng mi vn nhn vi tr s in p cc cp s c s vng ca cun dy cc cp.
Phng php ny cng c th dng o s vng cc cun dy in t.
- Trang 113 -
n mng thp p, m kh nng bo v ca mng thp p i vi qu p thp hn
nhiu so vi mng cao p. Nh vy, khi xy ra qu p, thit b trong mng thp p
s b hng. Ngoi ra, do quan h in t n gin, tr khng bn thn ca bin p t
ngu tng i nh, v th rt bt li i vi vic hn ch dng in ngn mch,
cho nn trong h thng cung cp in cao p hu nh khng dng bin p t ngu.
- Trang 114 -
vng c th gim mt t thng, t gim tiu hao trn li st, gim tng nhit
ca bin p.
- Trang 115 -
gim phi tng t thng, tc phi c li st tng i ln. V th, kch thc my
bin p tn s 25Hz ln hn.
- Trang 116 -
4 - 1 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong h thng phn phi in h 4 dy ba pha, s dng mt my bin
p ba pha hay s dng ba my bin p mt pha th tt? Ti sao?
p: Ba bin p mt pha mc song song, s dng nh mt my bin p ba
pha (phng php mc Y/Yo - 12) khng tt bng mt bin p ba pha. Bi v ba ln
t thng sng hi s dng ca trng hp trc tng i nghim trng, do
khin dng sng in p khng cn l sng sin na. Tr s ln nht ca n c th ln
ti 50 ~ 60%, cn trong bin p ba pha, nh hng ca sng hi ba ln rt nh, n c
th bo m dng sng in p gn nh sng sin. Ngoi ra, khi ph ti ba pha khng
cn bng c bit khi ch c ph ti mt pha, trong nhm bin p do ba bin p mt
pha u li vi nhau s sinh ra dch chuyn im gia in p nghim trng, khin
in p pha ca 2 pha ph ti nh b nng cao r rt, gy nguy him, cn trong bin
p ba pha s khng nghim trng nh vy.
- Trang 117 -
A B C
gng st ngang gia cc pha x = + = = 0.5 A . Nu chiu qun ging nhau
2 2 2
3
th th vct nh th hin hnh (c), x = A B = A = 0.866 A . R rng,
2 2 2
khi chiu qun ging nhau, th t thng hp thnh chy qua trong gng st ngang
gia cc pha s ln hn khi qun ngc chiu (0.866 - 0.5) A= 0.366 A. Lc ny, tn
tht st tng ln, c tnh ca bin p tr nn km.
- Trang 118 -
4 - 1 - 21 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C mt my bin p c bit, khi cun dy gia u vi ngun in, th
hai cun dy bn cnh c in p cm ng, gi y, nu cho cun dy bn tri ngn
mch c th sinh ra dng in ngn mch rt ln khng? in p cm ng ca cun
dy bn phi c thay i khng?
p: Trong cun dy ngn mch bn tri s khng c dng in ngn mch
rt ln, v lc ny ch c rt t t thng u c li st bn tri (c th tng tng
rng cun dy ngn mch bn tri c phn tc dng i vi t thng, khin t thng
gim), o in p cm ng khng cao, dng in ngn mch cng khng ln.
ng thi, phn ln t thng u n li st bn phi. V th, khin in p cm
ng trong cun y bn phi tng cao.
- Trang 119 -
4 - 2 Kt cu v cng ngh ca my bin p
4 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bin p kiu rut v bin p kiu v loi no nhiu u im hn? Ti
sao?
p: Trong bin p ng lc s dng kiu rut tng i nhiu; bi v vt
liu cch in m n s dng tng i tit kim, kt cu tng i n gin, tin
kim tra sa cha. Bin p kiu v cng c u im ca n, do cun cao p, thp p
ca n b tr xen nhau, lc m cc cun dy phi chu tng i nh, cng c
hc ca n tng i cao, khi phm vi iu chnh in p tng i rng cng
khng dn n sinh ra lc c hc do mt i xng gy nn. Cho nn, bin p dng
cho l in, hn in vi dng in tng i ln th thng dng kt cu kiu v.
- Trang 120 -
c tnh nng dn t ca li st, t ci thin c tnh nng ca c my bin
p.
- Trang 121 -
phn b v tn hao dng xoy u s dn n dng sng xung b mo nghim trng.
gim in dung phn b th cn gim s vng cun dy, ng thi li phi hn
ch s tng ln ca dng in kch t, bo m cun dy c lng in cm nht
nh, cho nn phi s dng li st lm bng vt liu nh ferrit (s t tnh) hoc hp
kim permalloy vn c t dn sut cao, tiu hao thp; gim in cm r li
thng ch to li st thnh kt cu vng khp kn.
- Trang 122 -
phng php l tng dy cch in ca bnh dy phn ny. Nhng nh vy s
lm bnh dy ta nhit kh, nhit tng cao. V th, song song vi vic tng dy
cch in phi tng tit din ca dy dn nhm gim thiu tn tht trong , gim
nhit ca n.
- Trang 123 -
Hi: Cun dy cao p, trung p v thp p ca bin p ba cun dy nn b tr
nh th no?
- Trang 124 -
p: Cun dy bin th phi qun hon ho trc, sau sy kh khin hi
nc trn cun dy bc hi khuch tn, ri tin hnh tm qut, nh vy mi bo
m cht lng. Va qun va tm qut sn th mng sn cch in s bc cha
hi nc vo trong, khng th bc hi ra, tc khng th sy kh, cht lng ca
cun dy s khng tt. Cho d t tiu chun nht thi, nhng sau khi bin p vn
hnh mt thi gian ngn th in tr cch in ca n tt s gim nhiu. V th, y
l mt phng php cng ngh khng ng.
- Trang 125 -
p: Gi s bc ht ton b dy dn ra, do cc vt dng bc nh vi b,
c tc dng mao qun i vi du, khin du bin p theo dy dn ngm ln, nh
vy mt mt xm nhp vo trong ng lng dy lo ha hn hp cht cch in, mt
khc r ra ngoi theo dy dn khin v dy dy dn b n mn v lm cho ng lng
cng d bm bi sinh ra chp rch. V th, tt nht cha ra mt on ngn khng
bc.
- Trang 126 -
ng lng dy ra ca bin p dc ngm trong du, tng cng cch in, nn lp
ng lng dy ra hai bn, cch nh np mt khong cch nht nh.
- Trang 127 -
4 - 2 - 28 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ng lng bn th cp ca mt s bin p ba pha dng mt bch
ni ba lp vo trong mt l di chung trn np t my bin p?
p: Khi dng in bn th cp rt ln th t trng gn cc dn ng lng
cng rt mnh, trn np bin p quanh ng lng, sinh ra tn hao dng xoy v t tr,
nn pht nng. Nu trn np bin th m mt l di cho ba ng lng c mt bch
ni ba phi t tnh lp vo trong th do tng lng in ca
ba pha l 0. Cho nn t thng trong np bin p chung quanh
l di gn bng 0, do gim ng k tn hao v nhit
lng sinh ra trong np bin p.
Ni chung, bin p phn phi in 750kVA tr ln v
bn th cp ca bin p c ln (6 ~ 10kV) u p dng mt
bch ni ba chc hoc ct m ca gia cc l ng lng trn
np bin p v dng vt liu phi t tnh hn vo (xem hnh 4 - 2 - 28).
- Trang 128 -
p: Cn du do du bin p trong gi du sau khi tip xc vi khng kh
sinh ra cc tp cht khc, nc v.v... u lng ng di y gi du. Nt x du
nm ngang bng vi y gi du cho cn du, tp cht khc v nc v.v... C
th d dng chy ra. ng thng vi kt du cao hn phn y gi du l c th
nga cn du v.v... chy vo kt du, bo m s thun sch ca du bin p,
nhng li khng cn tr s lu thng du gia gi du vi kt du. Ming ng ca
b ht m th phi cao hn mc du trong gi du l nhm trnh du trong gi du
chy vo b ht m.
- Trang 129 -
Hi: b sung du bin p tiu hao trong vn hnh, c th b sung du
bin p khc nhn hiu trn ln s dng khng?
p: Khi bin p ang vn hnh cn b sung du bin p th trc tin cn
kim tra r loi du m bin p ang s dng, sau b sung thm du bin p cng
loi nhn hiu, qui cch bi v du bin p khng th ty trn ln s dng. C lc
phi s dng hn hp hai loi du bin p khc nhn hiu (v d khi khng tm c
du cng loi) th trc tin phi tm hiu tnh cht vt l ca hai loi du nh t
trng, dnh, im ng cng, im bc chy v.v... xem c gn tng t khng.
Sau tin hnh th nghim n nh, tc ly mu hai loi du, hn hp theo t l
cn thit, sau khi hn hp trong bnh cha mt thng, quan st s thay i ca n;
nu khng sinh ra cht lng ng no, m du sau khi hn hp t c tiu chun
ca du cch in, th c th s dng.
- Trang 130 -
4 - 2 - 40 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao du cch in khng nhng yu cu cng in m cn yu
cu ch s axt khng dc vt qu tr s nht nh?
p: Bi v khi ch s axt vt qu tr s nht nh th s n mn ca du
cch in i vi mi cht th rn, tc vt liu cch in l tng i nghim
trng, dn ti lm hng vt liu cch din, nh hng nghim trng n tui th
ca bin p, iu l khng c.
- Trang 131 -
p: B tr cun dy kch t phi lm sao cc b phn ca bin p nng u,
lm cho kh m d bc hi, nhit pha di bin p phi cao hn nhit
phn trn khong 5 - 10oC. Nhng, nhn t kt cu ca bin p, do t tr ca phn
trn v tng i ln, trnh chnh lch nhit gia phn trn v phn di qu
ln, do cn thit phi lm cho s vng ca cun dy bn trn nhiu hn phn
gia. Nu chia v bin th thnh 3 phn trn, gia, di di bng nhau th t s s
vng ca cun dy kch t ba b phn trn, gia, di, ni chung c th i khi
chn theo t l 6 : 5 : 9.
- Trang 132 -
4 - 3 Phng php u dy my bin p
4 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi u ni tip hoc u song song hai cun dy c h cm
phi ch u cng tn. Nu khng s c nguy c chy hng?
p: Gi l hai cun dy c h cm tc l hai cun dy c t thng chung.
Khonh khc cm ng sinh ra in th trn hai cun dy, cc tnh ca n c lin
quan ti t thng chung ny. Nu mch in yu cu hai cun dy c h cm mc
ni tip thun chiu theo u cng tn, lc ny, in th do t thng chung cm ng
ra trn hai cun dy l cng nhau; tr khng hp thnh ca hai cun dy l Z 1, sau khi
thng ngun, mch in hot ng bnh thng. Nu u ni tip ngc chiu th
lc ny in th do t thng chung cm ng ra trn hai cun dy l tr ln nhau; tr
khng hp thnh ca hai cun dy l Z2, Z2 nh hn nhiu so vi Z1. Nu vn cho
cng in p ngun ln th khng nhng mch in khng th hot ng bnh
thng m cn do dng in trong mch in rt ln, c kh nng lm chy thit b.
Cng nh vy, gi s mch in yu cu hai cun dy c h cm mc song
song cng chiu theo du cng tn, th tr khng ca n l Z'l , nu em n mc song
song khc chiu th tr khng l Z'2 , Z'2 nh hn nhiu so vi Z'l . Nu vn cho cng
in p ngun ln, th do dng din trong mch qu ln, nn mch in khng th
hot ng bnh thng, hn na c kh nng lm chy thit b.
- Trang 133 -
Cch u c th l: trc tin u song song cun dy s cp u ni tip
cun dy th cp ca hai bin p mt pha (nh hnh 4 - 3 - 3),
lc ny in p th cp l ao = oa' = u2, nu aa' = 2u2 l ng,
nu aa' = 0, th c th u ngc mt cun dy th cp. Sau ,
u im khng ca 3 t 6 chic bin p vi nhau. Nh vy, ba
nhm 6 bin p mt pha t hp thnh ngun in ng b
a ra 6 pha na sng.
- Trang 134 -
khng ca tng bin p. in khng l t tng i ln ny s dn n qu p khi
in p bin i mng v st p r rt khi c ph ti. Ngoi ra, u xuyn cp, tn
hao cng sut bn trong ng dy cng tng i ln.
Do cc nguyn nhn ni trn, bin p u xuyn cp ni chung khng vt qu
ba cp.
- Trang 135 -
4 - 3 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C ba bin p mt pha ging nhau, mun u chng thnh Y/ ; trc
tin u bn th cp thnh . Sau cng khi ng , pht hin hai u ng cn c
in p tng i cao, khng dm ng, kim tra dy dn khng c sai st. l
nguyn nhn g?
p: l hin tng rt bnh thng, c mnh dn ng li m khng c
nguy him g. Bi v hai u ming m c in p tng i cao l do trong bin
p khng c dng sng hi th ba chy qua, v th m sinh ra in p sng hi th ba.
Nu ng th dng sng hi th ba c th chy qua, do khng cn in p sng
hi th ba na.
- Trang 136 -
ng t mi ci mt ring, cho nn sng hi th ba thng qua li st v cm ng ra
in th sng hi th ba pha . Do in th sng hi th ba ca ba pha c cng
bi cng pha hnh thnh mch kn theo hnh . Trong s c dng sng hi th ba
thng qua, cho nn khng dng cu dao m c.
- Trang 137 -
4 - 3 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Bn s cp ca hai bin p ba pha kiu Y/Y - 12 ging nhau u song
song, bn th cp cha u song song. Hi gia pha A bn th cp ca my bin p
1 vi pha B bn th cp ca my bin p 2 c in p khng? Nu im gia bn th
cp ca hai my bin p u tip t th c in p khng?
p: Bn th cp ca hai bin p cha u song song vi nhau, th l mi
lin h khng in, v th gia pha A bn th cp ca my bin p 1 v pha B bn
th cp ca my bin p 2 khng c in p. Nu im gia bn th cp ca hai
my bin p u tip t th bn th cp l mi lin h c in, lc ny s c in
p. ln ca in p ca n bng vi in p gia pha A, B ca cng mt my
bin p.
- Trang 138 -
4 - 4 o th my bin p
4 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao th khng ti bin p c th o ra c tn hao trn st; cn th
ngn mch th c th o c tn hao trn ng?
p: Tn hao trn st ca bin p bao gm tn hao dng xoy v tn hao t
tr, khi tn s ca ngun in c nh, s quyt nh ln ca cng cm ng
t trong li st, tn hao trn ng ca bin p th ch yu do ln ca dng in
trong cun dy th cp quyt nh.
Khi th khng ti, dng in bn th cp bng 0, dng in khng ti bn s
cp rt nh th tn hao trn ng c th b qua khng tnh. Cn in p a vo bn
s cp l in p nh mc, cng cm ng t trong li st l tr s bnh thng
khi hot ng, cho nn cng sut u vo c bn tiu hao tn hao trn st. Khi th
nghim ngn mch, trong cun dy bn th cp u l dng in nh mc, cn in
p ngun in bn s cp tng i thp. Cng cm ng t trong li st tng
i nh, tn hao trn st cng c th b qua, cho nn cng sut u vo c bn tiu
hao trn ng.
- Trang 139 -
4 - 4 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi th nghim chu p vi tn s quc t, ly s c c vn k
bn in p thp ca bin p th nghim nh gi in p th nghim, phi chng
l ln hn?
p: Cha chc. Dng phng php ny nh gi in p th nghim ch
khi tr khng ca bin p th nghim tng i nh m tr khng ph ti tng i
ln mi tng i chnh xc. Nu khng kt qu o c va c kh nng ln hn
hoc cng c kh nng nh hn. Khi trong mch th nghim c tnh cht cm khng,
bn cao p c st p th s c ca vn k bn thp p s ln hn, cn khi trong
mng th nghim c tnh cht dung khng, bn cao p c tng p th s c ca vn
k bn thp p s nh hn. Ngoi ra, nu khi thit b in b o c r in tng i
ln th dng in ph ti ca bin p th nghim tng ln th tnh hnh trn mi tng
i r.
- Trang 140 -
nh mc ca bin p, v th st p trn ampe k rt ln, sai s o ca vn k v ot
k s tng i ln.
- Trang 141 -
p: Trng lng ca b h cm in p gn nh t l thun vi bnh
phng in p, b h cm trong ng dy siu cao p t phi tht ln. tit
kim vt liu kim loi, chng ta thng dng mt s b h cm c cp in p nh
ni thnh kiu xuyn cp tit kim vt liu, gim trng lng. Nh trong mch
in 220kV dng bn b h cm in p 55kV, tng trng lng ca chng bng
khong mt phn t trng lng ca b h cm 220kV.
- Trang 142 -
kch t nh mc ln bn thp p my bin p, trong cun dy cao p cm ng ra in
p cao tng ng th nghim in p phn b theo cun dy, n c th kim
nghim cch in ph. Ngoi ra, i vi bin p m cch in ca im trung
tnh thp hn b phn u th th nghim cao p bn ngoi t vo l khng thch
hp, v rng iu ny s lm cho phn u, phn cui ca bin p loi ny vn c
cch in khc nhau u b t di in p th nghim ging nhau. Do cch
in chnh v cch in ph ca bin p loi ny phi dng th nghim cao p cm
ng kho nghim.
- Trang 143 -
4 - 5 Vn hnh my bin p
4 - 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: My bin p trong khi vn hnh c th da vo m thanh ca n pht ra
phn on tnh hnh vn hnh khng?
p: C th da vo m thanh phn on tnh hnh vn hnh ca my bin
p. Dng mt u que g t ln thng du ca bin p, cn u kia t gn tai lng
nghe m thanh. Nu c m thanh "ong ong" lin tc, nng hn bnh thng th phi
kim tra in p v nhit xem c qu cao khng, nu khng c tnh hnh khc
thng, kim tra li st c b r lng khng. Khi nghe ting "xt xt" phi kim tra b
mt ng lng xem c hin tng chp rch khng, nu khng c tnh hnh khc
thng phi kim tra bn trong. Khi nghe ting "bch x" th phi kim tra tnh hnh
cch in gia cc cun dy hoc gia li st vi tm kp xem c hin tng nh
thng khng?
- Trang 144 -
n xem c khc thng khng. Do thi im ng cu dao xung kch, bin p phi
chu qu p gp 2 - 3 ln in p pha, nh vy khng nhng c th kim tra tnh hnh
bn trong bin p, m cn c th kim tra rle liu c trnh c dng in kch t
khng ng tc nhm.
- Trang 145 -
p: Cht kh thot ra t trong rle gas ca bin p nu ton l mu nu en,
li c tnh d chy, chng t s c ca bin p tng i nghim trng, du t
phn gii; nu cht kh ton l mu xm nht, chng t cch in si ca cun dy
bin th c s c; nu cht kh ton l mu vng, chng t cch in g ca bin p
c s c, nu ton l cht kh khng mu, khng mi, chng t khng kh lt vo
trong bin p.
- Trang 146 -
4 - 5 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi in p ca bin p vt qu 5% tr s nh mc, ni chung
khng th bo m dung lng nh mc?
p: Bi v, khi thit k bin p ni chung s dng mt t thng gn
tr s bo ha. Khi in p vt qu 5%, t thng t n bo ha, v th dng
in kch t tng mnh s khng th bo m li vn hnh di ph ti dung lng
nh mc, nu khng bin p s vn hnh qu ti, pht nng.
- Trang 147 -
cun dy bn cao p bin th b t dy (xem hnh 4 - 5 - 16 (a)). Th th ti sao mt
li quay ngc?
- Trang 148 -
Vi bin p theo cch u dy Y/ - 11, bn thp p u tam gic vect hp
thnh so vi vect bn cao p, tr sau mt gc pha 30o. Nu em hai my bin p u
ngc th t pha th vect hp thnh bn thp p o trc vect bn cao p mt gc
30o, hai in p dy bn thp p lch pha nhau 60 o, cho nn khng th u song song
theo hnh 4 - 5 - 18. trnh s c ngn mch, khng th ty tin u dy nh trn.
- Trang 149 -
nhit c lp qut gi th hiu sut lm mt b mt kt du v b ta nhit c th
nng cao 50 - 60%, dung lng ca n cng c th nng cao 30% tr ln. Sau khi
ngng qut vn c th vn hnh vi 66.7% ph ti. Do ch cn ph ti khng
vt qu 66.7% tr s nh mc th bin p vn c th vn hnh lu di.
- Trang 150 -
vng tng i ln, khi K2 ngt khi 2, s sinh ra h quang, nn trong u tip xc
ng c mc ni tip in tr hn dng R.
Cng tc tch ni khng ti ph thng tin hnh ct chuyn trong tnh hnh
ngt in. Trong qu trnh ct chuyn khng tn ti vn ngt in v sinh ra h
quang. V th ch dng mt u tip xc ng v khng cn in tr mc ni tip.
- Trang 151 -
4 - 6 B iu Chnh in p v b h cm
4 - 6 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao chi in ca bin p iu p c ch to rt hp? Ti sao
khng s dng chi in bng ng - graphit bn chc?
p: Chi in ca bin p iu p ni chung u dng chi in cacbon
-graphit, v ch to rt hp, thng khng vt qu rng hai si dy dn ca
cun dy. Bi v phn tip xc gia chi in vi cun dy s trc tip hnh thnh
ngn mch, chi in cng rng th s si ca cun dy b ngn mch cng nhiu.
ln ca dng in ngn mch hon ton do ln ca in tr bn trong chi
in quyt nh. Nu s dng chi in bng ng - graphit c in tr bn trong
rt nh t s gy nn dng in ngn mch tng i ln, khin cun dy pht
nng, chy hng.
- Trang 152 -
p: Nu b L th bin thnh mch in do hai my bin p iu p t ngu
mc song song to thnh, xem hnh 4 - 6 - 4 (b). Bin p u song song mun vn
hnh phi ph hp ba iu kin: cc lin kt ging nhau, in p tr khng bng
nhau, t s bin p bng nhau. Hai iu kin trc tha mn, nhng t s thng
thng do s khc bit ca hai c cu trc, tip im trt trong qu trnh iu
- Trang 153 -
php b s vng hoc b vng s l ca cun dy th cp, tc s vng thc t ca
cun dy th cp t hn s vng tnh ton mt cht. Nh vy c th gim thiu sai
s trong phm vi dng in nh mc ca b h cm dng in.
