:

1
.

.
.
:

2

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.
.

,
. ,
, .


.

de Havilland Comet, 1954. ,
,
, ,
-

68 .

3

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:
) ,
)

) ,
.

,

, , ,
, ,
..
,
, .

4

.
 :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

,
, (, ,
)
.
,
.

,
,
, .

,
.

5

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,

,

. ,
,

,




,


.

6

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,

.



.

Ti-6Al-4V

7

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,
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.
:
1. ,
,
.
2. -

3.
4.
5.
6. .

.

8

.


Fourier
.


.

.

,
max min.
(t)
max min max
m R
2 t
2 min
(t ) m *sin min
T a max
2
9

.


10

.
 11

.

,
, S N , ,
Whler.
S ( max)

, f, .

(log) .

S N
(m) (R)
.
m / R, S N
. , S N
,
m = 0.

12
S-N Woehler
.




410 MPa

m
. ,
Woehler, 106,
.

13
Woehler
.
 S-N

, f > 104 .

,

. (high
cycle fatigue HCF).

,

,
(f < 104 ).
,
,
,
.
(low cycle fatigue LCF).

14

.
 .
, ,
(e)

e,
. .
e (endurance
limit).
.
, , , , ..,
. ,

,
(fatigue strength). ,
.
107 108
.

15
Woehler
.
 S N
,
. ,
, 2/3
.

. ,

, .. 106 .

.
,

(scatter). ,
(max, min, m,
...)
.
,

, .

16
Woehler
.
 17

.
 18
.

,
,
Ransom, 1952. Ransom
, 100
, 10 (10 ).
.
, S N.
S N
. S N
, ,
, .

Ransom , ,
.
, S N,

e = 324 MPa. ,

269 MPa,
.

19

.
 20
Ransom
.
 ,






(probability)
.



.

,


,


.
1%,

21

.
 ,
m .

Smith,
Woehler
.

22
Smith
.
 OK 2* O '
xB m
450 yB min
x0' y0'

min 2 min 4 max 4 2

2

23
Smith
.
 , ,
,
,
/ .
, ,

.
, ,
(Non-
Destructive Testing NDT), ,
, , ,
..

, ,
,

() .
damagetolerant
( ) failsafe ( ) design.

24

.

da
C *( a ) m * a n
, dN
, :
d/dN
(. ),
, C .
m
2 4, n 1 2.

fail-safe ,
(d/dN)

, , .
:
max K min f * max f * min f *
min (min < 0) Kmin = 0

25

.

.
,

.
th,

(threshold).

,

log(d/dN) log():
da
A( ) p
dN
,

.
m
3 (
). m
, .

26
da/dN-
.
 : , ,
, , ... e,
.
:
,
,
.

,
.

.
:
.
, ,
,
.
.
.

27

.