Inorganic Pharm.

Chemistry Lab
2016\10\4
Group : A3

Lab 1: Titration

What is the benefit of the titration procedure?

A titration is a technique where a solution of known concentration is used to determine
the concentration of an unknown solution. Typically, the titrant (the know solution) is added
from a burette to a known quantity of the analyte (the unknown solution) until the reaction is
complete. Knowing the volume of titrant added allows the determination of the concentration
of the unknown. Often, an indicator is used to usually signal the end of the reaction, the
endpoint.

How could you detect the end of the reaction, the end point?
All methods of the end point detection are based on the visible changes of the solution
properties. The most obvious selection can be change in solution color by the use of indicators.

Types of indicators?

Color on acidic Range of color Color on basic

Indicator
side change side

Methyl violet Yellow 0.01.6 Violet

Bromophenol
Yellow 3.04.6 Blue
blue

Methyl
Red 3.14.4 Yellow
orange

Methyl red Red 4.46.3 Yellow

Litmus Red 5.08.0 Blue

Bromothymol
Yellow 6.07.6 Blue
blue

Phenolphthal
Colorless 8.310.0 Pink
ein

:Choice of Indicators in Various Titrations

Type of Titration Indicator can be used

.Weak acid vs Strong base HPH (I)

 Strong acid vs Weak base MeOH, methyl red (2)

Strong acid vs strong base HPH, MeOH, methyl red (3)

Weak acid vs Weak base No suitable indicator except phenol red (4)

What are the requirements or conditions for primary standard solution?

A primary standard is a reference chemical used to measure an unknown concentration
of another known chemical. It can be used directly when performing titrations or used to
calibrate standard solutions.

The requirements:

1. High purity

2. Stability (low reactivity)

3. Low hygroscopicity (to minimize weight changes due to humidity)

4. High equivalent weight (to minimize weighing errors) [3]

5. Non-toxicity

6. Ready and cheap availability

Examples of non standard solution?

1- HCl is a gas which is dissolved in water to form the solution the concentration expressed
is very approximate so it's not a primary standard.
2- NaOH cannot be weighed in open air because it is highly hygroscopic.
3- FeSO4 under goes aerial oxidation .so all these are not used as primary standards .

Concentration expressions:
1- Formality: is a substances total concentration in solution without regard to its specific
chemical form, the term used to express the concentration of the ionic solids which do not exist
as molecules but exist as network of ions. It's more precise in expressing a compound formula
because it express the exact result without hydrolysis.

2- Molarity : units of moles of solute per liter of solution.

3- Normality (N) is defined as the number of mole equivalents per liter of solution:

4- Percent concentration

A- PERCENT BY MASS :

Percent by mass (m/m) is the mass of solute divided by the total mass of the solution,
multiplied by 100 %.

B- PERCENT BY VOLUME
 Percent by volume (v/v) is the volume of solute divided by the total volume of the
solution, multiplied by 100 %.

C- PERCENT BY MASS\VOLUME:

Percent by mass\volume is the mass of solute divided by the total volume of solution

What is ppm ?
Parts per million is a commonly used unit of concentration for small values, which million is
one part of solute per one million parts solvent.

In weight/volume (w/v) terms, 1ppm = 1g/m3 = 1mg/L = 1g/mL

In weight/weight (w/w) terms, 1ppm = 1mg/kg = 1g/g