- Trang 154 -
p: B h cm dng in kiu LF2 6 - 10 ngn vn c mt cun dy s cp
v hai cun dy th cp. Trong b dy th cp c mt cun dng cho ng h o,
mt cun khc dng bo v rle. Mi mt cun ca b dy th cp u phi hp
vi mt li st. Cun dy dng o, khi s dng bnh thng th tit din li st
ca n tnh theo cng dng in lm vic bnh thng, nn tit din tng i
nh. Cun dy dng bo v l tnh theo tnh hnh khi ngn mch, v dng in ngn
mch thng gp vi n mi my ln dng in bnh thng, trong trng
hp ny li st khng b bo ha, cun dy th cp c th phn nh ln dng in
ngn mch ca s c, nn tit din li st ca n phi chn tng i ln, cho nn
c hai li st tit din khc nhau.
- Trang 155 -
p: Dung lng nh mc l ch dung lng m b h cm in p c
th t c khi vn hnh cp chnh xc thit k, nu s dng ph ti trong
phm vi dung lng nh mc th bo m c th t c cp chnh xc thit k.
Cn dung lng ln nht l cn c vo nhit cho php ca cun dy b h cm
in p xem xt, do s dng ph ti n dung lng ln nht th khng th
bo m chnh xc ca n, thng thng dung lng ln nht ln hn dung
lng nh mc.
- Trang 156 -
cc chi tit. Nu khi cch in gia cc cun dy hoc tm mt u th cp khng
tt dn n in tr cch in tng i thp, th do lng in dung ca cc chi
tit cch in ny tng i ln, cho nn tg o c tng i ln; nu khi ch vt
liu gi khng tt khin in tr cch in tng i thp th do lng in
dung ca gi rt nh, cho nn tg o c tng i nh.
- Trang 157 -
v c th gim c ci cch in ca ng , gim ng k th tch , gim c gi
thnh
- Trang 158 -
m cng c hc ca dy cu ch cao p c th chu ng c phi ln hn
nhiu ln dng in nh mc ca cun dy. ng thi, c lc cn mc ni tip
in tr hn dng, dng hn ch dng in khi ngn mch.
Nu u ra a, b mc ni tip in cm L, th:
1
Z i = jL +
j (C1 + C 2 )
1
Khi L + (C + C ) th Z'i = 0, tc mc ni tip L b sung c tr khng
1 2
- Trang 159 -
h cm in p c lin quan rt ln n ph ti. Dung lng tiu chun ca n
chnh l cn c vo dung lng m mt cp chnh xc no c th cho php qui
nh. Cho nn, dung lng tiu chun ca n s c s qui nh khc nhau ty theo cp
chnh xc khc nhau.
Dung lng ln nht m b h cm in p qui nh khc vi dung lng tiu
chun, n l dung lng ln nht m iu kin pht nhit vn hnh lu di cho php,
khi qui nh dung lng ny khng xt n chnh xc, cho nn sai s tng i
ln. Khi ng h o v rle m ngun nui c yu cu cp chnh xc th khng th p
dng dung lng ln nht v khng c vt qu dung lng tiu chun qui
nh. Nu khng s tng sai s, nh hng lm chnh xc. Ch c khi ng h m
ngun nui khng c yu cu cp chnh xc v tr s sai s khng nh hng n s
lm vic chnh xc ca n th mi cho php dng n dung lng ln nht.
- Trang 160 -
CHNG VI
NG C IN KHNG NG B
6 - 1 Nguyn l hot ng c bn
ca ng c in khng ng b
6 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng c in kiu lng sc c th t n tc quay ng b khng?
p: ng c in kiu lng sc s d c th quay c l do t trng quay
ca stato ct vt dn ca rto, sinh ra dng in cm ng, ri tc dng vi t thng
m to ra. Nu t n tc quay ng b th gia t trng quay ca stato v
rto khng c s vn ng tng i, tc khng th sinh ra dng in cm ng, do
cng khng th sinh ra m men quay, cho d mt khng ti th vn cn c lc cn
ca gi, cho nn tc quay tt nhin gim, tc khng bao gi c th t n tc
quay ng b.
- Trang 161 -
p: Bn cun dy trong cng mt pha cc th in p cm ng trong c
lch v tr pha, khi cc cun dy ny mc song song, gia chng s sinh ra dng in
mch vng, khng th quay bnh thng. Do khng th mc song song bng
phng php ny.
- Trang 162 -
OB , OC chnh l th vc t ca IA, IB, IC gc kp gia cc vc t chnh l gc lch
pha gia cc dng in.
- Trang 163 -
6 - 1 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt mt in khng ng b ba pha ang vn hnh, dng ampe k kp
o c dng in ca mt pha l 10A, khi ln lt o hai dy v ba dy pha th s
c ca ampe k phi l bao nhiu?
p: Mt in khng ng b ba pha ang vn hnh
bnh thng c th coi nh l mch in ba pha m dng in
ba pha v ph ti ba pha u cn bng, i xng, cho nn
cng dng in ba pha u bng nhau, nhng lch pha
120o, nh th hin hnh 6 - 1 - 7. Nu dng in ca mt dy
.
pha trong I A = 10A, th cng dng in khi o hai dy
. .
pha s l I A + I B, dng phng php hnh binh hnh bn cnh
. .
dng th vct, s c I A + I B = 10A, cho nn dng in khi o hai dy pha
s c c trn ampe k vn l 10A. Khi o dng in ca ba dy pha, qua th
. . . . . .
c th thy I A + I B = I C, nhng chiu ngc nhau, tc I A + I B + I C = 0. Cho nn s
c trn ampe k bng 0.
- Trang 164 -
nhng khng vt qu m men quay ln nht, nu khng mt s ngng quay. Qua
c th thy, m men quay ln nht l phn nh kh nng qu ti thi gian ngn
ca mt khng ng b. Cho nn, trong thng s sn phm mt khng ng b,
u phi cung cp t s gia m men quay ln nht v m men quay nh mc. Ni
chung, t s ca mt l 1.8 - 2.2.
- Trang 165 -
6 - 1 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt khng ng b c cng cng sut, ti sao loi tc quay cao, gi
li r hn?
p: Cng sut u ra P t l thun vi tch ca m men quay M v tc
quay n. Khi P nh nhau, n cao, M nh. Ngc li, n thp th M s ln. M li t l
thun vi t thng v cng dng in I trong mt, cn v 1 li ph thuc
vo kch thc ca mt, v I cng ln th kch thc ca mt cng ln. Qua
nhng u trn c th thy, mt c cng cng sut, khi n cao, M nh th kch thc
ca mt c th gim, tc lng s dng st, ng c th gim thiu, v th gi s
r hn.
- Trang 166 -
Hi: Khi em rto ly t trong sng ca mt ra, u vi in p nh mc
th nghim, c th pht hin thy cng dng in ca stato ln hn nhiu
ln cng dng in khng ti bnh thng. l nguyn nhn g?
p: Sau khi ly rto t trong stato ra, t tr ca mch t s thay i. Vn l
t thng c th thng qua li st ca rto, sau khi ly rto ra, ch c th thng qua
trong khng kh, m t dn sut ca khng kh thp hn nhiu so vi li st, v th
lm tng t tr. Cn c vo nh lut m mch t, t thng = t th IW/ t tr Rm,
mun duy tr khng thay i trong li st stato, dng in kch t I s i hi ln
hn nhiu ln. V th dng in khng ti ln hn nhiu ln khi bnh thng v thi
gian ko di th cun dy stato s b chy do qu nng.
- Trang 167 -
quay rto, do cun dy rto ct t trng ny, do sinh ra in th, v cun dy rto
l ngn mch, trong s sinh ra dng in v sinh ra t trng rto. Chiu ca
dng in rto v cc tnh ca t trng rto nh th hin hnh (b). Khi rto t
quay xoay, t trng rto ct cun dy stato khin trong cun dy stato ba pha cm
ng ra in th tc th. in p m vn k o c s bng tng in p mt chiu
do ngun in mt chiu hnh thnh v in th cm ng tc th. T hnh v v t
bng km theo, c th thy c: V2 = 3-DV, V1 = 3+DV, cho nn V1>3 Vn, V2<3
Vn.
- Trang 168 -
sinh ra, khe h mch t chnh cng ln th dng in kch t cn thit sinh ra t
trng s cng ln. Trong mch t chnh ca mt khng ng b c khe h, dng
in khng ti ca n c th t 20 - 50% dng in nh mc, cn trong my bin
th khng c khe h, dng in khng ti ca n ch chim khong 5% dng in
nh mc. Cho nn dng in khng ti ca mt khng ng b s ln hn nhiu
so vi ca my bin th. Khi mt khng ng b v my bin th ngn mch, th
dng in ngn mch bn th cp ca n u do in khng r bn th cp v in
tr ca chnh cun dy quyt nh. Cun dy ca mt khng ng b t trong
rnh li st, t thng r tng i ln, cho nn in khng r thng thng ln hn
ca my bin th. V th, dng in ngn mch ca mt khng ng b ch c 3.5 -
8 ln dng in nh mc, cn dng in ngn mch ca my bin th cao gp 10 -
20 ln dng in nh mc, tc dng in ngn mch ca mt khng ng b nh
hn rt nhiu.
- Trang 169 -
p: Mch t ca mt khng ng b, ngoi phn ln l do li st stato v
li st rto to thnh ra, gia stato v rto cn c khe trng, t tr ca khe h tng
i ln. Cn li st ca bin th l mt mch t khp kn, t tr tng i nh. Do
so vi my bin th, mt in khng ng b c dng in khng ti tng i
ln. Dng in khng ti ca bin th bng 1 - 8 % dng in nh mc, dng in
khng ti ca mt in khng ng b, ni chung bng 20 - 50% dng in nh
mc.
- Trang 170 -
6 - 2 Kt cu ca mt in khng ng b
6 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: S cnh tn nhit mt in khng ng b c nh kiu ng kn,
khong bao nhiu l va?
p: Tc dng ca cnh tn nhit mt mt l tng in tch ta nhit, mt
khc c tc dng dn dng kh, khin dng kh sau khi ri khi ca chp gi s di
chuyn hng trc theo mt b my, nhm nng cao hiu qu lm mt b mt. Nu
cch tn nhit tng i t, th cn gi nh, lng gi tng i ln, nhng din
tch tn nhit nh th s nh hng hiu qu lm mt ca mt. Nu cch tn nhit
tng i nhiu th din tch ta nhit tng ln, nhng cn gi cng tng, lng gi
gim, cng s nh hng hiu qu lm mt. Cho nn cch tn nhit qu nhiu hoc
qu t u khng c li i vi tng nhit ca mt. S lng ca cnh ta
nhit phi thng qua thc nghim khoa hc quyt nh.
- Trang 171 -
l trn li st rto t mc ch hiu chnh cn bng ng. Phng php ny n
gin, tin li, v trong tnh hnh lng khoan b khng nhiu, s khng nh hng
r rt i vi tnh nng ca mt. Do tnh ly tn ca trng thi cn bng ng rto,
thm na, p dng phng php trn kh hiu chnh mt ln c, cho nn "l
cn bng" cng khoan mt cch khng c qui tc.
- Trang 172 -
p: S pha ca rto kiu lng sc bng s rnh di mi i t cc. Mi
pha ch c mt s dy dn (vng) cho nn in th cm ng ca mi pha rt nh,
ng thi in tr ca phin thp silic ln hn nhiu so vi in tr ca cun dy
lng sc, cho nn phn ln dng in chy qua cun dy. V th, cun dy lng sc
khng cn cch in i vi v. Trong cun dy rto kiu qun dy, s pha v cun
dy stato ging nhau, s vng ca cun dy mi pha tng i nhiu, cho nn in
th cm ng mi pha rt ln. Nu cun dy khng cch in vi v s sinh ra ngn
mch vi t, dn n chy mt.
- Trang 173 -
ca chng va ng trit tiu nhau, nh th hin hnh (c). p dng kt cu ny cn
c th gim tn hao ph, m men ph v ting n ca mt.
- Trang 174 -
nhin khng nh hng ln nhau. Nu gp li dng mt vng th do lng trn lng
di gin dui khc nhau gy nn ng lc c hc, hn na khi thit k tch ring 2
vng th cng tng i d nm c tr s in tr khi ng.
- Trang 175 -
6 - 3 Vn hnh mt in kiu lng sc
6 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao chnh lch gia in p u v in p nh mc ca mt in
khng nn vt qu 5%?
p: Khi chnh lch gia in p u vi in p nh mc khng vt qu
5% th cng sut u ra ca mt c th duy tr tr s nh mc.
Nu in p qu thp th mt khi ng kh khn, d qu nng. V sau khi
in p st xung th lng t thng trong mt gim s dn ti gim phn lng
dng kch t, lm tng phn lng dng ph ti, c bit khi ph ti tng i ln,
tr s tng ca phn lng dng ph ti ln hn tr s gim ca dng kch t khin
dng in tng ca stato tng ln vt qu tr s nh mc ca n. V tiu hao cng
sut trn cun dy stato v rto tng ln, nn lng pht nhit tng. Mt do qu nng
khin cch nhit lo ha, thm ch chy cun dy.
Nu in p qu cao, nht l khi in p vt qu + 10% tr s nh mc ca
mt th mt t khng ca li st m t s tng mnh, tn hao li st tng ln,
ng thi phn lng dng kch t cng tng mnh s lm tng dng in tng stato,
khin cun dy mt qu nng.
- Trang 176 -
6 - 3 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi in p tng cao hoc st gim s c nh hng g i vi tnh
nng ng c in cm ng?
p: nh hng ca vic tng hoc gim in p i vi tnh nng ca mt
cm ng ty theo tr s bin i ca in p v ph ti ln hay nh m c s khc
nhau. S thay i thng thng nh sau:
Khi in p tng cao th m men quay, tc quay, dng in khi ng ca
mt u tng theo, khi ti nng th h s cng sut, dng in stato s gim xung
theo, khng nh hng ln n hiu sut; khi ti nh, dng in c kh nng tng
ln.
Khi in p st gim th m men quay, tc quay, dng in khi ng ca
mt u gim theo, cn h s cng sut, dng in stato u tng cao, khi ti,
hiu sut cng gim theo, nhng khi na ti, hiu sut c th nng cao mt cht.
- Trang 177 -
6 - 3 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt u c dy tip "khng" hoc dy tip t in p ca mt l
220/380V, khi s dng vi ngun in 380V th phi em mt u thnh hnh Y,
liu c th t im Y ly ra mt dy dn ni vi v ca mt lm dy an ton tip
'khng" khng?
p: Khi mt vn hnh trong tnh hnh bnh thng vi ngun in 3 pha th
in th im sao l 0, nhng khi ph ti 3 pha khng cn bng hoc cu ch mt
pha b t, dn ti vn hnh mt pha, lc ny im Y i vi t c in p, nu
ngi chm phi v mt s c nguy c in git v th cch u ny khng an
ton.
- Trang 178 -
dng my ngui ri li khi ng, c th hot ng lu di nhiu ln vn khng
b chy, l s c g?
p: Lu vn khng b chy m vn c th khi ng, vn
quay c ti chng t khng phi ngn mch hoc u nhm dy.
Dng in 2 pha cha t ti tr s ti m cun dy nng,
hn na t s dng in ln nh gn bng 1.73 t hnh 6 - 3 - 11,
c th thy r, y r rng l do t mt pha ca mt gy nn. Sau
khi t mt pha, dng in pha ca 2 pha u vt qu dng
in nh mc 20/1.73 : 11.6 (A) cho nn nhanh chng nng ln. Khi
mt u Y c th khi ng bnh thng, chng t ng dy v mt u khng
c s c, khi i thnh cch u , mt pha b t, r rng l cng tc Y - b hng.
- Trang 179 -
p: C hai nguyn nhn dn n dng in lch nhau khng qu 10%. Th
nht l in p ngun in ba pha lch nhau rt nh (khong 0.5%) chnh lch s
c ba pha trn vn k khng r. Th hai l s vng ca cun dy mt khng bng
nhau, mch t khng u (khe h khng u, s rnh ca mi cc, mi pha l phn
s c mu s 3). Mun xc nh n l do nguyn nhn bn trong hay nguyn nhn bn
ngoi gy nn th phng php n gin l, i u u dy vi ln gia ba dy
ngun vi dy mt xem tnh hnh thay i ca dng in khng ti. Nu th t ln
nh ca dng in bin ng theo th t pha ca ngun in, v d I1 lun lun ln
nht, I3 lun lun nh nht th do in p ngun khng cn bng, nu th t ln nh
l mt pha no ca mt lun lun ln nht, mt pha no lun lun nh nht th
do hng bn trong mt. Khi th t ln nh khng c nh th mt v ngun in
u c vn .
- Trang 180 -
Nhng chng u khng th phng nga vn qu nng hoc chy hng do tn
nhit ca mt khng tt. V d mt s dng trong nh my dt hoc trong mi
trng khng sch, c lc do cc si bng hoc cc cht bn lm nght ng thng
gi tn nhit, khin mt qu nng hoc chy hng. Nu lp rle bo v qu nhit
trong cun dy mt, trc tip phn nh nhit ca cun dy th c th phng
nga qu nng bao gm c do tn nhit khng tt gy ra.
- Trang 181 -
6 - 4 Khi ng v phanh hm mt in kiu lng
8 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: C ngi ni rng "mt khng ng b 3 pha khi khng ti th dng
in khi ng nh, khi ti th dng in khi ng ln". ng khng?
p: Khng ng. Ni chung dng in khi ng khi mt khng ng b
khi ng trc tip l bng 4 - 7 ln dng in nh mc. Khi khi ng khng ti
v khi ng ti, thi im va thng ngun, tc quay u t 0 bt u
tng ln, cng vi s tng khng ngng ca tc quay, dng in khi ng cng
u t cng mt tr s bt u khng ngng gim, khi khng ti s gim xung n
dng in khi ng v m men quay khi ng ca n u ging nhau. Ch c khi
khng ti, dng in khi ng gim xung nhanh, qu trnh khi ng ngn, ti
dng in khi ng gim xung chm, thi gian khi ng lu.
- Trang 182 -
p: Khng c. Do bm nc chuyn ng ti lui thuc thit b khi ng
ti nng, yu cu m men quay khi ng tng i ln, nn phi p dng phng
php khi ng b t ngu. Cn b khi ng Y - m men quay khi ng nh,
kh nng khi ng ti nng km, v th khi s dng s xut hin hu qu khng
tt, nh khi ng kh khn, thi gian khi ng lu, thm ch chy mt. V th
khng c ty tin thay phng php khi ng b t ngu bng phng php
khi ng Y -
- Trang 183 -
gim. iu ny khng nhng gy kh khn cho vic khi ng mt ny m cn nh
hng n s hot ng ca cc mt khc v thit b in khc c cng mt
ngun cung cp. (2) Khi dung lng ca mt tuy khng ln nhng khi ng rt
dy, thng xuyn c dng in ln hn nhiu so vi dng in nh mc chy qua,
s lm cho nhit ca mt vt qu nhit cho php. V th, i vi mt dung
lng ln hoc mt dung lng nh nhng khi ng dng th nht thit phi tm
cch gim nh dng in khi ng.
- Trang 184 -
in ca rto i sau t trng quay mt gc pha rt ln, khin thnh phn hu cng
ca dng in rto rt nh, li sinh ra m men lc ph nht nh, lm yu m men
quay khi ng, v th m men quay khi ng ca mt khng ng b kiu lng
sc tng i nh.
- Trang 185 -
qu ln, gim thch hp lc nn ca l xo vn c th c. Nu nh vy vn cha
gii quyt vn , c th hi gim khong cch ca nam chm in, tc c th tng
lc ht v gim dng in khi ng (gim st p), nh vy tuy lm cho khe h gia
phin hm v bnh thng tng i nh, nhng nu bo dng thch ng, ni chung
cn c th s dng c.
- Trang 186 -
c h s dng v n v cung cp in k hp ng liu c vt gii hn
khng. Khi khi ng mt, nht l mt tng i ln khi ng ti nng, cng
sut cn thit trong thi gian ngn ln hn cng sut cn thit khi quay bnh thng.
Khi ng khng hp l s vt gii hn. Nhng ph ti nh ny rt ngn, ch
my chc giy. Nu hai thit b khi ng so le nhau 15 pht tr ln th c th lm
cho hai ln khi ng trc sau khng nm vo trong bng thng k cng sut bnh
qun 15 pht mt ln, nh trnh b pht do vt gii hn.
- Trang 187 -
6 - 5 Mt kiu vnh gp
6 - 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao thit b cn cu nh cu treo, my ti u s dng mt kiu
qun dy?
p: Cu treo, my ti u l thit b ti nng, khi ng lin tc, c yu cu
iu chnh tc . Nu s dng mt kiu lng sc th dng in khi ng ln, m
men quay nh, kh iu chnh tc , khi khi ng nhiu ln dng in ln s dn
ti dao ng in p in li, lm nng cun dy, tng nhanh lo ha cch in,
gim tui th ca mt. B lc xung kch nhiu ln ca dng in ln, cun dy d
b tc dng ca lc in t, sinh ra bin dng. p dng mt kiu qun dy, c th
thng qua in tr u ngoi ca mch rto gim dng in khi ng, tng m
men quay khi ng, iu chnh tc bnh n.
- Trang 188 -
p: Tc quay ng b ca mt n : 60f/p, f l tn s ngun in, p l s
i cc ca mt. Khi p thay i, n s thay i. Thay i s i cc iu chnh
tc phi cng lc thay i s cc ca stato, rto. Thay i s cc stato ca mt
kiu lng sc th s cc ca rto s t ng i theo. Nhng s cc ca rto mt
khng ng b kiu qun dy do cun dy rto quyt nh, mun thay i s cc
ca rto phi thay i cch u cun dy ca n. iu ny l rt kh. Cho nn mt
khng ng b kiu qun dy khng th ng phng php ny iu chnh tc
.
- Trang 189 -
M men quay khi ng ca mt Mq = Km I2cos 2 (Km l thng s, l t thng
chnh). Do I2 v cos 2 u gim, m men quay khi ng ca mt s tr nn rt
nh, khin mt khng th khi ng c, cho nn mch in rto ca mt
khng ng b kiu rto qun dy khng c s dng b in khng khi
ng.
6 - 5 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi t mt dy pha ca rto mt kiu
vnh gp b t, dng in khng ti lin dao ng c
tnh chu k, ti sao?
p: 12 on cung trn vng ngoi hnh 6 - 5 -
8 biu th nhm pha cc ca stato bn cc, I, II, III
biu th th t pha thuc nhm pha cc cc. Vng
trong th hin rto, ch c du hiu "0", biu th pha
b t. Do trong pha b t khng c dng in cm
ng, dng in trong cun dy stato i ng vi pha
cng tng i nh, khi rto quay t t, dng in
ca cc pha s dao ng ln c tnh chu k. Nu mt t n tc quay cng
k th trong ba pha ca rto u khng c dng in cm ng, dng in stato khng
cn dao ng, cn khi khng ti gn cn tc cng k, tng ng vi rto quay
ngc chiu vi tc quay rt chm, cng lm cho dng in stato dao ng
ln theo chu k. C quay v tr mt cc, dng in thay i mt ln, cho nn s ln
thay i mi pht = tc quay cng k x trt kh khng ti x s cc.
