Project

in
Mathematics
Submitted by:
Chelsea P. Dadole
Submitted to:
Mrs. Gleendale B. Tabaday
Date:
March 11, 2016
Quadrilaterals
- is a polygon with four edges (or sides) and four vertices or corners. Sometimes, the term
quadrangle is used, by analogy with triangle, and sometimes tetragon for consistency with
pentagon (5-sided), hexagon (6-sided) and so on.

- The origin of the word "quadrilateral" is the two Latin words quadri, a variant of four, and latus,
meaning "side".

Properties
Four sides (edges)

Four vertices (corners)

The interior angles add up to 360 degrees:

Try drawing a quadrilateral, and measure the angles. They should add to 360

Types of Quadrilaterals

Some types are also included in the definition of other types! For example a square, rhombus and
rectangle are also parallelograms.
The Rectangle

means "right angle" and show equal sides

A rectangle is a four-sided shape where every angle is a right angle (90).
Also opposite sides are parallel and of equal length.

The Rhombus

A rhombus is a four-sided shape where all sides have equal length.

Also opposite sides are parallel and opposite angles are equal.
Another interesting thing is that the diagonals (dashed lines in second figure) meet in the middle
at a right angle. In other words they "bisect" (cut in half) each other at right angles.
A rhombus is sometimes called a rhomb or a diamond.
The Square

means "right angle" show equal sides

A square has equal sides and every angle is a right angle (90)
Also opposite sides are parallel.
A square also fits the definition of a rectangle (all angles are 90), and a rhombus (all sides are
equal length).

The Parallelogram

A parallelogram has opposite sides parallel and equal in length. Also opposite angles are equal
(angles "a" are the same, and angles "b" are the same).

Example:
Square
A parallelogram with:
- all sides equal and
- angles "a" and "b" as right angles is a square!

The Trapezoid

TRAPEZOID ISOSCELES TRAPEZOID

A trapezoid (called a trapezium in the UK) has a pair of opposite sides parallel.
It is called an Isosceles trapezoid if the sides that aren't parallel are equal in length and both
angles coming from a parallel side are equal, as shown.
And a trapezium (UK: trapezoid) is a quadrilateral with NO parallel sides:

Trapezoid Trapezium
In the US: a pair of parallel sides NO parallel sides

In the UK: NO parallel sides a pair of parallel sides

(the US and UK definitions are swapped over!)
The Kite

It has two pairs of sides.

Each pair is made up of adjacent sides (they meet) that are equal in length.
The angles are equal where the pairs meet. Diagonals (dashed lines) meet at a right angle, and
one of the diagonal bisects (cuts equally in half) the other.

Irregular Quadrilaterals
- The only regular quadrilateral is a square. So all other quadrilaterals are irregular.

Complex Quadrilaterals
- When two sides cross over, you call it a "Complex" or "Self-Intersecting" quadrilateral
like these:
How to find the area of quadrilaterals

Rectangle

h(5)

b(10)
A= b x h
A= 10 x 5
A= 502

Square

S(4)
A= S2
A= 4 x 4
A= 16f2

Rhombus
6

A= (d1 x d2) A= 48
2 2
A= (8 x 6) A= 24m2
2

Note: We can also use A= b x h as a formula to find the area of a

rhombus.
 Ex.

Trapezoid

A= (b1 + b2) h A= (24) 5

2 2 A= 60in2
A= (10+14) 5 A= 120
2 2
Note: We can use another formula, multiply the midsegment by two
to find the area of a trapezoid
m= (a+b) A= m x h .
2
Ex.

a(8)

h(2)

b(10)
m= (a+b) A= m x h
2
m= (8+10) A= 9 x 2
2 A= 18
m= 18
2
m= 9
 Kite

d1(5)

d2(19)

A= (d1 x d2)
2
A= (5x19)
2
A= 95
2
A= 47.5m2
 Parallelogram

A= b x h
A= (12cm) (5cm)
A= 60cm2

Perimeter of Quadrangle
- The sum of the length of all the four sides of the quadrilateral is called the perimeter of
the quadrilateral.

Ex.
1. Find the perimeter of the quadrilateral with sides 5 cm, 7 cm, 9 cm and 11 cm.

Solution:

5cm + 7cm +9cm + 11cm

= 32cm

2. The perimeter of the quadrilateral is 50 cm and the lengths of three sides are 9 cm, 13 cm
and 17 cm. Find the missing side of the quadrilateral.

Solution:
 Perimeter of the quadrilateral = 50 cm

The lengths of three sides are 9 cm, 13 cm and 17 cm

Perimeter of the quadrilateral = sum of the length of all the four sides.

50 = 9 cm + 13 cm + 17 cm + x

50 = 39 + x

x = 50 - 39

x = 11

How to find the perimeter of a quadrangle

Rectangle

P= 2l + 2w
P= 2(10in) + 2(6in)
P= 20in + 12in
P= 32in

Square
P= 4s
P= 4(6)
P= 24ft

Rhombus

12m

P= 4s
P= 4(12m)
P= 48m

Trapezoid
 P= a + b + c + d
P= 2cm + 3cm + 1cm + 1cm
P= 7cm

Kite

9cm

12cm

P= 2(a + b) P= 2(21cm)
P= 2(9cm + 12cm) P= 42cm

Parallelogram
 12cm

7cm
P= 2(a + b)
P= 2(12cm + 7cm)
P= 2(19cm)
P= 38cm

Theorem
Pythagorean Theorem- also known as Pythagoras' theorem, is a fundamental relation in
Euclidean geometry among the three sides of a right triangle. It states that the square of
the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the squares of the
other two sides. The theorem can be written as an equation relating the lengths of the
sides a, b and c, often called the "Pythagorean equation"

a2 + b2 = c2
Ex.

a2 + b2 = c2 c2 = 169
52 + 122 = c2 c = 169

25 + 144 = c2 c = 13

169 = c2