- Trang 190 -
ca dng in, nhng do kim cha dao ng n tr s ln nht, dng in bin
i nh i, khin kim dao ng ngc li, cho nn s c thy s nh.
- Trang 191 -
6 - 5 - 11 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt khng ng b h JZR2 s dng cn cu v trong luyn kim,
ti sao bc gp u rto ca u vnh gp d b "n pho" (nt la) cn bc gp
u khc li khng "n pho"?
p: Bc gp u rto mt h JZR2 "n pho" hu nh u xy ra pha
u vnh gp. Khi mt quay, di p lc nht nh, vnh gp s ma st vi chi
in, v th khng ngng tung bt carbon vo khng gian chung quanh. Tuy gia
bung vnh gp vi khoang trong mt c tm ngn bi, nhng khe h gia tm
ngn bi ca stato, rto i vi bt carbon m ni th vn rt ln, nn bt carbon ri
trn bc gp u rto gn v chung quanh n. Bc gp u c cch mt ci bc
cch in mt ci, cho d c bc cch in tng ci th phn chn ca bc gp u
cng khng th cch in kn khp c c, bt carbon ri ln n s dn dn hnh
thnh mch thng, cui cng dn n in p gia cc pha khc nhau nh thng, nt
la. Do khe h gia stato rto rt nh, c bit l khi di ca li st tng i
di, bt carbon ni chung kh lt vo u kia, cho nn bc gp u kia ca u vnh
gp rt t khi nt la.
- Trang 192 -
6 - 6 Mt mt pha
6 - 6 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong my git gia nh s dng mt in mt pha, ti sao t s s
vng ca cun dy chnh v cun dy ph l l?
p: My git gia nh hin nay thng s
dng kt cu quay trn bnh sng. Qu trnh hot ng
l: quay thun chiu 30 giy, dng 5 giy, quay ngc
chiu 30 giy, sau tun hon tr i tr li. n
gin vic iu khin quay thun, quay ngc, p
dng hnh thc u dy nh hnh 6 - 6 - 1, khi quay
thun th A l cun dy chnh, khi quay ngc th B l
cun dy chnh. V m men quay v cng sut a ra
ca mt khi hai chiu thun ngc u phi bng nhau, nu tham s kt cu ca
cun dy s cp, th cp u ging nhau, tc t s s vng phi l 1.
- Trang 193 -
pha gia 2 v 1 gn 90o, nhng pha ca 2 vt trc hay tt sau so vi 1 l do
cun y B u thun hay u ngc quyt nh. Chiu quay ca qut nht nh l
t v tr t thng c pha vt trc quay hng sang v tr t thng tt sau. Nh th
hin trong hnh v, th khi 2 tt sau so vi 1 th qut s quay theo chiu kim ng
h, nu f vt trc 1 th qut quay ngc chiu kim ng h. C th thy, chiu
quay ca qut trn khng ng l do u ngc cun y B.
- Trang 194 -
p: Khi ti nh hoc khng ti, mt mt pha t in vo trng thi
vn hnh hai pha khng i xng, tn hao ca cc b phn do dng in th t pha
m gy nn, ngc li ln hn l khi ti, nhit ca n cng cao hn trng thi
ti. Cho nn cc loi my mc thng trng thi khng ti hoc ti nh th
khng nn s dng mt mt pha t in.
- Trang 195 -
p: Mt mt pha yu cu cun dy chnh, cun dy ph lch nhau mt gc
in 90o trong khng gian. T thng do hai cun dy sinh ra phi lch nhau mt gc
in 90o trong khng gian. Cun dy chnh u vi nhau theo u cng tn s ph
hp yu cu ny. Nhn hnh (b) ta thy: t thng cun dy chnh 12 c hp thnh
bi t thng 14 ca cun dy pha th nht v t thng 52 ca cun dy pha th hai
lch nhau vi t thng 36 ca cun dy pha th 3 (tc t thng ca cun dy ph)
mt gc 90o. Nu ni u vi cui cun dy th t thng cun dy chnh ph trn
cng mt ng trc, s khng ph hp vi yu cu b tr khng gian ca cun dy
chnh ph.
- Trang 196 -
6 - 7 Mt c gp chnh lu ba pha
6 - 7 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt c gp chnh lu ba pha, khi dng phng php thay i th t pha
thay i chiu quay, ti sao trong tnh hnh ph ti nh nhau, dng in a vo
ng c ln hn c?
p: Bi v sau khi thay i chiu quay ca mt, t trng quay v in th
cm ng ca n trong cun dy stato v chiu in th ca cun dy iu chnh do
chi in sinh ra u thay i theo. Nu khi mt vn hnh thp hn tc quay
ng b, khi cha thay i, nng cao h s cng sut, v tr ca chi in phi
sao cho thi gian m t trng quay ct cun dy iu chnh gia chi in tr hn
thi gian ct cun dy stato, nhng sau khi thay i, chiu quay t trng quay, t
trng quay s ct cun dy iu chnh trc. Nh vy, pha ca in th ph s
vt trc cun dy stato, khin h s cng sut h thp. Cho nn, trong tnh hnh
cng sut khng thay i th dng in u vo ca mt s tng cao.
Khi thay i chiu quay mun lm cho dng in vi cng ph ti vn gi
nguyn khng i phi cng vi thay i th t pha, chuyn i c v tr bnh rng
lin ng.
- Trang 197 -
6 - 8 H hng v kim tra sa cha mt
6 - 8 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt mt thp p qun chng hai lp, cun dy trong mt rnh no
ca stato, do s c chm v, lm chy vi si dy ng. Ngoi phn b chy ra, cht
cch in ca cc b phn khc ca cun dy u tt nguyn, lm th no sa cha
vi yu cu nhanh, tt r?
p: t ngt chy t vi si dy ng, cch in ca cun dy cn cha b
hng, ch cn u li ch b t l c th lm vic bnh thng, khng cn tho mt
phn hoc ton b qun li. Nhng trong rnh khng cho php c u ni. C th
ct bt mt phn ch t, mi hai u ch t c thay bng on dy dn mi
t vo trong rnh, cn hai u em hn vi ch t ngoi rnh ( ch u ni bc
kn bng l ng mng). Khi ni xong nhng cha hn, kim tra xem c ch no
khng thng vi ton b cun dy, nu c sa cha xong mi hn. Cch in lt rnh
b chy hng phi thay (sau khi sa cha, nu khng cn h hng th dng in
khng ti ba pha phi cn bng). S b th nghim khng cn h hng xong cn
phi qua x l ngm sn, sy kh.
- Trang 198 -
ra dng in rt ln trong cun dy ngn mch, khin n chy hng. V th ch
ngn mch ca cun dy b chy rt r.
- Trang 199 -
p: Tin hnh x l sy mt, l bi v bn trong mt b m, c nc. Nu
dng in mt chiu khi sy, do in mt chiu c tc dng in gii i vi nc,
khin cch in ca mt cng tr nn km. in xoay chiu khng c tc dng in
gii i vi nc, hn na d c c hn so vi ngun mt chiu, cho nn ni
chung khi tin hnh x l sy ngn mch in p thp i vi mt, u dng in
xoay chiu.
- Trang 200 -
trc th D4, D5, D6 hoc D1, D2, D3 u l u cng cc tnh (tc cng l u u
hoc cng l u cui).
- Trang 201 -
6 - 8 - 17 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mun s dng ampe k dng km kim tra dng in cc pha ca mt
khng ng b ba pha xem c i xng khng, nhng c mt dy dn nm cht gia
cc thit b in khc, khng th o c. Lm sao c th o c?
p: Cng lc hai dy dn ca hai pha c th o c vo trong ampe k
dng km, s c o c chnh l dng in ca pha th ba. Bi v mt khng
. . .
ng b ba pha u l cch u ba pha ba dy, dng in ba pha ca n I A + I B + I C
. . .
= 0, tc I A = - ( I B + I C ) cho nn c th dng phng php trn o (du m th
hin dng in pha A trn thc t bng tng dng in ca hai pha o c, nhng
chiu ngc nhau v khng nh hng kt qu o).
- Trang 202 -
CHNG VIII
- Trang 203 -
thng mch ca mt in, iu ny s hn ch cng sut c hc. gim thiu
tiu hao nng lng ny, cc my mc c gii nh cn cu trn tu thy phi s
dng mt c bit, lng qun tnh chuyn ng nh, nh mt c rto ng
knh nh, di ln hoc mt hai rto.
- Trang 204 -
Hi: Mt s dng trong nc hoc trong ging c g khc so vi mt bnh
thng?
p: Mt s dng bnh thng a phn l kiu phng h hoc kiu ng
kn. Loi phng h c th phng nga nc ma tt vo, loi sau c th phng nga
bi bm, tp cht trong khng kh xm nhp.
Mt s dng trong hm m l kiu chng n, n hon ton kn v c th chu
c b n m khng b ph hoi. Khi do cc nguyn nhn nh ngn mch, nh
thng lm cho mt pht ra tia la in, thm ch dn ti n bn trong s khng gy
n ton b hm m.
Mt s dng di nc l kiu ngp trong nc. Bi v nc bin hoc
nc sng ni chung u cha mui v cc khong cht, chng u l cht dn in.
Nu nc vo trong mt s ph hoi cch in, gy ngn mch. Cho nn mt
ngp trong nc phi c tnh nng kn tt, c th phng nga nc xm nhp vo
bn trong mt.
- Trang 205 -
thng qua phn gng stato, rto u gim tng ng, cao gng cng gim mng
tng ng.
- Trang 206 -
thng xuyn kim tra sa cha cn u th ra ca my in c my ng lc (i
vi my pht in) hoc my phi ko (i vi mt) v th kim tra sa cha bo
dng khng tin li. (2) My in mt chiu thng p dng hnh thc thng gi,
khng kh lm mt t u b i chiu a vo, thng qua cc chnh v rto, sau
thot ra u khc. Nu u th ra ca trc v b i chiu cng mt u th
khng kh a vo my in c th do thng qua my mc ni vi n b nng,
do nh hng n tng nhit ca my in. (3) Phn my mc ni vi my
in c th sinh ra cht bn hoc cht kh c hi d b ht vo, nh hng n s
sch bn trong my, gy n mn cch in hoc ngn mch. (4) Chn ng do u
th ra ca trc truyn n (do phn my mc ni vi my in sinh ra v do lp rp
khng ng gy ra) s nh hng s hot ng bnh thng ca b i chiu gy ra
tia la. Cho nn, ni chung b i chiu ca my in mt chiu lun lun lp u
kia ca u trc th ra.
- Trang 207 -
p: l l chuyn dng o khe h gia rto, stato ca mt khi kim
tra. Khi o c th tho inh vt ra, cm cn l vo l c th o khe h mt cch d
dng.
- Trang 208 -
8 - 2 Li st
8 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi ch to, nu khng thay i thit k c, em l thp silic (D11) dng
mt lp ln li st bin th, cn l thp silic (D41) dng bin th lp ln li st
mt, s xy ra chuyn g?
p: Do hm lng silic khc nhau, nn l thp silic D41 v D11 khc nhau v
tnh nng. Tn hao st ca D41 tng i nh, cn vn ampe kch t tng i ln,
tnh nng c gii tng i km, c tnh gin. Tn hao st ca D11 tng i ln
cn cng sut (vn ampe) kch t tng i nh, tnh nng c hc tng di tt, hi
gin. V d, vi mt t thng 1.4 tesla (T) (14000 Gaox) th mi khng phin
thp silic D11 s tn hao st l 6.9W, 11.5VA kch t, cn D41 ch c 2.59W, 25.8VA
kch t. Do nu em D11 dng vo li st bin th th tn hao st s tng 2 - 3
ln. Cn dng in kch t li gim khong mt na so vi c, khin bin th nng,
thm ch khng vn hnh c.
- Trang 209 -
thnh rnh ming na m, my dung lng ln th lm thnh rnh ming m. Ti
sao?
p: Xt theo tnh nng ca my in xoay chiu th ming rnh cng nh
cng tt (t th kch t cn thit nh, cho nn h s cng sut c th hi cao, dao
ng t trng cng nh, do tn hao v chn ng sinh ra u tng i nh).
Nhng tit din dy dn ca my in dung lng tng i ln, ni chung chu
dy dn dt, c bit l vi in p tng i cao, cun dy lm thnh cun dy to
hnh, trc khi gn nht vo trong rnh phi bc tt cch in, nhm bo m cht
lng cch in, cho nn phi dng rnh m ming.
- Trang 210 -
8 - 3 Cun dy
- Trang 211 -
8 - 3 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao my in c va c ln ni chung u s dng nhm cun dy
hai lp?
p: Cun dy hai lp ngoi vic c th la chn khong cch cc tit on
mt cch c li nht, t c dng sng t th khe h tng i tt, tit kim vt
liu, tng i d chn s vng ca mi chi tit ra, cn c u im l cc nhm
cun dy c th u song song vi nhau. Khi s rnh ca mi pha mi cc l s chn
th cc nhm cun dy c th u song song ton b, t gim c dng in
mch nhnh v tit din dy dn, tin gn dy. Ngoi ra, trong mt nhm cun dy
hai lp no , khi v tr ca rto lch tm vi stato, th trong cc mch nhnh u
song song ca nhm cun dy s gy nn dng in cn bng. T thng cn bng do
dng in ny sinh ra c th loi tr lc ko t mt bn. Nhm cun dy hai lp cn
thch hp vi cun dy rnh s l, to thun li cho s thng dng phin dp. My
in c khi lng sn xut khng ln, yu cu tnh nng tng i cao, phn ln
s dng nhm cun dy hai lp.
- Trang 212 -
tc nng sut khng gian rt thp, iu ny khng c g gh gm i vi my in,
my bin th dung lng nh, dy dt tit din nh khi gia cng ch to v qun
cun dy u c kh khn, do my in, my bin th dung lng nh u s
dng dy dn trn. Cn my in, my bin th dung lng ln, nu nng sut li
dng khng gian km th s lm cho th tch ca c my tng ln r rt, s dng bt
tin, gi thnh ch to tng, hn na dy dt tit din tng i ln khi gia cng
ch to v qun dy u khng kh, cho nn my in, my bin th dung lng
tng i ln u dng dy dn dt.
- Trang 213 -
p: Khi my pht in ngn mch phn ngoi, dng in ngn mch chy
qua cun dy khin n chu lc in ng rt ln. Nu c nh khng tt th cun
dy s bin dng hoc bng ny trong rnh, gy nn s c, hn na sc in t sinh
ra gia cc cun dy khi my pht in c ln vn hnh cng tng i ln. Sc
in t xoay chiu gia que dy trn, di cng rnh khin que dy chn ng lin
tc, nu c nh khng tt th trong thi gian tng i ngn s lm mn hng
nghim trng cch in.
- Trang 214 -
khin gi nng i lu ng trong bung sy m khng nh hng ti cch in ca
cun dy.
- Trang 215 -
thanh nhm khng c lin kt tt vi nhau. Cho nn phng php ng l, trc
tin t t rt mt phn nc nhm, sau nhanh chng rt ht nc nhm cn li,
nh vy c th bo m cht lng ca rto bng nhm c.
- Trang 216 -
8 - 3 - 21 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao nhit cng cao th tr s in tr cch in ca rto cng
thp?
p: Cch in ca mt l vt liu cch in dng si, giu tnh ht m, khi
nhit tng cao, nc trong cch din s lp tc ko di ra v pha hai cc in
trng, nh vy ht nc di nh trong vt liu si s tng tnh dn in. Ngoi ra
trong nc cha tp cht ha tan hoc trong cht cch in cha vt cht tnh kim
v tnh axit s b nc phn gii cng s lm tng dn in sut, do lm gim tr
s in tr cch in.
- Trang 217 -
8 - 4 trc
8 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Gia gi trc v y ca mt ng b tng i ln phi m
tm cch in, ti sao mt khng ng b li khng cn?
p: Chy qua rto mt ng b l in mt chiu, do cc nguyn nhn nh
khe h gia stato v r t khng u, t tr ca cc mch t song song rto c kh
nng khng bng nhau, gy ra t trng khng bng nhau khin hai u trc ca
mt sinh ra in th, trc trc, np b t ha cng c th gy nn iu th ny.
Trong mt ng b tng i ln, in th ny c th ln ti mc nh thng
mng du trong trc, hnh thnh dng in thng qua gia trc vi y trc.
Dng in ny c tc dng n mn i vi c trc, bc trc, nn m lp cch in
vo gia gi trc vi y nhm tng in tr trong mch kn dng in trc,
khin dng in trc gim xung cn rt nh. Mt khng ng h do khng c tnh
hnh in th cm ng sinh ra dng in trc, v th khng cn m cch in.
- Trang 218 -
8 - 4 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: trc trong my in dung lng ln, tc quay tng i thp th
thng dng bc trt (lt), tc tng i cao th thng dng bi hoc bi
a. Ti sao?
p: Mt in dung lng ln, tc quay thp, trc, mt mt phi chu
p lc thng ng ca b phn chuyn ng tng i ln, cn c bc trc vi kh
nng chu trng lng tng i ln lm trc, mt khc nh hng ca lc ma
st trc tc quay thp tng i nh, nn c th dng bc trc vi lc ma st
tng i ln lm trc cho nn trc mt dung lng ln, tc thp thng
dng trc bc trt. Mt tc quay cao, bi mt mt chu p lc thng ng
ca b phn chuyn ng tng i nh, c th dng bi hoc bi a vi nng
lc chu tng i nh lm trc; mt khc, vi tc quay cao nh hng lc
ma st cc b phn chuyn ng i vi trc tng i ln, nn phi dng bi, bi
hoc bi a vn c lc ma st tng i nh.
- Trang 220 -
8 - 5 B i chiu, vnh gp v chi in
8 - 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: My in mt chiu thng thng s dng chi in graphit cn vnh
gp ca my xoay chiu a phn dng chi in graphit - ng. Ti sao?
p: H s in tr ca chi in graphit tng i ln, mt dng in
cho php tng i nh, in tr tip xc cng tng i ln, n tuy tng tiu hao v
tng tit din chi in cn thit, nhng do h s in tr tng i cao, khin cho
trong qu trnh i chiu, dng in trong linh kin b ngn mch bi n tng i
nh, c th ci thin tnh hnh i chiu, v vy thch hp vi my in mt chiu
ni chung. H s in tr ca chi in graphit ng nh, mt dng in cho
php ln, st p tip xc nh, dng vi my in mt chiu ni chung th s lm cho
tnh hnh i chiu km, nhng dng cho vnh gp ca my in xoay chiu th c
th h thp tn hao, gim nh tit din (chi in graphit ng cng thng s
dng trong my in mt chiu in p thp, dng in ln).
- Trang 221 -
in phn b khng u, chi in c dng in ln chy qua s sinh ra tia la,
khin my in xy ra s c. Nu l chi in kim loi graphit th khi dng in
vt qu 20 ampe/cm2 , in p tip xc t l thun vi mt dng in tng ln,
dn n dng in chy qua chi in ny cng ln, d lm hng b i chiu
(hoc vnh gp) v chi in ca my in. i vi chi in graphit, do h s
nhit (dng in cng ln, nhit cng cao th in tr cng nh) ca carbon, cng
d b chy qu ti, lng lo. V vy i vi my in nn c gng dng chi in
cng nhn hiu, nu iu kin khng c php t nht s dng cng mt loi sn
phm chi in cng cc tnh.
- Trang 222 -
8 - 6 o kim my in
8 - 6 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: o nhit ca my in, my bin th, ti sao khng nn s dng
nhit k thy ngn?
p: Nhit k c loi l nhit k thy ngn, c loi l nhit k cn v.v...,
trong trng hp chung u c th s dng. Nhng khi o nhit ca my in,
my bin th, nhit k nm trong trng in t. Thy ngn l cht dn in, trong
trng in t s sinh ra tn hao dng xoy, do s dn n sai s o. Cho nn, o
nhit my in, bin th tt nht s dng nhit k cn.
- Trang 223 -
s c ca vn k khng chnh xc. Li dng nguyn l gia khong cch khe h
cu vi in p phng in c mt quan h nht nh c th o c in p th
nghim ging ln vt th nghim. Mt tc dng khc l bo v vt th nghim khng
b qu p nh thng. Bi v trong khi tin hnh th nghim, in p ngun in c
th dao ng, khin in p ging trn vt th nghim vt qu in p th nghim
nh mc.
- Trang 225 -
8 - 7 Nhng vn khc
8 - 7 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao dung lng nh mc ca mt c biu th bng cng sut
tc dng (hu cng), cn dung lng nh mc ca my bin p li biu th bng
cng sut biu kin?
p: Mt hoc my bin p, do b hn ch bi nhit , trong vn hnh,
dng in khng cho php vt tr s nh mc ca n, tc cng sut biu kin
khng c vt qu tr s nh mc ca n. Cng sut tc dng l php tnh ca
cng sut biu kin v h s cng sut. Khi dng in l tr s nh mc, h s cng
sut l tr s c nh th cng sut biu kin a ra l tr s c nh, tc cng sut tc
dng nh mc.
Ph ti ca mt in l cc my mc sn xut, cng sut phi thuc cn
thit l cng sut tc dng. Qua c tnh lm vic ca mt, c th bit c gia
h s cng sut, cng dng in stato v cng sut tc dng a ra c mi quan
h tng ng c nh. Cho nn, dung lng nh mc ca mt c th c biu th
bng cng sut tc dng.
H s cng sut ca my bin p l do tnh cht ca ph ti quyt nh, nn
gia cng dng in v h s cng sut khng c mi quan h tng ng c
nh, cho nn dung lng nh mc phi c biu th bng cng sut biu kin.
- Trang 226 -
8 - 7 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: My pht in dung lng ln, ti sao phi phi hp s dng bin p
nng p truyn ti in?
p: nng cao hiu sut truyn ti in, tit kim u t ng dy ti
in. Vic truyn ti in dung lng ln, khong cch xa, u p dng in
p110kV, 220kV thm ch cao hn. Nhng my pht in trc tip pht ra in p
cao nh th l kh khn. Bi v kt cu ca my pht in phc tp, cht ch, nhm
cun dy stato gn trong rnh do phin thp silic p chng ln nhau m thnh, mun
lm cho gia nhm cun dy stato vi t c mc cch in 110kV, thm ch cao hn
th trnh k thut hin nay cha lm c. Cho nn in p a ra ca my pht
in dung lng ln ni chung l khong 10kV, sau dng bin p nng in p ln
n 110kV, 220kV, thm ch cao hn, ri truyn ti i.
- Trang 231 -
CHNG IX
UNG DY IN LC
9 - 1 Nhng vn chung ca ng dy in
- Trang 232 -
p: Ch yu l do khi b tr ngang bng iu kin kh h quang tng i
tt. Khi ng dy ti in xy ra qu p, gia cc dy dn c th xy ra chp rch.
Khi dy in b tr ngang bng do khng kh nng bc ln, thi h quang ln trn,
khin n ko di ra ri b t, nh th hin hnh (a), nhng khi b tr thng ng
hoc b tr hnh tam gic, khng kh nng bc ln trn (nh th hin hnh (b)), khi
y h quang d chm vo dy dn bn trn nn kh b tt.
- Trang 234 -
Hi: ng dy trn khng h bn dy ba pha, ton b cung cp in cho
ph ti chiu sng mt pha. Sau khi b gi ln gy ra s c, s dng cu ch tch pha
kim tra im c s c, khi ng cu ch hai pha A, B, khng c hin tng t
dy cu ch, nhng khi ng cu ch pha C th cu ch pha C v pha B t cng lc.
Khi ng hai pha A, C cng khng b t, cn khi ng pha B th cu ch hai pha B, C
cng t. Xin hi s c u?
p: l do gi thi mnh, xy ra ngn mch gia hai pha B, C ca ng
dy trn khng. (nh th hin hnh 9 - 1 - 12). Cho nn, khi ng hai pha A v B
hoc A v C khng thnh mt mch ngn mch, cu ch lp trn ng dy khng b
chy. Nhng khi ng pha th 3 th gia pha B vi C hnh thnh mch kn ngn
mch; v th cu ch ca hai pha ny s do dng in ngn mch chy qua, nn b
chy.
- Trang 235 -
9 - 2 Dy dn
9 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trn dy dn mt pha ca ng dy ti in siu cao p ti sao c hai
si hoc ba si dy dn?
p: Cng in trng quanh dy dn ng dy siu cao p 330kV tr
ln thng thng u vt qu cng chu p ca khng kh, v th khng kh
chung quanh s b in ly m pht ra hunh quang mu tm, v c ting "lch tch";
hin tng ny gi l in qung (hoa). in hoa s gy ra tn hao cng sut; c khi
mi kilomet c th ln ti vi chc kilot; ng thi gy nhiu i vi ng dy
thng tin v v tuyn in. V th thng p dng bin php tng ng knh dy
dn hoc khong cch gia cc dy phng nga xy ra in hoa. Trong bin
php tng ng knh dy dn tng i c hiu qu, nhng s tng u t ng
dy ln rt nhiu. V th p dng phng php gin tip tng ng knh dy dn,
tc p dng dy dn ri (dng hai si dy dn bng 1/2 tit din hoc ba si dy dn
bng 1/3 tit din ca tit din cn thit thay th) v gia cc si dy dn tch
ri c mt khong cch nht nh, l c th gim c hin tng in hoa.
- Trang 236 -
Hi: ng dy trn khng bng dy trn, ti sao dy buc dng c nh
dy dn ln v s cng phi s dng vt liu ging nh dy dn?
p: Trong mi trng m thp hoc ma, nu dy dn v dy buc l hai
loi kim loi khc nhau th ch tip xc vi nhau s sinh ra tc dng n mn in
ha nghim trng, dn n dy dn b r lm m, hoc n mn bong trc, lu ngy
d dn n t dy dn. Cho nn, dy buc phi dng vt liu ging nh dy dn.
- Trang 239 -
ng ri mi bc lp cch in bng cao su; cng c th m mt lp thic bn ngoi
li ng.
Khi trong qu trnh ch to khng s dng lu hunh lm cht lu ha th c
th khng dng lp si bng.
- Trang 240 -
9 - 3 ng dy mc trn khng ngoi tri
9 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng ct in xi mng, ti sao phi lp mm b tng ct thp pha
di, cn ct bng g li khng cn?
p: Bi v ct bng xi mng th din tch tip xc gia phn y rng ca
ct v t qu nh, m bn thn ct xi mng li nng hn nhiu ln ct g, cng
vi ti trng ca dy dn s lm cho ct in xi mng tip tc ln su xung t.
trnh hin tng ny, di y phi c thm mm , m rng din tch tip
xc vi t. Nh vy p lc ca n v din tch i vi t s nh rt nhiu, ct xi
mng s khng ln na. Ct in bng g do tng i nh, li c rut, din tch
tip xc vi t tng i ln, khng xy ra hin tng ln; cho nn khng cho mm
.
- Trang 241 -
hng mt nghing ca ng dy chn cong; nh vy mi c th lm cho nc trn
ngn ct chy theo thn ct mt cch thun li, gim nc tch t trn n gnh v
chn cong, nht l ming rnh, l xuyn inh, l bulng chng ca n gnh v l
chn cong v.v... lm cho nhng ni d b mc ct g v n gnh, c th gim c
hi tch t nc, ko di tui th s dng ct g v n gnh g.
- Trang 242 -
p: H s n nhit ca s ni chung l khong 3,5~4xl0-6, nhm l 23x10-6,
xi mng l 14x10-6 keo dn litharge-glyxrin l 28,7x10-6. V th, khi nhit chung
quanh gim, ng knh mt bch cu kin thp s co nhiu so vi ng knh ca
v s, sinh ra ng lc ph trong thn s, c lc thm ch lm nt v thn s.
phng nga s c ni trn, ni chung khi ch to u tng thm mt lp cht n hi
nh paraphin hoc bitum lm lp m nhm thu ht ng lc ph sinh ra trong khi kt
dnh
- Trang 243 -
Hi: C mt s ct g ng dy ti in, ti sao khng dng mt cy
nguyn m li dng hai on g di ngn khc nhau ni li?
p: gi l ct ni chn. on di l ct chnh, on ngn l chn ni.
Bi v so vi ct g nguyn cy, n c cc u im sau:
1. C tnh n hi: nu dy ti b t mt bn, do tnh n hi, c th gim
ng k lc ko ca dy dn, phng nga gy ct.
2. Khi chn ni ca ct g b mc th ch cn thay chn ni.
3. Khng cn ct in vn c th thay cc ph kin ca ct g.
4. C th s dng vt liu g ngn.
- Trang 244 -
thng ma bi, di tc dng ca n, khi lp bn b mt cch in b m n
trng thi bo ha, s dn in b mt tng mnh; dng in r tng ln, nhng
ni mt dng in ln, nh gn m gang, do pht nhit b mt, cu bn cc b
b kh, khin in tr b mt tng; st p in tr tng ln nhanh chng. Dn n
vng b sy kh xut hin phng in cc b dng h quang nh, phng in h
quang li sy kh b mt cu bn m t gn , khin h quang nh ko di, pht
trin n ton b b mt cch in; hnh thnh phng in chp rch, cch in,
thng thng dn n s c mt in. nng cao tin cy cp in, ni chung
trc ma ma phn cn tin hnh v sinh b mt cch in.
- Trang 245 -
nhy ln xung thng ng vi bin ln, thc y sinh ra vn ng tng i
gia dy dn ch kp dy vi thn kp dy, dy dn d b mi hng.
4. Di tc dng ca qu p bn ngoi v qu p bn trong, c kh nng xy ra
nh thng chui cch in treo hoc khe h khng kh, dn n phng in i vi
t; lc ny h quang phng in s gy chy hng dy dn ch gn kp dy.
bo m dy dn ch kp dy khng b hng c hc hoc v din ni
trn, phi lp thm thanh bo v dy bo v dy dn. Nhng c mt s ng
dy m nh hng ca cc nhn t ni trn khng ln lm, cng c th khng lp
thanh bo v dy.
- Trang 246 -
9 - 4 ng dy trong nh
9 - 4 -1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng dy dn in trong nh phn ln s dng dy dn cch in. Ti
sao dy dn cn thng phi lp trn cch in?
p: Nu trc tip lp dy dn st vo tng hoc trn nh th dy dn c
th c tc dng ha hc vi xi mng, vi, sn, khip lp cch in b ph hoi, dy
dn ht nc trn tng v trn nh, lm tng dng in r, d dn n chy. Khi
dy dn b tn thng, ch v b phn dnh st tng, trn kh kim tra, li
lm xu iu kin tn nhit ca dy dn, v th lu lng ti ca dy dn gim, m
nhit tng cao thc y cnh in lo ha, cho nn thng phi lp trn cch in.
- Trang 247 -
thng gi ta nhit ca dy lun hai si s tt hn dy lun ba si. Cho nn, dng
in cho php lin tc ca ci trc s ln hn ci sau.
- Trang 248 -
Hi: Ti sao pha di u un cong
nh nc ca dy dn cch in a vo nh
phi ct b mt on nh lp cch in?
p: Bi v ch u ni gia dy dn
cch in vi dy ngoi, nc ma c th
ngm vo khe h gia dy dn vi lp bc cch
in bn ngoi. Do dy dn cch in ni vi
bn ngoi cao hn hp cng tc trong nh, do
nc ma c th b dn vo trong nh, gy ra
s c. Nu ct b mt cht lp cch in
di ch un cong nh nc ngoi nh th
nc s thm chy ra t ch ct b , khng dn vo trong nh na.
- Trang 249 -
9 - 5 Kt cu cp in
9 - 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cp in in lc ni chung, ti sao dng cch in bng giy m khng
dng cch in cao su?
p: Bi v cng chu p ca cch in bng cao su thp hn giy cch
in ngm du c cng dy, m nhit cho php ca cao su cng tng i
thp, v mt cch in v lu lng ti th cp in cao su u khng u vit bng
cp in cch in bng giy. Ngoi ra, cao su rt d b n mn bi khng kh v
nc, dn n bin cht, hng. l v trong khng kh v nc c cha mt t cht
kh c tnh n mn. ng thi, cch in cao su gp phi cn, xng v.v... d b hng,
hn na tui th ca cp in cao su tng i ngn, gi tng i cao, cho nn ni
chung u s dng cp in cch in bng giy, ch c trng hp di ng nhiu
mi dng cp in cao su.
- Trang 250 -
c th chu lc ko tng i ln, cn cp in ai thp khng th chu c lc
ko, c th dn n hng cp in.
- Trang 253 -
9 - 6 u ni cp in
9 - 6 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao hai u cp in lc u phi lp u cp in?
p: Hai u mi si cp in u phi bc l li dy ra mt on nht nh
u ni vo thit b in v dy dn; ch li dy bc ra phi lp u cp in, ri
cch in v bt kn tr li cp in, khin ton b ng dy cp u c cng
cch in nh nhau.
Tc dng ca u cp in l: (1) Phng nga hi m v cc cht c hi
bn ngoi xm nhp. (2) Phng nga du cch in chy ra ngoi lm gim cng
cch in ca cp in. (3) Phng nga xy thm nhp khin lp cch in bin cht
dn n nh thng. (4) Bo v hai u cp in trnh b thng tn c hc.
- Trang 255 -
9 - 7 Lp t v vn hnh cp in
9 - 7 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v c lc)
Hi: Mm cp in c th t nm ngang hoc ln theo chiu ngc vi
chiu mi tn ghi trn mm khng?
p: Khi ln mm cp in theo chiu ngc vi mi tn hoc t nm ngang
th u c th lm cho cp din trn mm bung ra hoc lm ri, gy phin phc cho
vic lp t, lm xy xc cp in.
- Trang 258 -
p: Mi cp ko ph ti 3 pha tt hn, bi v khi mi cp ko ph ti 1 pha
th v ch v lp gip ca cp in u s sinh ra dng xoy gy nng cn khi mi cp
ko ph ti 3 pha th tng t thng ca 3 pha bng 0, khng sinh ra dng xoy.
- Trang 259 -
9 - 7 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cp in 3 li rt di, nu 1 u xc nh th t pha ca 3 pha ca
n, lm sao dng phng php n gin xc nh th t pha ca u kia?
p: Ti u xc nh th t pha, ln lt em ba li tip t mt li trc
tip tip t mt li qua in tr tip t v mt li khng tip t. Sau ,
u kia, dng ng h vn nng (hoc ng h mgam) o in tr i vi t ca
cc li, li trc tip tip t th in tr bng 0, li thng qua in tr tip t s c
in tr nht nh, li khng tip t th in tr v cng ln. Nh vy s xc nh
khng kh khn g th t pha ca u kia.
- Trang 261 -
CHNG X
TIP T V AN TON IN
10 - 1 Kin thc c bn phng in git
10 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in tr ca ngi, ni chung l bao nhiu? Vi dng in bao nhiu th
s nguy him i vi ngi? Bao nhiu th nguy him n tnh mng?
p: Ngi khe mnh, khi da kh v khng b tn thng th in tr ca
c th c th dt ti 10.000 100.000 nhng in tr ca ngi ni chung, ly
1.000 lm chun, dng in 0,05 0,1 ampe l nguy him i vi ngi, vt qu
0,1 ampe s nguy him tnh mng.
- Trang 263 -
phi th in tch tnh in chy qua c th ngi phng xung t khin ngi b
in git.
- Trang 264 -
10 - 1 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nu tip xc mt dy trong dy dn cao p, lc ny, khng hnh thnh
mch kn i vi t, cho nn khng nguy him. Ni nh vy ng khng?
p: Ni nh vy va ng va khng ng. Khi c th chm phi mt dy
trong dy dn cao p, do lc ny khng hnh thnh mch kn i vi t, m in
dung i vi t li rt nh, do dng in chy qua c th rt nh, khng c
nguy him g.
Nhng thi im va chm vo dy dn, do gia c th v t to thnh t
in, sinh ra dng in np, dng in np in ny ln hn nhiu ln dng in
in dung sau khi tip xc vi dy dn, v th khi tip xc ng dy c in p
tng i cao (nh 110kV tr ln) th s cm thy t, thm ch in git cho nn rt
nguy him. Nu ngi mc o bng si ng th c th c che chn trong o
bng si ng, s khng cn cm gic t na.
- Trang 265 -
10 - 1 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Mt chic qut bn mt pha t trn bn dang chy, ti sao bt th in
tip xc vo v ca n c khi li sng? Lc ny dng tay tip xc vo v c cm gic
t t, nhng sau khi tip xc li khng cm thy b in git?
p: Qut t trn bn, bt cng tc cho chy, mch in tng ng ca
n nh hnh 10 - 1 - 12. R1 l in tr cch in ca dy la i vi v, R2 l in tr
cch in ca v i vi t, U l in p ngun in.
R2
in p ca v U2 = U . Khi U2 > 50V th bt
R1 + R 2
th in s sng. Nu ly tay tip xc vi v s c
cm gic t tay, nhng sau khi tay tip xc vi v th do
in tr c th R u song song vi R2 m R << R1
khin tr s U2 gim r rt, v th khng cn cm gic t
tay na.
- Trang 266 -
10 - 1 - 16 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cp in sau khi th nghim chu p mt chiu qua phng in ngn
mch, ly tay s khng c cm gic c in p, nhng sau li c ngi b in
git trn cp in, ti sao?
p: Nu thi gian phng in qu ngn tuy in tch trn in cc phng
ht, khi ly tay chm vo khng cn cm gic c in, nhng trong lp cch in
vn cn in tch, sau mt lc, in tch trong lp cch in li t t di chuyn n
in cc, trn in cc li c in p, khin ngi b in git. V th, thi gian
phng in nn ko di mt cht mi khng xy ra nguy him.
- Trang 267 -
c kh nng xy ra s c in git. V tr thao tc ca cng nhn hn li thng
xuyn di chuyn, dy ngun v dy mm m hn in li d b hng, lm tng kh
nng tip xc trc tip gia th hn vi ngun in, cng l nguyn nhn xy ra
s c in git. Hin nay ngoi tng cng cng vic bo dng sa cha cch
in gia my hn vi dy ni cng tc ra, cn lp thm thit b ngt in t ng
khng ti, c th phng nga mt cch hu hiu xy ra s c in git.
- Trang 268 -
10 - 2 Tip t v tip "khng"
10 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao thit b in in p thp p dng tip "khng" bo v an ton
hn l tip t bo v?
p: p dng tip t bo v, nu in tr tip t ro = 4 v rtx = 4 in
U
p ngun U = 220V, khi tip t Itx = = 27.5 A. Dng in s c ny ch c th
ro + rtx
lm chy dy cu ch dung lng nh. Nu dung lng dy cu ch hi ln, khng
th lm chy, trn thit b c th c in p:
U
Utx = U = 110 V.
ro + rtx
in p ny rt khng an ton. Nu dng tip "khng" th khi tip t:
220V
Itx =
ien
tr
mach
ien
- Trang 269 -
Hi: H thng 380/220 V m im trung tnh khng tip t, liu c th p
- Trang 270 -
p: Trong phn xng ny c ph ti khng cn bng 3 pha. V th trn dy
"khng" c dng in chy qua sinh ra st p. Ch tip t im trung tnh my bin
p l in th 0, theo tng ln ca khong cch 1, in th tng ln nh th hin
hnh 10 - 2 - 5 (a). V ca thit b u trn dy "khng" ny, in th ca v i vi
t cng s tng cao, c th ngi chm phi s cm gic t. Dy "khng" cng gn
ch tip t ca im trung tnh bin th, do in th i vi t thp, cho nn cm
gic t t, cng gn ch ph ti mt pha nh l in mt pha th in th ca dy
"khng" i vi t cao, v th cm thy t nhiu.
- Trang 271 -
Hi: Ti sao khi s dng my khoan in p 380V hoc 220V phi dng bin
th khoan in 2 cun dy 1:1 (380/380V hoc 220V/220V), li qui nh bn th cp
ca bin p khng c tip t?
p: Li dng bin th khoan in 2 cun dy 1:1 l tch mch ngun in
th cp ra khi s cp, li qui nh th cp khng c tip t l nhm cng
nhn lm vic khi nh tip xc vi 1 pha bt k no ca th cp hoc v khoan in
c 1 pha chm v th i vi t u khng to mch kn, khng gy nn nguy him
in git, t bo m an ton cho nhn vin lm vic s dng khoan in.
- Trang 272 -
10 - 2 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy pha ngun c u ph ti 1 pha v dy "khng" u phi lp cu
ch bo v. Ti sao y dn tip "khng" ca v thit b in li khng c lp
thm cu ch?
p: Lp cu ch dy pha ngun l bo v ngn mch ph ti. C lc
do nguyn nhn kim tra sa cha ng dy, gy o ln 2 ngun ph ti, khin
dy "khng" khng c cu ch th khng th bo v c ngn mch ca ph ti, v
th hai dy ngun ca ph ti mt pha u phi lp cu ch bo v.
Trong h thng tip "khng", v ngoi ca thit b in phi trc tip u
vi dy "khng" ca ngun in. Khi cch in ca thit b in b hng, cu ch
ca dy pha t c th trnh c s c in git i vi ngi. Nu dy dn tip
"khng" ca v thit b c lp cu ch, khi do tip xc khng tt hoc dy ch b t
th khng th bo m in th tip t tin cy ca v thit b, t gy nn s c
in git. Cho nn qui trnh qui nh: dy dn tip "khng" bo v tuyt i khng
c lp thm cu ch.
- Trang 273 -
10 - 3 in tr tip t v an ton in
10 - 8 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in tr tip t l g? em vt tip t chn su mt cht liu c th
gim in tr tip t khng?
p: in tr tip t l tng in tr ca in tr t dai gia vt tip t
vi im in th "khng" (t), in tr dy tip t v in tr vt tip t v
t. Do tr s ca hai in tr sau rt nh, v th in tr tip t c th xem ch
yu l in tr t. Vt tip t chn su xung t cha chc gim c tr s
in tr tip t. Nh trn ni, in tr tip t ch c quyt nh bi in tr
sut ca t. Sau khi chn su, c th trnh c in tr sut ca t b nh hng
bi s thay i ma v v thi tit (nh ma ng, b mt t ng bng, in tr
sut ca t c bit ln chn su c th trnh c hin tng ny). ng thi
nu vt tip t tip cn vi b mt nc ngm, do in tr sut ca a tng
gim, in tr tip t cng c th gim mt cht. Ngoi ra, khi vt tip t chn
xung su mt dng in theo mt t tng i nh, cho nn nguy him ca
in p bc i vi ngi v gia sc cng tng i nh.
- Trang 274 -
p: Ngi hoc ng vt khi n gn thit b xy ra s c tip t, do trn
mt t c phn b in p s gy nn in git, loi in git ny l do hiu in
th gia chn vi chn gy nn, cng tc l do in p bc gy in git. Khong
cch gia chn vi chn cng ln th in p bc cng cao. Si chn ca ng vt
thng ln hn ca ngi nhiu, in p bc cng hn nhiu, cho nn nguy c
in git i vi ng vt ln hn i vi ngi.
- Trang 275 -
Hi: o in tr tip t nn s dng in xoay chiu hay mt chiu, ti
sao?
p: t dn in thng phi qua cht lng nc, nu dng in mt
chiu o s c tch t bt kh do in gii sinh ra trn in cc, bt kh s sinh
ra in th ngc lm gim tit din dn in, tng in tr nh hng chun
xc o Cho nn khng nn s dng in mt chiu. o in tr tt c cc cht lng
u phi ch im ny.
- Trang 276 -
p: Trong t tn ti dng in phn b tn mt, c bit nng thn, khi
p dng truyn ti in nng bng h 2 dy 1 t, trong t dng in cng ln, cho
nn gia 2 cc tip t tn ti hiu in th.
- Trang 277 -
10 - 4 Thit bi tip t
- Trang 278 -
p: Bi v ct st d ng lc, trc tin phi qua x l ko thng, nn sp
xp tinh th bn trong ct st thay i, khin n c th chu ng lc tng i
ln hn ct st thng. Nu kim lm dy dn tip t, khi xy ra st nh, phn
ln dng in st chy qua ct st, ct st nng ln, khin kt cu bn trong thay
i, lm gim cng ca ct st. V th, ct st trong ct in bng b tng ct
st d ng lc khng th kim lm dy dn tip t, m phi b tr dy tip t
ring.
- Trang 280 -
10 - 4 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao inh vt tip t ca thit b in khng c em phun sn?
p: inh vt tip t ca thit b in (nh inh vt tip t tin v bin
th, mt in) l dng bo m an ton thit b in. Nu phun sn inh vt tip
t v c b mt thit b th lm cho s tip xc gia inh vt tip t vi dy dn
khng tin cy, mt tc dng tip t. V th, khng c sn inh vt tip t.
10 - 4 - 15 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy tip t tm thi dng khi kim tra sa cha ng dy c tc dng
g? Ti sao s dng dy ng trn?
p: Dy tip t tm thi dng phng nga in c bt cht trn thit b
in ang ct in, hoc do nh hng ca ng dy cao p bn cnh sinh ra in
p cm ng. Tit din ca n khng nn di 25mm2. d tn pht nhit lng
khi xy ra ngn mch khin n c kh nng ti dng in v d kim tra tnh
hnh tt xu ca dy tip t, cho nn s dng dy ng trn.
- Trang 281 -
10 - 5 Bin php an ton
10 - 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Nhn vin tc nghip c in trn ng dy cao p ng trn thang
cch in, ti sao cn phi mc b qun o c ph li dy ng bn ngoi, v dng
dy dn ni dy cao p vi u thang cch in v qun o c li dy ng?
p: Ngi ng trn thang cch in, tuy cch in vi mt t nhng
khng phi hon ton khng c cht dn in no, chng qua l in tr rt ln, cho
nn ngi ng trn thang cch in, khi tay hoc c th tip xc vi dy cao p
lm vic th vn c dng in r chy qua c th v thang cch in xung t. Nu
mc cch in ca thang cch in khng tt, dng in r s tng i ln,
nguy him i vi c th. Nu ngi mc qun o ph li dy ng v dng
dy dn ni dy cao p vi u thang cch in v qun o bng li dy ng th
in th gia c th vi dy dn cao p s bng nhau, dng in r trc tip t dy
dn cao p qua dy ni, thang cch in xung t, khng chy qua c th ngi
na, s khng nguy him i vi ngi.
- Trang 282 -
phng in nh thng i vi t, dng in s theo c cu truyn ng chy
xung t, c mt in p i vi t tng i cao. Do im tip t ca c cu
truyn ng khng cng in th vi im chn ng ca nhn vin thao tc, cho nn
gia tay vi chn ca nhn vin thao tc s chu in p tip xc tng i ln nn b
in git. V th trong "qui trnh lm vic an ton ngnh in" qui nh phi eo gng
tay cch in.
- Trang 284 -
CHNG XI
K THUT CHNG ST
11 - 1 B thu li (B trnh st)
11 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in tr phi tuyn tnh l g? Phin in tr b thu li kiu van ti sao
phi dng linh kin phi tuyn tnh?
p: Khi dng in thay i, tr s in tr khng phi khng thay i, cng
khng phi l linh kin in tr thay i theo hm s th ng thng, chng ta
gi n l in tr phi tuyn tnh. Phin in tr ca b thu li kiu van, yu cu khi
dng in st ln chy qua, in tr phi rt nh, nh vy mi c th lm cho dng
in st phng in thun li v in p d ca b trnh st khng cao; mt khc, khi
dng in tn s chung nh chy qua th in tr phi ln, c th hn ch
dng in tip theo c tn s chung khin khe h ca tia la c th ct dng in
tip theo mt cch d dng, khi phc s vn hnh bnh thng ca b thu li. S
bin i tr s in tr ca phin van khng phi bin i theo ng thng, cho
nn chng ta gi n l linh kin phi tuyn tnh (khng c tnh ng thng).
- Trang 285 -
in tn s cng vic, dn ti n b thu li. V th trong vn hnh cn ch gim
st tnh hnh ca in tr u song song.
- Trang 286 -
11 - 1 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: B thu li kiu van c in tr song song, dng in dn m dng in
p chnh lu bn ngoi o c c phm vi tiu chun nht nh, qu ln hoc qu
nh u khng t tiu chun, ti sao?
p: Mc ch dng in p chnh lu bn ngoi o dng in dn in
ca b thu li l nhm kim tra kn ca b thu li xem c tt khng v in tr
song song c cc khim khuyt nh t dy, ngn mch khng. Nu dng in dn
in o c qu ln, vt qua gii hn trn ca phm vi tiu chun th c th l
kn ca b thu li khng tt, kh m xm nhp vo bn trong, khin linh kin in tr
b m bin cht lm tng dng in r, cng c th l do vn chuyn, lp t hoc
tho lp khin np trn x dch gy ngt mch b phn in tr song song. Nu
dng in dn in o c qu nh thp hn hn di ca phm vi tiu chun th
c th l in tr song song t dy. Cho nn dng in dn in qu ln hoc qu
nh u khng t tiu chun.
- Trang 287 -
11 - 1 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: in p phng in ca b thu li kiu van ti sao khng c qu
thp cng khng c qu cao?
p: in p phng in tn s lm vic ca b thu li kiu van khng th
qu thp nhm trnh n b n do thao tc qu p thi gian lin tc tng i lu.
Trong h thng im trung tnh khng trc tip tip t th in p phng in tn
s lm vic ca n phi gp 3.5 ln tr ln so vi in p pha khi h thng vn
hnh ln nht, trong h thng m im trung tnh cao p trc tip tip t, phi trn
3 ln in p pha. ng thi bo m khe h c th kh h quang mt cch tin
cy cn yu cu in p phng in tn s lm vic khng c nh hn 180% in
p kh h quang ca n. Khi kt cu khe h nht nh, gim in p phng in tn
s lm vic ng ngha vi gim in p kh h quang, t c kh nng lm cho
b thu li sau khi phng in, do khe h khng kh c h quang m b n. in p
phng in tn s lm vic ca b thu li cng khng c qu cao bi v b thu li
c h s xung kch nht nh, nu vt qua tr s qui nh ca n v d lng phi
hp cch in ca thit b c bo v nh s nh hng hiu qu bo v.
- Trang 288 -
khin st p ca b thu li khng tng ln. Khi dng in tip tc ca tn s chung
chy qua, st p ca h quang trong khe h b tr s ln hn st p ca dng in
tip tc sinh ra trong cun dy, nn dng in trn khe h b tr s nhanh chng
chuyn vo trong cun dy, h quang in trn khe h t tt, dng in tip tc s
chy qua cun dy, sinh ra t trng c tc dng thi h quang. C th thy di tc
dng qu p, khe h b tr b nh thng, khin cun dy b thu li khng sinh ra st
p, cng tng ng nh gim in p d.
- Trang 289 -
v. Cn b ghi phng in kiu JLG th khc, n l dng cm ng, khi dng in st
chy qua khng c st p, nn thch hp phi hp vi b thu li kiu FCD dng
bo v my in quay.
- Trang 290 -
p: B th nghim cao p mt chiu phn ln u l loi chnh lu na
sng, khi chnh lu na sng dng, in p t ti tr s nh ca in p a vo,
khi ct na sng m, do thit b in c th c in dung nht nh, nu khng c
bt c r r no, khi in p ca n khng i, nhng trn thc t, bin p th
nghim, dy dn cao p hoc vt c th i vi t u c r r nht nh; v th
phi lm cho tr s bin in p t t suy gim, cho n khi na sng dng ca
chu k th hai mi li tng cao (xem hnh 11 - 1 - 16).
Khi th nghim b thu li kiu van, do in dung ca n rt
nh, dng in r tng i ln (400 - 650 mA) cho nn tr s bin
in p ca no gim rt mnh, c lc c th gim xung ti
60% in p th nghim, nh vy s nh hng kt qu th
nghim. Nu tng thm mt t n p (0.01 - 0.1 mF, in p l
c) u ra cao p mt chiu th do in dung rt ln, in tch
tch tr khi np in na sng dng tng i nhiu, in tch tch tr khi na
sng m phng in c th b p s suy gim tr s bin in p do kh phng
in gy nn, khin in p th nghim c bn khng thay i. Cho nn, phi lp
thm t n p.
Khi th nghim my pht in hoc cp in, cho in dung bn thn tng
i ln, in tch tch tr b p s suy gim in p khi na sng m, m dng
in r ca n nh hn nhiu so vi b thu li kiu van, nn c th khng u thm
t n p.
- Trang 291 -
thnh t in ph, nh th hin hnh (c) khin in dung cc on gn bng nhau,
in p cng c th phn phi c bn l u.
- Trang 292 -
che ct dng in ny ca b thu li ph thuc vo ln ca dng in ngn mch
ny. Dng in ngn mch qu ln s sinh ra qu nhiu kh trong b thu li, gy n,
qu nh s do khng c p lc nn khng th kh c h quang. Cn b thu li
kiu van ngoi khe h ra cn ni tip in tr phi tuyn. Linh kin in tr ny c
in tr rt nh i vi dng in st cao tn mnh, ngc li c in tr rt ln
i vi dng in tn s cng tng i nh. V th, sau khi dng in st phng
in xong, chy qua b thu li khng phi l dng in ngn mch m l dng in
tip tc tng i nh. Cho nn dng in ngn mch ca h thng khng trc tip
nh hng n kh nng tt h quang ca b thu li kiu van.
- Trang 293 -
11 - 2 Kim thu li, dy thu li v khe h thu li
11 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trm bin in c ct (kim) thu li bo v c th khng cn b thu li
na khng?
p: Khng c. V ct thu li ch c th bo v st nh trc tip, cn b
thu li l bo v st nh cm ng, v th c hai u cn, mi c th t hiu qu
chng st tt.
- Trang 294 -
vy, mt lp sn mng khng c tc dng cn tr i vi s lu thng ca dng
in.
- Trang 295 -
11 - 3 Chng st cho thit b in
- Trang 296 -
p: Khi nhm cun dy bn cao p, trung p ca bin th ba cun dy vo
trng thi lm vic m nhm cun dy thp p h mch th sng xm nhp bn cao p
hoc bn trng p c cm ng tnh in i vi nhm cun dy thp p. Do nhm
cun dy thp p h mch, in dung i vi t rt nh, lng cm ng tnh in
rt ln, c th nh thng cch in i vi t ca nhm cun dy thp p. Bi v
lng cm ng tnh in l lm cho in th ba pha ca nhm cun dy thp p cng
lc nng cao; cho nn ch cn lp mt b thu li u dy ra ca mt pha bt k no
ca nhm cun dy thp p i vi t l c th hn ch qu p ny. i vi bn
cao p, trung p, do mc cch in cao hn nhm cun dy thp p, lng cm
ng tnh in gy tn hi i vi n v cng nh, cho nn u dy ra ni chung
khng lp b thu li.
- Trang 297 -
phng in, do c th hn ch tr s bin v dc ca sng xm nhp, thay
th on dy vo 1 - 2 km.
- Trang 298 -
11 - 4 Chng st cho ng dy
11 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Sau khi ct in bng g ca ng dy ti in cao p b st nh, ti
sao xy ra hin tng nt?
p: l do ct in bng g khng p dng bin php chng st, v th sau
khi b st nh s c dng in rt mnh vi vn ampe chy qua ct g, gy ra nhit
cao, dn n hi m bn trong ct g bc hi mnh, lm n dn n nt ct g.
V th, khi ko ng dy ti in cao p trn ct g phi lp dy thu li bo v trn
ton tuyn.
Do trong khi vn hnh, ct in bng g c nhc im ny, cho nn ngy nay
dn dn c thay th bng ct in b tng ct thp.
- Trang 299 -
c th khng tt c h quang, hnh thnh ngn mch lin tc, khin cng tc
ngun chy, mt in c tuyn. Ch khi cng tc ngun c lp cu dao t ng ng
li th lp khe h bo v ng thi trn cc pha. Khi khng c cu dao t ng ng
li th lp khe h bo v ln mt pha l bin php va kinh t va tin cy.
- Trang 300 -
in th nh ct khi st nh nh ct, in p tc dng ln chui cch in cng
gim thiu, nng cao mc chu st, t l st nh nhy cu dao thp.
- Trang 301 -
11 - 4 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao dy t mc trn khng phi ko cng hn dy ti in mt cht
mi tt?
p: Lp t dy t mc trn khng l nhm bo v dy ti in khng b
st nh. V th trong thi cng phi duy tr gc bo v ca dy t mc trn khng
vi dy ti in di 300, tc l phi lm sao duy tr khong cch gia dy t mc
trn khng vi n ngang bng g c di nht nh, cng di cng tt. Nu dy t
mc trn khng ko cng hn dy ti in mt cht th cung vng ca dy t mc
trn khng s nh hn dy ti in, s nng cao ca dy t mc trn khng
gia khong cch vt ct in. Khi dy ti in b gi thi ung a sang bn
cnh, vn nm trong phm v bo v ca dy t lp trn khng, khng b st nh.
- Trang 302 -
dy thu li thng qua t u vi gi trm bin in. ng dy u cui c th
dng ct thu li ring bo v.
- Trang 303 -
11 - 5 Chng st cho cng trnh kin trc
11 - 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ct thu li ca cng trnh kin trc khng cho php s dng ct
thp bn trong cng trnh kin trc lm dy dn tip t?
p: dn dng in st xung t mt cch thun li, th in tr ca dy
dn ct thu li cng nh cng tt, nhng ch ni nhau ca ct thp trong cng trnh
kin trc u p dng cch buc dy. Xt t gc dn in th in tr qu ca
n rt ln, dng n lm dy dn xung t ca ct thu li th s dn n dng in
st khng th thng qua thun li, nh hng n tc dng chng st, cho nn phi
lp ring dy dn xung.
- Trang 304 -
11 - 6 Lp t dy tip t thu li V Vn an ton
11 - 6 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dy t ca b thu li ti sao khng th un cong thnh gc nhn?
p: Dy t ch un cong gc nhn d gy ra tc dng in khng, khi
tn s chung, n khng c tc dng g nhng khi dng in st cao tn chy qua, tr
s ca n s rt ln, dn n khi st vo n khng phng in hoc in p d qu
cao, nh vy s mt i tc dng trnh st.
- Trang 305 -
p: Tuyt i khng c. Tuy in tr tip xc gia ct thu li vi t ch
c vi m, nhng khi my ging phng in vo ct thu li th dng in phng in
tc th c th t ti hng ngn, vn vn. Dng in mnh nh vy chy xung t
s hnh thnh in p sc th rt cao ct thu li v h thng tip t ca n. in
p ny thng qua dy dn tc dng ln v thit b in gia dng s dn sm st vo
nh, hu qu ca n l my hng, ngi cht.
- Trang 306 -
11 - 6 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cc thit b nh bm du, ng du, rnh du trung gian v.v... vn
chuyn du m u khng phi l thit b in, nhng ti sao phi lm tip t
in?
p: Khi du chy trong cc thit b nh bm du ng du v rnh du v.v...,
du chy s ma st vi cc thit b ny sinh ra in tch tnh. Nu cc thit b ny
cch in i vi t th in tch tnh s tch t cng lu cng nhiu, khi c s
lng s sinh ra tia la, t chy cht chy chung quanh, gy ra ha hon v n. Nu
thit b vn chuyn du lm bng kim loi c tip t tt th in tch tnh do du
chy ma st sinh ra thng qua thit b tip t dn xung t, s khng gy ra nguy
him. ng thi cn c th phng nga s c st nh.
- Trang 307 -
CHNG XII
H S CNG SUT
12 - 1 Dng t in nng cao h s cng sut
12 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong thc t thng dng phng php t in u song song
ch khng u ni tip vi ph ti nng cao h s cng sut ca thit b in?
p: Khi nng cao h s cng sut ca thit b in cn bo m trng thi
lm vic vn c ca ph ti khng bin i. Khi u ni tip t in tc dng hn
dng ca cm khng ph ti v dung khng ca in dung s trit tiu ln nhau, do
lm tng dng in ca ton b ng dy, tn tht cng sut ng dy tng ln,
in p v dng in trn ph ti cng tng ln, lm thay i trng thi lm vic vn
c ca ph ti. Khi u song song t in, do pha ca dng in phn khng (v
cng) m in cm v in dung ly dng va ng ngc nhau. V th cng sut
phn khng m in cm cn thit, phn ln c th do t in cung cp ti ch.
Nu chn lng in dung thch hp th ngun in ch cn cung cp dng in tc
dng (hu cng) v mt t dng in phn khng (v cng) l c. Nh vy dng
in m ph ti s dng vn khng thay i, dng in tng trn ng dy li
gim, tc bo m trng thi lm vic ca ph ti khng thay i, cng lm cho
dung lng ca my pht in c li dng y . V th thng dng phng
php u song song t in vi ph ti nng cao h s cng sut.
- Trang 309 -
12 - 2 Lp t v vn hnh t in
12 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: nng cao h s cng sut, cc x nghip cng nghip u lp t in
b, tp trung li lp mt ch tt hn hay lp phn tn cc ph ti tt hn?
- Trang 310 -
p: T in in lc sau khi tch khi h thng in lc s tr thnh mt
ngun in c lp. Ngun in ny l in tch tnh in, khng th song song vi
h thng. ng thi t in in lc mi ln ko ng cu dao s sinh ra in p
tng i cao trn mi cc. Sau khi ko tch cu dao, li lp tc ng cu dao, c
th sinh ra chng cht in p, lm cho t in lc b nh thng. V th, t in lc
sau khi ko cu dao phi qua phng in mi ng cu dao nhp vi h thng in
lc.
- Trang 311 -
CHNG XIII
CHIU SNG
13 - 1 n sng trng
13 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao bng n sng trng bnh thng dng chiu sng khng phi
hon ton chn khng m c np mt t kh tr?
p: Khi n sng trng lm vic, dy tc vo trng thi sng trng vi
nhit cao. Khi nhit dy tc qu cao, s lm cho dy vnfram bc hi qu
nhanh, gim tui th, m vnfram sau khi bc hi s tch t vch trong bng n,
khin bng n b en, nh hng sng. Sau khi np mt lng kh tr va phi
vo trong bng n, di p lc nht nh, s bc hi ca dy vnfram gim mnh
so vi trong chn khng, tc di iu kin tui th ging nhau th nhit lm
vic ca dy tc bng n np kh c th cao hn nhit kh chn khng, t
nng cao c hiu sut pht sng. Cho nn, ni chung, trong bng n sng trng sau
khi ht chn khng li bm vo kh cgn, kh nh hoc hn hp kh cgn - nit vi
p sut nht nh.
- Trang 313 -
Bng n khng lp chp th s pht ra quang thng khc nhau trn cc hng khc
nhau, v th trn b mt cc ch c khong cch ging nhau quanh bng n s
c chiu sng khc nhau, nu mun yu cu mt b mt no c chiu sng tt
v d mt bn, nh sng ca bng n c th thng qua chp n phn x ln mt
bn, l mt nguyn nhn na ca vic thng phi lp chp n trn n.
- Trang 314 -
13 - 2 n hunh quang
13 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao bng n hunh quang c th pht nh sng mu sc khc nhau
nh xanh, xanh da tri, mu trng vng, v.v...?
p: Ty theo thnh phn cht hunh quang trn vch trong bng n hunh
quang khc nhau m pht ra nh sng mu khc nhau. Cht hunh quang Tungstat
magi pht nh sng mu xanh, Tungstat km pht nh sng mu da tri, hp kim km
- Beri ca mui silicat pht nh sng mu trng vng.
- Trang 315 -
13 - 2 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao chn lu n hunh quang thng dng keo nha bitum lm cht
chn n?
p: Chn lu n hunh quang l cun dy hn dng c li st. Li st nh,
khng c chi tit kp, di tc dng ca t thng xoay chiu, phin st chn ng
sinh ra ting n. Sau khi chn bng keo nha bitum, khin li st thnh khi lin,
loi tr ting n, cn c tc dng cch in v tn nhit. ng thi cng ngh
keo nha bitum n gin, gi thnh r.
- Trang 316 -
p: Nu cng tc u trn dy pha (dy la) th sau khi ngt cng tc (tc
ngt in), ngun in ngt hon ton th n non s khng nhp nhy. Nu cng
tc u trn dy t, tuy cng tc ngt, nhng bng n vn c in, khi cch
in khng tht tt c in r chy qua, khin n nhp nhy sng yu. V th, khi
lp n hunh quang, trc tin cn dng bt th in kim tra, u cng tc ln dy
pha.
- Trang 317 -
Mch in chiu sng khng ph thuc mch in ng lc, v th khi khi ng,
n toa xe vn sng nh thng.
- Trang 318 -
x in t km, khi ng kh khn, tt yu tng s ln bn ph i vi dy tc,
gy nn bn tung cht pht x, cho nn gim tui th.
- Trang 320 -
13 - 3 Cc ngun sng khc
13 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Hiu sut pht sng ca n thy ngn cao p cao, tui th di, tiu hao
in t, nhng ti sao ch s dng ni cng cng?
p: Bi v thi gian t sng ca n thy ngn cao p phi cn 5 10 pht,
sau khi tt li khng th lp tc sng tr li (trong trng thi nng, n i hi mch
xung cao p cng sut ln xc pht th mi c th sng, cho nn sau khi tt n, phi
ngui 5 - 10 pht ri mi bt in li). Ngoi ra, khi ng thp sng nhiu ln
s nh hng rt ln n tui th ca n. V th, n ch c th dng ni cng
cng sng thu m, ch khng th s dng gia nh.
- Trang 321 -
13 - 3 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: n chiu sng bn xe, bn tu, qung trng ti sao phi dng n
Natri cao p thay th n thy ngn cao p?
p: n Natri cao p v n thy ngn cao p u thuc n phng in qua
cht kh. Nhng n Natri cao p l ngun nh sng tin tin hin nay. c im ch
yu ca n c: (1) Hiu sut pht sng ca n Natri cao p cao hn 2 ln so vi n
thy ngn cao p dng cng sut, tui th ca n gp 8 ln n thy ngn cao p,
dng n Natri cao p c th tit kim ngun nng lng, chi ph v tiu hao bng
n, c hiu qu v li ch kinh t tng i ln. (2) Tnh xuyn qua sng m ca
n Natri cao p mnh, khong cch c th nhn thy xa, tia sng ha du, c mnh
danh l "n nh sng mt tri" khng dn d cn trng, c bit thch hp chiu
sng trn din tch ln nh bn xe, bn tu, sn bay, qung trng, ng ph.
- Trang 322 -
13 - 4 Mch in chiu sng v vn hnh
13 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: S dng in p 380/220V lm in p chiu sng so vi 220/127V c
nhng u im g?
p: Trong li in ca thit b chiu sng, i b phn p dng in p
380/220V. N c cc u im: trn ng trc cng dung lng, tit kim c
lng ng s dng, din tch tit din ca dy dn 380/220V nh hn so vi
220/127V, do tit kim c ng, chi ph u t gim khong 5 - 10%, chiu sng
c th kt hp vi bin p v in lc, c th gim s lng bin th.
- Trang 323 -
mch c khc phc, im b khng ni vi dy O na, cho nn D tt. V th c th
dng D sng hay khng phn on s c ngn mch ng dy chiu sng trong
nh xem khc phc cha?
- Trang 324 -
p: Khong cch gia cc ct in l xt trn 2 mt, kinh t v sng ca
n ng. Khong cch gia cc ct qu ln tuy tit kim ct in nhng vng
ca dy in rt ln, lng ph dy in, ng thi mi ct in lp 1 bng n,
sng khng t tiu chun. Ngc li nu khong cch qu nh, tuy sng rt ln,
vng rt nh nhng ct in v dng c n s dng rt nhiu cng khng kinh
t, v th ni chung gin cch gia cc ct in u khong 30 - 40m.
- Trang 325 -
CHNG XIV
C QUI
14 - 1 B tr bn cc c qui
14 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao bn cc c qui ch phi c rnh dc? Tm ngn gia bn cc
m v bn cc dng nn b tr ra sao?
p: phng nga ngn mch gia bn cc dng vi bn cc m ca c
qui phi dng tm ngn kp vo gia bn cc dng v bn cc m ngn cch
chng ra. Tm ngn c nhiu l, cho php dung dch in gii t do khuch tn, cn
c rnh dc c th nng cao cng c hc. Khi lp rp, phi mt trn
phng ca tm ngn v pha bn cc m, mt c rnh v pha bn cc dng. l
nhm gim thiu tip xc gia tm ngn vi bn cc dng, t lm tng lng
dung dch in gii gn bn cc dng, c li cho phn ng ha hc gia dung dch
in gii vi bn cc.
- Trang 326 -
14 - 2 Dung dch in gii
14 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dung dch axit funfuric ca c qui qu t hoc qu nhiu s c nhc
im g?
p: Khi np in n mc sunfat ch trn bn cc hu nh hon nguyn ton
b hoc l cn rt t, v hydro gii phng ra trn bn cc m khng tham gia phn
ng na m tr thnh ion hydro, bt u thot ra di dng bt kh, ng thi ion
gc axit sunfuric in ly ra trn bn cc dng v nc xy ra phn ng thay th,
kt qu gii phng xy, y chnh l lc c qui t ti trng thi si.
Nu dung dch axit sunfuric qu y th khi si c th xy ra hin tng
bn tc, s bt li cho nhn vin cng tc. Nu dung dch axit sunfuric qu t th khng
th lm cho bn cc ngm hn vo trong dung dch. Nh vy, mt phn trong s
khng th tham gia phng din, khin thi gian phng in rt ngn.
Hn na, do mt b phn khng tham d phn ng, khng sinh ra sunfat ch
m tnh nng ca sunfat ch khc vi ch thun cht v oxyt ch, bin dng cng
khng nh nhau, hnh thnh hin tng cong vnh, nh vy s gim thi hn s
dng bn cc. Nu khi dung dch axit sunfuric khng nn qu dy hoc qu t
- Trang 327 -
14 - 3 Np - phng in ca c qui
14 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: c qui axit ch ca nh my pht in ti sao phi thng xuyn tin
hnh np in ni (m)?
p: c qui np in, sau mt thi gian nht nh s gim in lng,
hin tng ny gi l t phng in. Nguyn nhn ch yu gy nn hin tng ny
l do bn cc cha tp cht, hnh thnh pin nh cc b. Hai cc ca pin nh li hnh
thnh mch kn ngn mch, dn n c qui t phng in. Ngoi ra, do t trng trn
di ca dung dch in gii c qui khc nhau, khin in th trn di bn cc
khng bng nhau, iu ny cng dn n c qui t phng in. V th, phi dng
mt my np ni (m) cng sut rt nh hoc thit b chnh lu silic, thng xuyn
tin hnh np in ni (m) i vi c qui, nhm b tn hao t phng in.
- Trang 328 -
p: Khi np in cho c qui n mc nht nh, c qui bt u ni bt
v dn dn tng mnh. l do tc dng in gii ca dng in i vi dung dch
in gii sinh ra hydro v xy. Khi hydro trong khng kh trong phng t ti khong
4%, gp phi la hoc tia la in th c th dn ti bc chy, n. V th, trong
phng np in phi c thit b thng gi tt, kp thi thot thi hai cht kh hydro
v xy trong phng ra ngoi. ng thi, nht thit phi tun th qui trnh thao tc, ct
ngun np trc ri mi tho kp trn u c qui ra. Nh vy c th trnh c tia
la in sinh ra khi ct mch c in, phng nga n kh hydro trong khng kh.
- Trang 329 -
14 - 4 Vn hnh c qui
14 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong cng mt khoang hoc trong cng mt phng, khng c
cng lc lp chung c qui axit v c qui kim?
p: Bi v hi axit c tc dng ph hoi i vi c qui kim, m hi ca
kim cng c tc dng ph hoi nh vy i vi c qui axit. c bit l c qui
kim, cho d ch c rt t axit vo trong c qui cng c th ph hy bn cc in l
rnh c qui V th c qui axit, kim lun lun lp tch ring.
p: Khi phng in, do nng ca dung dch trong bn cc gim thp, axit
sunfuric trong dng c cha khng ngng khuch tn vo trong bn cc. Nu nhit
trong phng gim thp th s chuyn ng phn t s gim yu, do gim s
khuch tn ca dung dch vo trong bn cc, tc suy gim in th ca c qui
tng nhanh, gim dung lng ca c qui. Nu khi nhit trong phng t ngt tng
cao s sinh ra hin tng t phng in gia bn cc. Nhit trong phng qu cao,
khin khi np in, bn cc ca c qui v vn hoc tm ngn chy en, dn n
hng. Do nhit trong phng tng cao hoc xung thp u khng c li cho s
vn hnh bnh thng ca c qui, do thng thng phi gi nhit trong phng
khong 10 ~ 25oC.
- Trang 330 -
nng lng ca pin mi b tiu hao trn pin c. Cho nn, ch cn dng in ph ti
khng ln hn I1j th pin c s dng hn hp vi pin mi s c th a in ra m
khng tr thnh gnh nng ca pin mi.
- Trang 331 -
CHNG XV
BO V BNG RLE
V THIT B T NG
15 - 1 Bo v qu dng in
15 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Rle hn ch qu dng hn gi John ca b khi ng tng hp u
vo mch in bn th cp p dng cch u vi sai ca b h cm dng in (xem
hnh 15 - 1 - 1 (a)) cng dng in c ng tc c xc nh nh th no?
p: Bn th cp ca b h cm dng in p dng cch u vi sai, dng
in hp thnh ca n Iac = 2Iao x cos30o= 3 Iao (Xem hnh (b)), tc dng in chy
qua rle l 3 ln dng in pha. Dng in pha c th trc tip tnh ra, cng c th
o c, sau cn c vo ln dng in pha x 1.73 xc nh rle qu dng. V
d, mt mt in khng ng b 6 kV, 500 kW, dng in nh mc l 60A, khi
khi ng trc tip th dng in khi ng l 60 x 7 : 420A, Iac : 420 x 1.73 = 726A,
t s dng in ca b h cm dng in l 150/5, vy th tr s dng in c ng
- Trang 332 -
Hi: Trong mch in in p thp 380V, b khi ng in t c rle
nhit bo v qu ti, ti sao cn phi u ni tip cu ch, cn cng tc t ng
li khng cn?
p: Trong mch in thp p, b khi ng in t c u ni tip rle
nhit. Khi dng in l nh mc, phin lng kim' khng bin dng, khi dng in
ph ti ca mch in vt qu dng in nh mc, phin lng kim s b cong,
khin tip im ngt ra, ct mch. Do nhit ca phin lng kim tng ln v s
n bin dng u phi c qu trnh thi gian, khng th c ng tc tc th nn rle
nhit ch c th lm bo v qu ti. V th, b khi ng in t cn phi u ni
tip cu ch lm bo v ngn mch. Cn cng tc t ng c lp b thot mc
qu dng. Khi mch in xy ra ngn mch, b thot mc qu dng c th thot mc
tm thi khin cng tc t ng tch cu dao, ct mch nn khng cn phi mc
ni tip cu ch lm bo v ngn mch.
- Trang 333 -
15 - 2 Bo v vi sai v bo v chiu
15 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao c mt s rle vi sai c km theo b bin dng bo ha nhanh?
p: B bin dng bo ha nhanh c hai tc dng ch yu: (1) Trnh dng
in xit kch t (nh vo bin th khng ti) khi ng cu dao thng in tc th,
khin rle c ng tc. Bi v khi dng in xit kch t chy vo cun dy s cp,
li st nhanh chng bo ha, kt qu cm ng t cng tr nn nh, khin th in
ng ng m u cun dy s cp cm ng s gim, do dng in chy qua
cun dy rle cng nh. (2) Gim ng k dng in khng cn bng (th cp) xy
ra trong thi gian thay i tc th khi ngn mch bn ngoi.
- Trang 334 -
15 - 3 Bo v th t khng
15 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Hai mch in u song song phn phi in hoc u song song s
dng vi dy cp in vo mt mch in, lp t b h cm dng in th t
khng v rle nh hnh 15 - 3 - 1 (a) (b) (c), cch lp t no ng?
p: Phng php lp t nh hnh (a) l sai. Do tr khng ca cc pha khng
th hon ton ging nhau, khi bnh thng s c dng in vng th t 0 chy qua
mch kn, c th khin rle ng tc nhm. Khi xy ra s c tip t, do dng din
tip t trit tiu hoc lm tng dng in vng c th khin rle khng ng tc
hoc ng tc nhm.
Lp ng phi nh hnh (b), mch v song song cng cung cp cho mt ph
ti phi xuyn sut mt b h cm dng in th t 0 dng chung. Nu v ng
knh ngoi ca cp in qu ln hoc s si nhiu m khng th lm nh vy c
th c th dng cch lp nh hnh (c), b tr u song song hai b h cm th t 0,
bn th cp u song song mt rle dng in th t 0. Nh vy tuy c th loi tr
dng in vng th t 0, nhng do tr khng kch t ca b h cm th t 0 ni vi
rle l u song song nn nhy gim ng k. gim thiu nh hng ny, c
th p dng hnh thc nh hnh (d), tc hai b h cm dng in u ni tip theo
cc tnh, nh vy va c th gii quyt vn dng in vng th t 0, cng va
gii quyt c nhc im nhy b gim.
- Trang 335 -
li st khng bng 0, t thng th t 0 ny xuyn qua cun dy th cp, cm ng ra
dng in th t 0, do dy dn ba pha phi cng xuyn qua vng li st c cun dy
th cp, mun gii quyt cch in gia cc dy dn ba pha s tng i phin
phc, v th em vng li st c cun dy th cp lng ln u cp in l tin nht.
- Trang 336 -
15 - 4 Ngun in thao tc
15 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ngun in thao tc xoay chiu ca thit b bo v qu dng
thng thng khng s dng ly b h cm in p lm ngun?
p: Bi v bo v qu dng ch yu dng vi bo v qu ti v bo v
ngn mch. Cn khi thit b hoc ng dy trong phm vi c bo v xy ra s
c ngn mch, thng thng lm cho in p st gim nghim trng, theo s st
p nghim trng ca h thng, in p th cp ca b h cm in p cng st
gim, do thng thng lm cho cun dy thot mc thao tc khng th c ng
tc, mt tc dng bo v. Cho nn, thng thng thit b bo v bng rle s dng
b h cm dng in bo ha nhanh cung cp ngun in cho cun dy thot mc
xoay chiu.
- Trang 337 -
in (ch khi cng tc du yu cu ng cu ao mi t ng u vo ngun in),
trnh b m nh hng n tc dng chnh lu, cn phi lp ring thm in tr
nhit, nh k x l gia nhit.
- Trang 338 -
15 - 5 Thit b t ng
15 - 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: ng dy ti in cao p sau khi xy ra s c mi dn n nhy cu
dao cng tc du, nhng ti sao trm bin in cn phi lp nhm rle t ng
ng li cu dao lm cho cng tc du nhanh chng ng cu dao?
p: Kinh nghim thc dng v thit b in cho thy, s c ngn mch xy
ra trn ng dy, a s c c tnh l thi gian ngn nht, sau khi ngt ngun in
b phn hng, cch in ch ngn mch s nhanh chng khi phc, ng dy ti
in c th lp tc chuyn vo lm vic. nng cao tin cy cung cp in nn
lp thm bo v bng rle t ng ng li cu dao, khin ng dy nhanh chng
khi phc ti in.
- Trang 339 -
cng k, khi nghim trng c th lm ngn mch bn trong mt in. Nu trn mt
ng b phi hp thm thit b bo v mt ng b v t ng iu chnh li
nng cao tin cy cung cp in ca mt in ng b mi c th s dng phi
hp vi ZCH hoc BZT.
- Trang 340 -
qui nh thi gian mt in khong 1 - 1.5 giy. Thi hn thit b t ng ng cu
dao li ca ng dy ti in cng cng l do .
- Trang 341 -
CHNG XVII
K THUT IN T
17 - 1 Linh kin in t
17 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng ng h vn nng o in tr chiu dng ca diode ti sao
in tr o c cc nc in tr khc nhau th tr s in tr khng nh nhau?
p: Diode l linh kin phi tuyn tnh, tr s in tr ca n thay i theo s
thay i ca in p a vo. Khi dng ng h vn nng o in tr cc dng
ca diode, tuy in p pin m cc nc in tr khc nhau (tr nc R x 10k), s dng
l ging nhau, nhng in tr trong tng ng khng ging nhau (in tr trong ca
nc R x 1 l nh nht, cng vi s tng ln h s nhn ca nc in tr, th in tr
trong ca n cng tng tng ng). V th in p a vo 2 u diode c o
khng nh nhau, kt qu lm cho in tr diode b o phn nh ra khc nhau.
- Trang 342 -
Hi: Khi dng ng h vn nng o in p chiu dng ca diode ti sao
phi u u "+" ca ng h vo u "-" ca diode v u u "-" ca ng h
vi u "+" ca diode? Ti sao phi o nc R x 100?
p: Khi dng ng h vn nng o in tr l dng gn kh lm ngun in,
mch in nguyn l bn trong ca n nh hnh 17 - 1 - 4. Qua hnh c th bit u
"-" ca ng h u vi u "+" ca ngun in, u "+" ca ng h u vi u
"-" ca ngun in. V th khi dng ng h vn nng o in tr, chiu dng ca
diode phi u theo cch trn, nu khng s chuyn thnh o in tr ngc chiu.
Dng in ngn mch nc R x 1 ca ng h vn nng thng thng l 100 ~
200mA. Cn dng in chiu dng ca rt nhiu diode bn dn
u khng vt qua 100mA. Nu dng nc R x 1 o, khi in tr
chiu dng ca diode bn dn rt nh th dng in chy qua
diode gn bng vi tr s dng in ngn mch ca nc R x 1, c
th lm chy diode. Cn dng in ngn mch ca nc R x 10 v R
x 100 so vi nc R x 1 ln lt gim cn 1/10 v 1/100. Cho nn khi
dng nc R x 100 (hoc dng R x 1k) o in tr th dng in s
khng vt qua tr s cho php ca diode.
- Trang 343 -
p: Khi transistor ngt mch, rle phng thch, do c diode mch cnh, nng
lng trong mch t rle s phng in qua mch kn do diode v cun dy to
thnh, tc phng in ca n do thng s thi gian ca mch phng in quyt
nh. V th, rle c u song song diode phng thch, khng lp tc phng thch m
ko di thi gian phng thch, tc dng ko di ny, c khi dn n h thng chu s
iu khin ca rle, hot ng khng bnh thng.
- Trang 344 -
17 - 2 Thirixto
17 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng ng h vn nng o in tr gia cc ca vi cc m ca
thirixto, ti sao tr s in tr thun chiu, ngc chiu khc nhau? C phi tr s
in tr cng nh cng tt?
p: Cc ca i vi cc m ca linh kin thirixto l mt tip gip P - N, cho
nn tr s in tr thun chiu, ngc chiu khc nhau. Chnh lch c tnh vn
ampe ca cc ca linh kin cng nhn hiu cng rt ln. Cho nn khng th ly
ln tr s in tr cc ca xc nh c tnh tt xu. Nu tr s in tr o c
bng 0, hoc v cng ln, chng t gia cc ca v cc m ngn mch hoc h
mch, linh kin ny khng th s dng c na.
- Trang 345 -
in nh mc ca linh kin ny. Trong ng dng thc t, hnh thc dng in chnh
lu, loi ph ti, gc dn thng, hnh sng dng in u khc nhau, quan h gia tr
s bnh qun vi tr s hu hiu cng s khc nhau. Cho nn, khi xc nh tr s dng
in s dng cho php ca thirixto phi tnh theo hnh sng chnh lu. Di iu
kin tiu chun, quan h gia tr s hu hiu v tr s bnh qun ca dng in cho
php chy qua l I = 1.57 Id. Tc thirixto c dng in nh mc 100 ampe th tr s
hu hiu ca dng in cho php l 157 ampe. Nu l mch ton sng mt pha khi
dn thng hon ton th quan h gia tr s hu hiu vi tr s bnh qun l I' = 1.11
I'd. So vi tiu chun, khi I = I', I'd = 1.414Id, lc ny mt thirixto 100 ampe c th s
dng 140 ampe.
- Trang 346 -
xung xc pht khng th c kh nng dng in cc dng cha ln ti dng in
nu gi, xung xc pht mt, nn thirixto khng th duy tr dn thng, nn b ngt.
- Trang 347 -
17 - 3 Vn hnh thit b thirixto
17 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao c mt s thit b thirixto ma h c th hot ng bnh thng,
n ma ng th tr nn khng ng tin cy, hoc ma ng c th hot ng bnh
thng, ma h li tr nn khng ng tin cy?
p: thirixto l mt loi linh kin bn dn cng sut ln, c im ca n
ging nh cc linh kin bn dn khc, chu nh hng ca nhit tng i ln.
Ma ng, nhit xung thp, in p, dng in xc pht cn thit ca thirixto
tng ln. Khi cng sut xc pht m mch xc pht cung cp khng , c kh nng
dn n thirixto khng th xc pht. V th khi chnh th thit b thirixto cn ch
iu ny. Ma h nhit tng cao, in p chuyn chiu dng v in p nh
thng ngc chiu ca thirixto u gim thp, in p, dng in xc pht u
gim r rt, kh nng chng nhiu ca linh kin tr nn km, d gy nn xc pht
nhm, ng thi cng c th xy ra nh thng ngc chiu. V th khi iu chnh
thit b thirixto vo ma ng cn xem xt nhit hot ng ma h.
- Trang 348 -
nhau v c gng xa nhau mt cht. phng nga nhiu cm ng in mnh, i
vi mch iu khin tng i di c th dng dy kim loi che chn ngoi hoc
dy bn c mng phi hp, cng c th qun lp che chn ln gia cun s cp, th
cp ca bin p. Nh vy c th hn ch mt cch hu hiu nhiu ln nhau gia
mch chnh vi mch iu khin.
- Trang 349 -
17 - 4 Thit b thirixto xc pht v bo v
17 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: im 0 ca mch in th hin hnh 17 - 4 - 1 (a) l im gia ca
cun dy bn th cp bin th, khi thay i tr s R, in p hai im a, b c thay i
g? Ti sao?
- Trang 350 -
transistor tip gip n, tc thi gian pht ra xung u tin cng s cng sm, lm cho
gc m ca thirixto ln ln, in p u ra tng cao. Nhng sau khi transistor tip
gip n dn thng, khi tr s in tr Re nh hn mt tr s
no , do dng in ca ngun in thng qua Re a n
cc pht e ca transistor tip gip n vt qu dng in
im y ca n, gia e v cc gc b1 khng th khi phc
trng thi ngt, m vn thng, C np khng c in,
mch xc pht khng th pht xung na, t khin in p
chnh lu ca thirixto tt xung. phng nga xy ra hin
tng ny, cn cn c vo tr s in tr nh nht v ln
nht ca Re, dng mt in tr c nh v mt bin tr u
ni tip u vo mch in.
- Trang 351 -
17 - 4 - 6 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao diode cng quy cch khi s dng u ni tip phi u song
song mt in tr cng tr s (xem hnh (17 - 4 - 6 (a)), khi s dng u song song
phi u ni tip mt in tr cng tr s (xem hnh b)?
p: S sai bit ca in tr ngc chiu diode cng qui cch rt ln, cho
nn khi s dng u ni tip, in p ngc chiu m mi bng phi chu u khc
nhau xa, in p ngc chiu m diode c in tr ngc chiu ln phi chu s
tng i cao, nn c kh nng b nh thng. Sau , cc bng khc, do phi chu
ton b in p, cng s ln lt b nh thng. Cho nn khi s dng u ni tip,
mi diode u phi u song song mt in tr cn bng in p cng tr s.
in tr chiu dng ca diode cng qui cch cng mi loi mt khc, khi s
dng u song song, diode in tr chiu dng nh s c dng in chy qua ln.
trnh dng in tp trung trn diode in tr chiu dng nh gy chy hng, v
th khi s dng u song song, mi diode u phi u ni tip mt in tr cn
bng dng in cng tr s.
- Trang 352 -
17 - 5 Mch Chnh lu
17 - 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong mch chnh lu na sng nh th hin hnh 17 - 5 - 1 (a), khi
u song song t lc sng C, ti sao diode D thng c hin tng hng t ngt?
p: Khi mch in cha u song song t C, dng in bnh qun chy qua
U Z 0.45U 2
diode D l = , sau khi u song song C, ngun in i vi C s c dng
RZ RZ
in np in ban u rt ln chy qua D. Ngoi ra, khi cha u song song C, in
p ngc chiu ln nht m D chu ng l 2 U2; sau khi u song song C, khi
ngun in np bn chu k dng, in p hai u C gn bng 2 U2; khi bn chu k
m li cng ni tip vi in p ngun 2 U2, khin in p ngc chiu ln nht
m hai u D chu ng tng n 2 2 U2 nh th hin hnh (a), (c). Cho nn, khi
chn s dng diode D, nu trong mch in chnh lu na sng, trc v sau khi u
song song t C, th dng in chy qua D v in p ngc chiu ln nht m n
chu ng c s chnh lch tng i ln, th nn diode D c kh nng b chy hoc
nh thng.
U huhieu 36
Ubnh qun = = 32V .
1.11 1.11
Sau khi tng thm t in, t in s np in vi tr s nh in xoay
chiu, sau khi np y, in p u ra t tr s nh, do in tr trong ca vn k
- Trang 353 -
kiu in t v cng ln, dng in rt nh, cho nn tr s hin th gn bng in p
tr s nh.
Utr s nh= 1.41 x Uhu hiu= 1.41 x 36 = 50V.
- Trang 354 -
in p chnh lu na sng. C th thy D2 ngn mch c th lm chy c D3, khin
mch in chnh lu c sng kiu cu bin thnh mch chnh lu na sng.
- Trang 356 -
- Trang 357 -
17 - 5 - 10 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi mch chnh th nh hnh 17 - 5 - 10 (a), nu rle J 1, Jg ht, J2 cha
ht, dng vn k o c in p im K2 i vi t c tr s gn bng ngun + Ea.
Ti sao?
p: ng thi vi vic t in p dng vo gia cc dng, cc m ca
thirixto KG, cho cc cng ca n thng vi dng xc pht , th KG t trng thi
ng chn chuyn sang trng thi dn thng. Khi J1, Jg ht, KG1 do tha mn iu
kin thng mch nn dn thng. Hnh (b) l mch in tng ng ca hnh (a).
Qua hnh c th bit: do trc tip ni thng nhau nn 1P2 ca KG1 v 2P2 ca KG2
vo in th bng nhau. V th, 1P2 - 2P2 - 2N2 tng ng vi 1 diode chiu
dng, do , sau khi KG1 dn thng, + Ea thng qua 1P1 - 1N1 - 1P2 (2P2) - 2N2 ging
ln im K2. cho nn dng vn k c th o c in p gia K2 vi t c tr s
gn bng +Ea (khong tr s st p ca KG nh). Do in p xc pht Eg < Ea, v th
sau khi KG1 dn thng, in p 2P2 i vi t ln hn tr s E , t lm cho diode
D chn ngt, tc Eg s khng ging ln im K2. Tuy in th cc m ca KG2 i
vi t tng i cao, nhng do tr s in tr ca KG2 tng i ln s khng ko
ni ph ti. Nu tng thm mt diode b phn xc pht (hnh (c)) th K 2 i vi
t khng tn ti in p tng i cao na.
- Trang 358 -
17 - 5 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Hnh 17 - 5 - 12 (a), (b) l hai loi mch chnh lu cu na iu khin
mt pha ph ti in cm, c th u hot ng bnh thng khng?
p: Trong mch in hnh (a), khi in p ngun qu 0 th diode i dng,
khi xc pht th thirixto i dng. Nu t ngt
gim gc dn thng xung bng 0 hoc ct
mch iu khin, th do dng in ph ti c
tnh in cm duy tr dng in lin tc chy
qua diode khi thirixto bn chu k m ca
ngun in, hnh thnh mch kn, cn khi bn
chu k dng th thirixto tip tc dn thng, t
xy ra hin tng khc thng l mt
thirixto lun dn thng, cn hai diode lun lu
thng mch. Cho d xung xc pht ngng xc pht, nhng thirixto ng chn
khng c, trn ph ti vn gi li in p u ra tng ng vi chnh lu na
sng mt pha, ch khng th st p ph ti xung n 0. V th, mch in hnh (a)
do cha u song song diode tip dng vo hai u ph ti in cm nn khng th
hot ng bnh thng, gi l "mt tc dng iu khin".
Dng in ph ti in cm ca hnh (b) c th thng qua D 1 - D2 hnh thnh
mch kn dng in lin tc, khi bn chu k m ca ngun in th thirixto t ng
ngt, cho nn c th hot ng bnh thng. Nhng cn ch : nu c hai thirixto
dng chung mt mch in xc pht th bin th mch xung phi c hai cun dy
u ra, v phng nghim ngt u nhm dy hoc ngn mch ln nhau.
- Trang 359 -
cng ] 600 vn. Do in p nh mc ca diode c lng d tng i ln, cho
nn cho php in p nh mc ca n chn thp hn thirixto. Nhng trong thc t,
gim nh qui cch ca linh kin thng chn tr s in p nh mc ca diode
ging nh thirixto.
- Trang 360 -
t bn th cp phn nh n bn s cp, ch c thnh phn xoay chiu mi c th t
bn th cp phn nh bn s cp, cho nn dng b h cm xoay chiu khng th o
chnh xc dng in chnh lu. i vi mch in chnh lu nh th ny phi trc
tip o bn pha mt chiu.
- Trang 361 -
17 - 6 Linh kin v thit b chnh lu khc
17 - 6 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi th nghim chu p mt chiu, bng chnh lu chn khng c in p
nh mc l 110kV ch cho php s dng trn mch chnh lu 55kV. Ti sao?
p: in p nh mc (in p nh mt chiu) ca bng chnh lu chn
khng l ch in p ln nht m gia cc dng v cc m c th chu ng c
khng n mc dn n phng in nhp nhy. Tin hnh th nghim chu p mt
chiu ni chung p dng chnh lu na sng. Nu vt c th nghim np in khi
na sng dng xoay chiu, th khi na sng m, bng chnh lu ngng hot ng.
Khi xoay chiu l tr s nh th in p ngc ln nht gia hai cc bng chnh lu
t ti gp hai ln tr s nh xoay chiu, cho nn bng chnh lu chn khng 110kV
ch cho php s dng trn mch chnh lu 55kV.
- Trang 362 -
17 - 6 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Th cp ca bin th my chnh lu thy ngn ti sao nht nh phi
u hnh sao?
p: Khi th cp ca bin th my chnh lu thy ngn u theo hnh sao,
dy gia lm mch v ca in mt chiu, nu i sang cch u hnh tam gic th
bn mt chiu khng c mch kn na.
- Trang 363 -
1000~2000 gi, v sau s n nh). bo m in p sau khi chnh lu khng b
st thp, th phi nng cao in p u vo xoay chiu.
- Trang 364 -
17 - 7 n p ngun in
17 - 7 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong thit b n p ngun in bng bng bn dn (transistor), m dng
in u ra nh khng c khu bo v qu dng, ti sao c lc xut hin hin tng
khi va u thng ngun in xoay chiu th bng iu chnh lp tc hng?
p: Bng iu chnh b hng l do dng in np cho t lc sng u song
song vi u ra ca thit b n p ngun in transistor qu ln gy nn. Tnh hnh
ny thng xy ra nhiu trong trng hp in p u ra tng i cao m t lc
sng u ra li tng i ln.
- Trang 365 -
p: Sau khi u b phn p vo cc linh kin, do in tr u vo ca cc
linh kin u song song vi R2 (xem hnh 17 - 7 - 3 (a)), lm thay i t l phn p
c khin in p st thp. Nu in tr u vo ca cc linh kin l 10M sau khi
- Trang 366 -
CHNG XVIII
NG H IN
18 - 1 Kt cu v nguyn l ca ng h in
18 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: chnh xc ca cc loi ng h, my o in th hin ngha g?
p: Th hin s phn trm sai s ln nht ca ng h, my o y. Nh
cp 0.5, sai s o ln nht ca n khng vt qu 0.5% tr s tiu chun; ng
h, my o cp 1 th sai s o ln nht ca n khng vt qu 1%. Nu tm o ln
nht l 100 ampe th sai s ln nht l 1 ampe.
- Trang 367 -
ra ngoi chnh xc m ng h in qui nh. V th, khi s dng phi b b
phn ny. im en di ng chia l dng th hin ny. Nu ch c mt
im en cch v tr 0 khng xa th t im en n tr s y l b phn lm
vic ca ng chia , s c trong phm vi ny chnh xc, on t v tr 0 n
im en khng chnh xc. Nu di ng chia c hai im en th th hin
on gia hai im l b phn lm vic ca ng chia .
- Trang 368 -
chuyn ca kim tng i ln hn trn n v in lng lm cho kim chuyn ng,
v th ng h tng i nhy v nhn tng i r .
- Trang 369 -
ngc chiu nhau, c tc dng b. Ngoi ra cn c th gim mc lo ha do mi
ca l xo?
- Trang 371 -
18 - 1 - 19 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Cho dng in mt chiu c ln bng nhau vo ng h kiu in t
ti sao khi v ng h c che chn t v khng c che chn t th s c khc nhau?
p: T trng ca ng h kiu in t l do nam chm vnh cu sinh ra,
che chn thng lm bng vt liu dn t. Sau khi v ngoi c che chn t, v lp
che chn c tc dng phn t, s lm gim cng t trng trong khe h lm
vic ca ng h, v vy sau khi cho vo dng in c ln bng nhau, m men
quay sinh ra s khc nhau. Do m men quay c che chn s nh hn so vi khng che
chn, v th tr s hin th ca n cng nh. Nu trn che chn tr mt l trn dt,
th khi di chuyn l ny, do khong cch tng i ca n i vi cc thay i,
khin t thng lm vic trong khe h lm vic cng thay i, t lm cho. s c
ca ng h cng thay i theo. Trn cng trng thng li dng phng php ny
iu chnh s c ca ng h.
- Trang 372 -
18 - 1 - 23 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ampe k mt chiu phi xt n b nhit , cn vn k mt
chiu khng cn xt n b nhit ?
p: Ampe k mt chiu thng dng l do c cu o l kiu in t cng
vi b phn dng to thnh. B phn dng lm bng vt liu ng mangan, h s
nhit in tr ca n rt nh. Cun dy di ng ca c cu o qun bng dy
ng, h s nhit in tr ca n tng i ln. Cn in tr ca cun dy di ng
ln hn nhiu in tr phn dng, cho nn s thay i ca nhit s lm thay i
t l phn dng, gy nn sai s o ca ng h, iu ny i hi phi xt n b
nhit .
Vn k mt chiu do c cu o l kiu in t ni tip vi in tr ph
qun bng ng mangan m thnh. Tr s in tr ca in tr ph ln hn nhiu
in tr cun dy di ng, cho nn khi nhit thay i, th s thay i ca tng tr
s in tr rt nh; c th khng xt ti b nhit .
- Trang 375 -
Vn k xoay chiu thng dng l kiu t in, khi dng in mt chiu
chy qua cun dy ca n, phin st ca b phn chuyn ng b t ha, phin st
b ht sinh ra m men quay, khin kim quay lch. Khi dng in xoay chiu chy qua
cun dy, t cc sinh ra trong cun dy v t cc ca phin st cng lc thay i,
kt qu chiu m men quay tc dng ln nhau khng thay i, kim vn quay lch.
Cho nn, ng h kiu t in c th o mt chiu hoc xoay chiu (s c in p
mt chiu hi ln hn khi o bng vn k mt chiu).
- Trang 376 -
18 - 2 S dng ng h in thng dng
18 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Sau khi s dng xong ampe k, micron ampe k v mili vn k, ti sao
thng dng mt si dy ng ni cc tr u dy ca chng?
p: Bi v cc loi ng h o ny l kiu in t, cun dy, trc v kim
ca chng u ht sc nh, gin yu, cho nn khi di chuyn ng h c th khin
chng dao ng mnh, gy hng. Nhng sau khi dng si dy ng ni tr u dy
ca chng li, nu khi cun dy do tc dng ca lc c gii bn ngoi m chuyn
ng th trong cun dy s sinh ra dng in (tng ng vi mt my pht in
mt chiu), t sinh ra lc hm, khin cun dy khng th dao ng nhanh, nh
vy c th phng nga hng ng h.
- Trang 377 -
18 - 2 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi hiu chnh ng h in, gia ng h chun vi ng h
cn hiu chnh ti thiu phi cch 1 mt? Hn na tt nht b tr hai ng h theo
hng ng - ty?
p: Khi hiu chnh ng h, t trng ca hai ng h s nh hng ln
nhau. V bn cht th nh hng ny cng ging nh t trng bn ngoi. Nu
xa ra mt cht, nh hng s nh. Hai ng h theo chiu ng - ty, ch yu l
xt n gim thiu nh hng a t chiu nam bc.
- Trang 379 -
Hi: Dng vn k cp 0.5 - 100 vn v cp 1.5 - 10 vn ln lt o in p 9
vn, kt qu o ca ng h no chnh xc?
p: Dng vn k cp 1.5 - 10 vn o in p 9 vn tng i chnh xc. Bi
v ni cp sai s ca ng h l ni s phn trm i vi tm o ca n. Nu vn k
cp 0.5 - 100 vn th sai s mi vch chia ca n u cho php trong 0.5% ca 100
vn, tc sai s ch cc vch chia u cho php trong 0.5 vn, cng nh vy, sai s
ch cc vch chia ca vn k cp 1.5 - 10 vn cho php trong 0.15 vn. V th khi
dng vn k cp 0.5 vn - 100 vn o in p 9 vn th sai s ln nht ca n c th
t 0.5 vn. Cn khi dng vn k cp 1.5 vn - 10 vn o th sai s ln nht ca
n l 0.15 vn. Cho nn khi chn ng h in, ngoi vic phi ch cp ca n ra
cn phi cn c vo ln cn o chn tm o thch hp. Khi lng cn o gn
vi y thang o in p th sai s cng nh. Ni chung, ly kim c th quay n trn
1/2 y thang o ca in p l tt.
- Trang 381 -
Hi: Khi dng vn k o in p, hy vng in tr trong ng h rv cng ln
cng tt. Nu u dy dn rt di trn vn k, sau mi o in p, liu c th o
dc chnh xc hn khng?
p: p dng phng php ny o in p, khng nhng khng nng cao c
chnh xc, ngc li khin in p o c khng ph hp vi tnh hnh thc t.
l do khi dy dn u ngoi ca ng h rt di, trn dy dn s sinh ra st p rt
ln, th l in p m ng h o c s tng i nh, so vi in p thc t s
chnh lch st p trn dy dn.
- Trang 382 -
tc dng phn dng, nn hai phng php ny u tn ti sai s nht nh. c
gng gim thiu nh hng ca in tr trong ng h i vi chnh xc o, khi
tr s in tr ph ti R tng i ln th nn dng phng php hnh (a). Ngc
li, th dng phng php hnh (b). Nhng khi vn k s dng l vn k tnh in
hoc vn k bng in t, do in tr trong rt ln, tc dng phn dng i vi R
khng ln, nn dng mch in hnh (b).
- Trang 383 -
xc gia vn k vi in tr cn o ch c dng in ca vn k chy qua, st p rt
nh, c th b qua nh hng i vi s c in p.
- Trang 384 -
18 - 3 ng h vn nng
18 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao trong ng h vn nng, vch chia xoay chiu v mt chiu khi
cng mt tm o hu nh khng trng nhau, c bit l khi vch chia mc thp th
chnh lch cng ln (xem hnh 18 - 3 - l)?
p: Trong ng h vn nng, in xoay chiu l
da vo b chnh lu bin thnh mt chiu a vo ng
h o. Bi v tnh phi tuyn ca c tnh b chnh lu
(trong ng h vn nng ni chung s dng oxit ng),
in tr ca n thay i theo in p a vo, khi in p
thp th in tr ln, v th khi o in p thp, dng in chy qua khng hon ton
t l thun vi tr s in p a vo, m hi nh hn tr s cn c. Trong phm vi
ton b thang chia , s c ca in xoay chiu, mt chiu ch u mt thang
chia thit k rt trng hp, vch chia xoay chiu cc im khc u tng i
nh.
- Trang 385 -
p: l bi v ngun in ca ng h vn nng, in p ca pin khng
th n nh lu, li dng in tr iu chnh duy tr in p ca hai im a, b c
nh (xem hnh 18 - 3 - 4), sau cn c vo s c ca ng h (li dng nh lut
m) l c th c ln chnh xc ca in tr cn o.
- Trang 386 -
2.22 ln tr s thc t cn o, ch trch khi o in p mt chiu 12 vn, kim ng
h ch 26.6 vn.
- Trang 387 -
18 - 3 - 8 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong mch in hnh 18 - 3 - 8, ngun in E l 20V, R o (bao gm
in tr trong ngun in) l 20k in tr ph ti R l 20k in p U hai u R
phi l 10V. Nhng khi dng nc 10V mt chiu ca ng h vn nng kiu MF -14
o, s c ch c 5V. Ti sao?
p: in tr trong RV ca nc mt chiu 10V ng
h vn nng MF - 14 tng i thp (10k) khi u song song
hai u R o th sai s o rt ln. Bi v khi khng u vi
ng h vn nng th:
E
U=E- R o = 10V .
Ro + R
Sau khi u ng h vn nng vo mch in th:
E
R o = 5V
U' = E - R R R V .
o
R + RV
Cho nn khi o in p mt chiu in tr trong tng i cao th nn chn s
dng ng h in c in tr trong tng i ln gim sai s do in tr trong
ca ng h in gy ra.
- Trang 388 -
p: Cu ch t, khng nh do hai t in b nh thng, ngn mch gy ra.
Qu trnh ca n nh sau: Do lng in dung ca C1 v C2 bng nhau, nn in p
u ca mi t phi l 50V, nn khi ng h vn nng va u vo C 2, in p do
c gn bng in p u 50V ca C1, Sau , do in tr trong ca ng h vn
nng u song song vi C1, in p ngu, n qua R np in cho C2, in p u ca
C2 t 50V bt u tng ln, cho n khi gn bng 100V, cn in p ca C1 st
tng ng xung gn bng 0. Lc ny in p trn C2 vt qua 2 ln chu p ca n,
lp tc b nh thng ngn mch. Do in p ngun ton b dn ln C1 cng s vt
qu chu p ca n nn b nh thng, kt qu gy ngn mch u ra, chy cu ch.
V th, phng php o ny khng ng.
- Trang 389 -
- Trang 390 -
18 - 3 - 14 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khng th dng ng h m o th cun dy ca mA k v
A k?
p: Dng in cho php chy qua ma k rt nh, dng in cho php chy
qua A k cng nh hn, cn ng h m ni chung nc R x 1 c th a ra dng
in 50mA tr ln, ln hn rt nhiu dng in cho php chy qua ma k v A k,
cho d ng h cn o vn vn tt, cng c th do dng ng h m o, gy
chy. V th, khng c dng ng h m o.
- Trang 391 -
18 - 3 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi li dng ng h vn nng o in tr ca my chnh lu
bng oxt ng, nm xoay cc nc bi s khc nhau th s c ca n khc
nhau?
p: Dng ng h vn nng o in tr, khi nm xoay v tr khc
nhau, th in tr trong ca n khc nhau. Bi s cng nh th in tr trong cng
cng nh, lc ny dng in chy qua s cng ln. Do oxyt ng u l linh kin phi
tuyn tnh, khi dng in chy qua n thay i th tr s in tr phn ng cng khc
nhau. V th s c khng ging nhau.
- Trang 392 -
18 - 4 ng h m ga m
18 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao phi cn c vo in p ca thit b in cao hay thp chn
ng h m ga m in p khc nhau o in tr cch in ca n?
p: Nu dng ng h m ga m in p thp o in tr cch in ca
thit b cao p th do cch in tng i dy, in p phn b trn chiu di n v
tng i nh, khng th hnh thnh cc ha mi cht, tc dng in gii i vi
hi m cng yu, s liu o c khng th phn nh tnh hnh chn thc. Ngc
li dng ng h m ga m cao p o in tr cch in ca thit b in p thp
th rt d nh thng cch in. V th, khi o in tr cch in ca thit b in,
ni chung qui nh di 1000V th dng ng h M 500V hoc 1000V, trn 1000V
th dng ng h M 1000V hoc 2500V.
- Trang 393 -
ca ng h m ga m cp in, khng qua cun dy dng in ca ng h m
ga m, s c th loi tr nh hng ca dng in r b mt, o c tr s thc.
o in tr cch in cao p i vi t, thp p i vi t, ch cn u
cun dy cn o ln u "ng dy", cun dy khng cn o u vi v ri cng
u vi u "t" ca ng h m ga m. Lc ny, dng in r b mt v dng
in r ca cun dy khng cn o u khng i qua cun dy ng h m ga m, v
th c th o c tr s thc ca in tr cch in. V th tiu chun B c kh
"Phng php th nghim bin th in" qui nh dng phng php ny o.
- Trang 394 -
p: o chnh xc tr s in tr cch in, yu cu in p mt chiu do
ng h m ga m pht ra phi gn nh n nh, dao ng cng nh cng tt. Nu
in p c dao ng, th c th coi nh trong in p tn ti thnh phn xoay chiu.
Thnh phn xoay chiu in p ny c th thng qua t in sinh ra dng in r
ph, khin tr s in tr cch in o c lch thp. S phin chnh lu ca ng
h m ga m cng nhiu th dao ng in p sinh ra cng nh, ngc li th dao
ng in p ln. Cho nn, s phin ca c chnh lu my pht in nhiu mt cht
th tt.
- Trang 395 -
(2) S c ca ng h m ga m ngng ch v tr 0, th hin cch in ca
t in b nh thng.
(3) ng h m ga m c s c, khi ngn mch khng c tia la, th hin
t dy ni gia tr u dy vi bn cc. Hai trng hp sau th hin t in
hng, khng th s dng.
- Trang 396 -
18 - 4 - 13 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Dng ng h m ga m o in tr cch in ca thit b in, trong
hai cch u dy hnh 18 - 4 - 13 (a) v (b) tr s o ca cch no chnh xc?
p: Mc ch o in tr cch in ca thit b in l nhm phn on
cch in bn trong cht cch in ca thit b tt hay xu. V th, phi c gng
loi tr nh hng ca r b mt thit b i vi ng h m ga m.
Hnh (a) ni vng bo v G ca ng h m ga
m vi ng s, nh vy dng in r do b mt ng s
b bn hoc m t gy nn s khng chy qua cun
dy bn trong ng h m ga m loi tr c nh
hng ca r b mt i vi ng h m ga m. V th
cch u dy ca hnh (a) hp l hn hnh (b), in tr
cch in m ci trc o c cng chnh xc hn.
- Trang 398 -
(4) S c ca ng h m ga m l triu m, tr s nh c khng ra.
- Trang 399 -
18 - 5 Cng t in v ng h cng sut
18 - 5 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: a nhm ca cng t in ti sao khng th dng vt liu bng st,
ng?
p: Sau khi u cng t in vo mch in, t thng do cun dy dng
in v cun dy in p sinh ra, hnh thnh t trng dch tin. T trng ny cm
ng ra dng xoy trn a nhm, do tc dng ca dng xoy v t thng, khin a
nhm sinh ra m men lc quay theo chiu nht nh. Nu dng a st th do tnh dn
in ca st km, dng xoy cm ng nh, m men quay cng nh. ng thi, do
hiu ng t tr khin chuyn ng ca a st khng th thay i kp thi vi
ln ca ph ti. Hn na, t trng ca st ln hn nhm, s tng nhanh mn hng
u trc. Cho nn khng th dng a st thay th a nhm. a ng dn in,
khng dn t, tnh nng tuy tng t vi nhm, nhng t trng ca n ln hn nhm,
s tng nhanh mn hng u trc, nn cng khng dng a ng thay a nhm.
- Trang 400 -
xc a s p dng trc hai lp qu, cn mt in ph thng th dng trc mt
lp qu.
- Trang 402 -
18 - 5 - 9 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Lm sao dng bin php n gin phn on vic u dy ca cng
t in ba pha hai nguyn kin (nh hnh 18 - 5 - 9) c chnh xc khng?
p: Khi ph ti khng thay i, c th ct ngun in pha c im u
chung (pha B) ca cun dy in p, nu s vng quay ca a trn cng t in
chm mt na so vi trc khi ngt th cch u dy ng. V khi cch u dy ng,
sau khi ngt pha B, cun dy in p ca hai nguyn kin
Wh1 ,Wh2 bin thnh ni tip, tr s in p hai u u
st mt na, lch pha gia in p v dng in trong hai
nguyn kin va vn i nhau, tc cng sut m nguyn
kin Wh1 phn nh l mt na cng sut c ca nguyn
kin Wh2, cng sut m nguyn kin Wh2 phn nh l mt
na cng sut c ca nguyn kin Wh1 ,cng sut tng
hp bng mt na cng sut tng hp ca hai nguyn kin c, cho nn s vng quay
chm mt na.
- Trang 403 -
dy gia, u cui u trn dy pha ch u cui cun dy din p cng t in
ba pha, nh th hin hnh 18 - 5 - 11, ch khng c u sai u tng ng c
du "*". Lc ny tng lng in s dng l tng i s ca s c hai cng t
in.
W = W3 + W1
Nguyn l o th ny: Cng sut (biu th bng tr s tc th) phn ng ca
cng t in ba pha l:
P3 = PA + PC = UABiA + UCBiC =(UA - UB)iA + (UC-UB)iC = UAiA = UCiC -UB(iA+iC)
Bi v:
i A + iB + iC = iO
Tc:
iA + iC = - iB + iO
Thay vo cng thc trn s c:
P3 = UAiA + UCiC + UBiB - UBiO
M cng sut tng phi l:
P = UAiA + UBiB + UCiC = P3 + UBiO= P3 + P1
Cng th c th c tng lng hao in:
W= W3 + W1
Lu cng t in mt pha c th quay ngc, tc W1 l m. Lc ny phi
l:
W= W3 - W1
- Trang 404 -
Hi: Ti sao khi khng c ph ti m ng dy li khng c hin tng b
m, r in, cng t in kiu h cm vn c th chuyn ng?
p: l do lp mt c cu c bit to ra m men quay ph nhm b p
m men quay ma st m a quay chu ng. Di in p bnh thng, chng ta iu
chnh m men quay ph ca n va ng bng vi m men quay ma st. Khi in p
tng cao, th m men quay ph ny s tng cao theo s tng ln ca in p vt qu
m men quay ma st. Lc ny, cng t in tuy khng c ph ti vn t chy, ni
chung gi l "chy ngm".
- Trang 405 -
p: Nu u ngc cun dy in p (xem hnh a) th chnh lch in th
gia cun dy in p vi cun dy dng in s rt cao, c th lm hng cch in
gia cc cun dy. Nu u u ( ) ca cun dy in p ln u ph ti, xem hnh
(b) th dng in ca cun dy dng in bng tng ca dng din ph ti vi dng
in ca cun dy in p, s c ca ng h o cng sut l tng ca cng sut
ph ti vi cng sut tiu hao ca cun dy in p v in tr phn p RD, nn khi
o cng sut nh th sai s tng i ln.
Hnh (c) v phng php u dy ng. Khi o, s c ca ng h o cng
sut l tng ca cng sut ph ti vi tiu hao ca cun dy dng in, do in tr
ca cun dy dng in rt nh nn sai s o tng i nh.
- Trang 406 -
18 - 6 ng h kp (dng gng km)
18 - 6 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi dng ampe k kp o dng in ph ti cn bng
ba pha, sau khi t dy mt pha, hai pha hoc ba pha vo trong
ming kp, s c ca ng h c g khc nhau? Ti sao?
p: Khi cho bt c dy ca pha no vo trong ming kp
th s c ca ng h l dng in dy ca pha . Kh t vo
hai dy pha th s c ca ng h tuy ging vi khi t dy mt
pha, nhng trn thc t, s c ny l tng vc t ca dng din
hai pha vo ming kp. Cn khi cho c ba dy pha vo ming
kp th s c bng 0, v lc ny tng vc t ca dng in ba pha bng 0, (xem hnh
18 - 6 - 1)
- Trang 407 -
18 - 6 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Lm sao li dng bin php n gin nht phn on u c t
thng r xoay chiu, v nh gi s b ln ca n?
p: M ming kp ca ampe k kp ra vo trong t trng xoay chiu,
kim s xy ra quay lch, m t trng cng mnh th kim quay lch cng ln. l
do hai cng ca ampe k kp lm bng cht st t, t vo trong t trng thnh
ng thng ca t thng, khin cun dy ca ampe k cm ng ra in th nht
nh, lm cho kim quay lch. Li dng phng php ny c th phn on ch no c
t thng r xoay chiu.
- Trang 408 -
18 - 7 Cu in
18 - 7 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi dng cu in Wheatstone o in tr mt chiu ca cun
dy in cm cao, in tr ca nhnh cu tuy iu chnh n xu th cn bng,
nhng khi bm nm pin, kim ng h vn dao ng rt gh?
p: Khi va bm nm pin, mch cu in vo trong qu trnh tc th lc
ny, in cm ca cun dy ch o pht huy tc dng, khin s cn bng ca cu
in b ph hoi, v th kim dao ng.
- Trang 409 -
CHNG XIX
O TH IN
19 - 1 o in
19 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi tnh cng sut ph ti ba pha cn bng, P = 3 ULILcos, trong cng
thc UL, IL ln lt l in p dy, dng in dy. Gc l lch pha gia in p dy
vi dng in dy hay l lch pha gia in p pha vi dng in pha?
p: Cng sut ca ph ti ba pha cn bng l gp ba cng sut mt pha, P =
3U I cos, trong cng thc U , I ln lt l in p pha v dng in pha, l lch
pha gia in p pha vi dng in pha.
Khi ph ti l cch u sao, UL = 3 U , IL = I ; khi ph ti l cch u tam
gic, UL : U , IL = 3 I . tin tnh ton v o, trong cng thc dng in p dy v
dng in dy th hin, tc P : 3 ULILcos .V th, gc trong cng thc l lch
pha gia in p pha vi dng in pha.
- Trang 410 -
. .
dng in chy qua ampe k l I a + I c , cho nn ampe k ch th chnh xc tr s ca
.
I b . S vc t ca dng in cch u dy ny nh hnh (c). Nu u dy theo
hnh (b) th cc tnh ca b h cm hai pha A, C ngc nhau. Khi tay gt chuyn n
. .
v tr "0", dng in chy qua ampe k l I c + (- I a ), s vc t ca n nh hnh
. .
(d), chiu ca Ia ngc vi chiu ca I a trong hnh (c), I b t c khng phi l
dng in thc t chy qua trong pha B, cho nn ch th trong ampe k khng phn
nh dng in thc t ca pha B. Cho nn cch u dy ca hnh (b) chnh xc.
- Trang 411 -
19 - 1 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi tin hnh o in tr mt chiu ca nhm cun dy bin p,
dng in chy qua cun dy khng nn vt qu 20% dng in nh mc, cn khi
tin hnh o in tr tip xc ca cng tc du, dng in cng ln cng tt, nh
nht khng c di 100 ampe?
p: Khi o in tr mt chiu ca cun dy bin p, do cun dy c in
cm L v in tr R, khi o c thi gian np in tng i lu (theo To=L/R thng
s thi gian gim). Khi trong cun dy thng qua dng in tng i ln (ln hn
20% dng in nh mc) s lm nng cun dy, nhit tng cao th tr s in tr
mt chiu o c s lch ln, sai s ca n thm ch vt qu tiu chun qui nh.
Cho nn, ni chung qui nh dng in chy qua cun dy khng ln hn 20% dng
in nh mc ca bin p.
Khi o in tr tip xc ca cng tc du, in cm L 0, cn in tr R
cng nh hn nhiu in tr mt chiu ca cun dy bin p, cho nn khng cn
thi gian np in. Cn khi dng in cng ln, tnh hnh tip xc ca u tip xc
cng tt, cng cng gn vi tnh hnh vn hnh ni chung. Cn khi dng in qu nh,
u tip xc tip xc khng tt s xut hin kt qu th nghim lch ln. bo
m chnh xc o, ni chung trong qui trnh qui nh dng in khi o khng nn
nh hn 100 ampe.
- Trang 412 -
my hin sng, c th che chn nhiu ca t trng in khng gian. Hn na u
d c mc th tch nh, c th phng nga chm vi cc im khng o chung quanh,
gy ngn mch. Nhng u d ni chung u lm cho tn hiu suy gim 10 ln.
Mun lm cho tn hiu khng suy gim, c th ng dy o lm bng cp in ng
trc, u cui ca dy dng kp mang c c ng cch in dn n im o th.
- Trang 413 -
19 - 1 - 12 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Linh kin cm ng nhit ca in
tr nhit ti sao phi dng h ba dy u vo cu
in?
p: Khi dng in tr nhit Rt o
nhit t xa i hi phi s dng dy dn
tng i di u ni vo mch cu, in tr
ca dy dn s gy ra sai s ph khng th b qua,
khong cch cng ln th sai s cng ln. Nu
dng h 3 dy nh hnh (a) u vo th dy dn ln lt u vo hai bn cu
khin cu in cn bng, nh th hin hnh (b), loi tr c sai s ph. V th
khi dng in tr nhit lm linh kin cm ng nhit o hoc iu khin nhit
t xa, phi dng h ba dy u vo cu in, di v quy cch ca dy dn phi
bng nhau.
- Trang 414 -
Hi: Khi s dng ng h tn s kiu b bin i 1L2 - H2 o tn s
in p u my pht in, trong qu trnh my pht in tng in p kch thch hoc
dng my gim p, ti sao ng h tn s thng xy ra hin tng s c ch th
khng ng?
p: Mch in ca ng h tn s kiu b bin i 1L2 - H2 nh th hin
hnh 19 - 1 - 15. N l mt loi my o kiu mi, mt loi mch in, mch chnh
lu v mch phn cc chuyn dng in xoay chiu thnh dng in mt chiu t l
thun vi tn s ca n, li thng qua ng h ch th (ng h mA mt chiu M)
trc tip hin th ra s c tn s.
My pht in s dng ng h tn s ny,
trong qu trnh tng in p kch thch hoc dng
my gim p, do tr s in p xoay chiu hnh sin
u vo ng h cha t ti tr s in p m
ng h cn thit, cho nn mch ct sng n p
trong mch in ng h khng c tc dng, in
p u vo ca mch vi phn RC khng phi sng
vung m l sng sin. V th, in p u ra ca n cng l in p sng sin. Tr s
bnh qun ca dng in chy qua M sau khi chnh lu ln hn nhiu so vi tr s
bnh qun ca dng in mch xung nh nhn thit k chy qua M khi tn s ging
nhau, do ch th ca ng h thng vt ln trn, dn n s c khng chnh xc.
- Trang 415 -
ngc nhau; khi dng in ph ti tng i nh, do nh hng ca Io, lch pha
gia I2 vi I1 s lch 180o tng i r, dng in ph ti cng nh th lch xa cng
ln. T sinh ra lch pha. Nu chn tham s R2 v C hp l th c th gim thiu
sai s ny.
- Trang 417 -
19 - 2 Th nghim in
19 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi tin hnh th nghim chu p thit b in, ti sao yu cu tr s
chu p cao hn tr s in p nh mc?
p: Thit b in trc khi lp t u phi tin hnh mt ln th nghim
chu p, m tr s chu p ca n phi cao hn tr s in p nh mc ca thit b.
l v:
(1) bo m thit b vn hnh an ton bnh thng, tr s chu p ca n
phi c h s an ton.
(2) Thit b s dng di tn s cng cng xoay chiu th tr s in p nh
mc l ch tr s hu hiu, cn tr s ln nht bng 1.414 tr s hu hiu.
(3) Xt n tr s qu p thao tc v qu p kh quyn s rt cao. V th, khi
th nghim chu p, tr s chu p ca n phi cao hn in p nh mc ca thit b.
- Trang 418 -
in tr cch in lc ny khng cn l hng s na, nn tr s in tr cch in
i t dng in r ra s thp hn tr s o c bng ng h m ga m.
- Trang 419 -
19 - 2 - 4 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao ng bc t in khi tin hnh th nghim in p ring l th
u tt nhng khi my ci cng tin hnh th nghim th thng xy ra nh la?
p: Sau khi my bin p th nghim mang ph ti tnh cht in dung, t s
bin i ca n s thay i, in p bn cao p s cao hn tr s chuyn i, m ph
ti in dung cng ln th sai s thay i cng cng ln.
Khi th nghim ng bc ring l, do ph ti in dung rt nh, s bin i t
s thay i rt nh hoc khng thay i. Khi nhiu ng bc cng th nghim, do
ph ti in dung tng ln, in p bn cao p s cao hn nhiu tr s chuyn i.
Nu vn cho in p ging nhau vo bn thp p th bn o cao p vt qu tr s
in p mun cho vo, do xy ra nh la.
- Trang 420 -
19 - 2 - 7 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao in cc th nghim in p nh thng du cch in, ni
chung u s dng in cc hnh trn tm phng? Liu c th s dng in cc
hnh cu hoc hnh kim?
p: in trng sinh ra gia in cc hnh trn tm phng l in trng
u. Di tc dng ca in trng u c th pht hin mt cch rt nhy s tn
ti ca nc, si v cc ht nh khc trong du, v th in p nh thng do c
tng i thp, tc cng d pht hin khim khuyt ca du cch in, in p
nh thng o c cng tng i chnh xc. in cc hnh cu v hnh kim to ra
khng phi l in trng u, khng c u im trn, do ngoi c quan nghin
cu th nghim ra, hin trng ni chung khng p dng.
- Trang 422 -
(t). Sau khi vn hnh b m, do t trng ca nc ln hn du cch in, nn nc
chm xung y hay lp ngoi. V th o tnh trng cch in ca ng bc nh i
vi mt bch (t) d pht hin s vo nc, b m ca n. ng thi, mc cch
in ca ng bc nh tng i thp, khng th tin hnh th nghim dng in r
v tn hao mi cht vi in p th nghim cao hn. Cho nn tng cng o th
nghim in tr cch in ca ng bc nh i vi mt bch c th gim st s vo
nc ht m ca n, in tr cch in qui nh ca n khng nh hn 1000M (s
dng ng h 2,5KV-M)
- Trang 423 -
mt cch ton din khim khuyt cch in ca n. Nu ch o tg di mt in p
(cao p hoc thp p) th khng th gim st c ton din khim khuyt cch in
ca n.
- Trang 424 -
19 - 2 - 18 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao khi np in cho t in in gii dung lng ln, khng th
trc tip dng dy ng th nghim phng in ngn mch?
p: T in gii gm mng nhm cc dng, mng xt mi cht, dung
dch in gii, m lt, phin mng dn ra v dy dn to thnh. Li lm vic ca
n lm bng phng php cun, cho nn c lng in cm nht nh. in dung
ln th s vng cun s tng i nhiu, in cm cng tng i ln. Khi trc
tip dng dy ng tin hnh th nghim phng in ngn mch i vi t in
dung lng ln s sinh ra th in ng t cm EL trn in cm ca chnh t in.
V th, ln ca EL ph thuc vo lng in cm ca cun dy L v t s bin
i ca dng in (I/t); tc EL. : L.(I/t). Cho nn, lc ny t in s c hin
tng d b nh thng. Ni chung dng mt in tr 50 ~ 100 phng thot
khin n phng in t t.
- Trang 425 -
19 - 2 - 21 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Khi tin hnh th nghim chu p xoay chiu i vi l cch in bng
s ti sao phi xu vo mt vng s nh cch in gia dy dn cp in p ca
mi s cch in?
p: l nhm trc quan, nhanh chng kim tra ra cch in b nh thng.
Do in dung ca vng s nh tng i nh, khong cch khng kh ca n cng
rt nh, di tc dng ca in p cao tn lm vic, khe h khng kh ca vng s
s nhanh chng ion ha, hnh thnh ct h quang, thng qua ct h quang dn cao p
n tng ci cch in. Khi cch in th u tt, khe h trng bn trong vng s l
ct h quang ion ha ca dng in nh, c mu trng xanh; khi mt cch in no
b nh thng, khe h trng trong vng s s c dng in ngn mch tng i
ln chy qua. nh sng ca h quang trong vng s cng bin theo thnh mu , nh
vy s c th cn c vo mu sc ca h quang trong vng s kim tra ra mt
cch nhanh chng, tin li s cch in khng tiu chun.
- Trang 426 -
p: Bi v t ghp l do nhiu linh kin ni tip thnh. Nguyn nhn ch
yu sai s m in dung khi o l do du thm thu lm cho phn trn khng du.
Khi lng du gim, u cao p bn trn d phng in gy ra s c n, ng thi
khi lng in dung gim 5%, lng du ca n gim xung khng phi bng 5%
tng lng du m l nhiu hn. V th, nng cao tnh hu hiu ca vic gim st
phi nng sai s m ca lng in dung t -10% ca tiu chun b c kh s mt
trc y ln -5% tiu chun quc gia mi.
- Trang 427 -
CHNG XX
NHNG VN KHC
20 - 1 S b in kh
20 - 1 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao tn s ca ngun in xoay chiu trn my bay thng s dng
400 - 500 Hz?
p: Trong iu kin dung lng bng nhau, tn s ngun in cng cao th
trng lng v kch thc ca thit b in, my in s dng s cng nh, m tn
hao nng lng v st p li cng ln. Trn my bay yu cu trng lng ca thit
b nh, do cng sut nh, mch in ngn, tn hao v st p ln mt cht th vn
khng ln, cho nn thng s dng ngun in xoay chiu 400 ~ 500 Hz?
- Trang 428 -
20 - 1 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Trong mt in kiu qun dy, in tr khi ng s dng bin tr
cht lng. Ti sao trong mt in mt chiu khng dng bin tr cht lng?
p: Bi v cht lng dng trong bin tr cht lng l nc kim, nu cho
vo in mt chiu s sinh ra tc dng in gii mnh, khin in cc ca bin tr
hng nhanh, thnh phn cht lng cng b ph hoi, cho nn bin tr cht lng khng
c dng trong in mt chiu.
- Trang 429 -
20 - 2 u ni, hn ni v nhit in
20 - 2 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Di inh c u dy phi c m lt lm g?
p: Phin m di inh c u dy dng phng nga dy dn trt
theo inh c khi sit cht, tng tnh n hi, phng nga tut dy dn, tng din tch
tip xc gia dy dn vi inh c v tng din tch ta nhit, gim in tr tip xc.
- Trang 430 -
trng xoay chiu s bin i cc tnh c tnh chu k, khng sinh ra vn ng nh
hng, nn khi thit b cao p xoay chiu hot ng, khng c hin tng ht bi r
rt.
- Trang 431 -
p: Dy nhit in l in bin in nng thnh nhit nng, sinh ra nhit
cao. Ch ni gia dy dn mm vi dy l in, nhit rt cao. D sinh ra tc
dng xy ha. Dy dn mm gm nhiu dy ng nh to thnh; s dng cha lu,
b mt dy dn b xy ha thnh lp cht xy ha, khin tit din dn in tr
nn nh, in tr tng, ch ni cng nng d di, khi t ti im nng chy ca
ng th ch ni s b chy t. Nu s dng dy ng mt li di 8 - 10 cm, tit
din ln mt cht ni vi dy l in, mt u khc ca dy ng li ni vi dy
dn mm th mt mt do dy ng mt si tng i ln, mt khc mt xy ha
chung s nh hn dy dn mm do nhiu si dy dn nh hp thnh, nn kh b t.
Ch ni gia u kia ca dy ng mt si vi dy dn mm do cch dy l in
nhit cao mt on, chu nh hng xy ha nhit cao tng i nh nn dy
dn mm kh b chy t. cho an ton thng lun dy ng mt li vo trong
ng s nh.
- Trang 432 -
20 - 3 Xe in
20 - 3 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Xe in c ray s dng thnh ph ch c mt cn nhn in, cn xe
kiu dy treo s dng di hm l ni chung u c hai cn nhn in?
p: T nguyn l ca h thng in m ni th mt cn nhn in l c
ri. Nhng do xt ti iu kin di hm l khng tt, nn ng v dy treo khng
th lun lun gi c thng. Xe in chy di hm l chn ng tng i ln,
nu ch c mt cn nhn in, trong khi chy, c th do chn ng khin cn nhn
in tut khi dy dn, nh vy s sinh ra tia la rt ln, lm chy hng dy dn, c
kh nng dn n n hm l. Do tng thm mt cn nhn in, di iu kin
tng i xu cng c th bo m c mt cn nhn in tip xc vi dy dn.
- Trang 433 -
20 - 3 - 5 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao b tip xc trn tm chn iu khin
ca xe din khng ray u b tr theo chiu hnh (a) trong
hnh 20 - 3 - 5 m khng b tr theo chiu hnh (b)?
p: Mi tn di hnh th hin chiu tin ln ca xe
in. Khi xe in khng ray phanh gp trong lc chy, nu
b tr b tip xc theo chiu ca hnh (a), th chiu lc qun
tnh m u tip xc ng chu s thng nht vi chiu lc
phn tc dng ca l xo khin u tip xc duy tr v tr ngt,
nu b tr b tip xc theo chiu hnh (b) th lc qun tnh
m u tip xc ng chu s khc phc lc phn tc dng ca l xo, khin u
tip xc t ng ng, u thng mch in ng lc, xe s khi ng li, xy ra
s c nghim trng. Cho nn, khng cho php b tr theo chiu hnh (b).
- Trang 434 -
20 - 4 Linh tinh
20 - 4 - 1 (Tr v u chng, Tr v Mc lc)
Hi: Ti sao im dng chung ca mt in u hnh sao ba pha ph thng
khng bc cch in th khng c vn g, cn im dng chung ca mt in
trn my ti khng bc cch in th im gia c lc in git?
p: Khi mt thng in ba pha, tng vect ca in p ba pha bng 0, cho
nn khi ph ti ba pha cn bng, in th ca im dng chung bng 0, khng bc
cch in, vn khng ln. Cn mt in trn my ti a phn iu khin bng
cng tc in t hoc b iu khin hnh trng. Khi cng tc in t thng in,
ngun in mt pha thng thng n mt in, v th in th ca im dng
chung l in th ca dy ngun in i vi t, cho nn chm phi l s t tay.
Ngay khi quay bnh thng, do bin tr ca rto kiu qun dy u p dng phng
php ct khng cn bng ba pha, dng in ba pha ca rto v stato khng cn bng
th im dng chung i vi t vn c in th, cho nn im dng chung nht
thit phi bc cch in tt.
- Trang 435 -
- Trang 436 -