TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

The six trigonometric functions: Sum and product formulas:

opp y hyp r 1 sin a cos b = 1 [sin (a + b ) + sin (a b )]
sin = = csc = = = 2
hyp r opp y sin cos a sin b = 12 [sin (a + b ) sin (a b )]
adj x hyp r 1
cos = = sec = = = cos a cos b = 1
[cos (a + b ) + cos (a b )]
2
hyp r adj x cos
sin a sin b = 1
[cos (a b ) cos (a + b )]
opp y sin adj x 1 2
tan = = = cot = = = sin a + sin b = 2 sin( a +2 b ) cos( a 2 b )
adj x cos opp y tan

Sum or difference of two angles: sin a sin b = 2 cos( a +2 b ) sin( a 2 b )

sin (a b ) = sin a cos b cos a sin b cos a + cos b = 2 cos( a +2 b ) cos( a 2 b )
cos(a b ) = cos a cos b m sin a sin b
cos a cos b = 2 sin( a +2 b ) sin( a 2 b )
tan a tan b
tan( a b) =
1 m tan a tan b Law of cosines: a = b + c 2bc cos A
2 2 2

2 tan where A is the angle of a scalene triangle opposite

Double angle formulas: tan 2 =
1 tan 2 side a.
sin 2 = 2 sin cos cos 2 = 2 cos 2 1
Radian measure: 8.1 p420 1 = radians
cos 2 = 1 2 sin 2 cos 2 = cos 2 sin 2 180
180
Pythagorean Identities: sin 2 + cos 2 = 1 1 radian =

tan + 1 = sec
2 2
cot 2 + 1 = csc 2
Reduction formulas:
Half angle formulas: sin( ) = sin cos( ) = cos
1
sin 2 = (1 cos 2 )
1
cos2 = (1 + cos 2) sin() = sin( ) cos() = cos( )
2 2 tan( ) = tan tan() = tan( )
1 cos 1 + cos m sin x = cos( x )
cos x = sin( x 2 )
sin = cos = 2
2 2 2 2
1 cos sin 1 cos Complex Numbers: e j = cos j sin
tan = = =
2 1 + cos 1 + cos sin cos = 12 ( e j + e j ) sin = j12 ( e j e j )

TRIGONOMETRIC VALUES FOR COMMON ANGLES

Degrees Radians sin cos tan cot sec csc
0 0 0 1 0 Undefined 1 Undefined
30 /6 1/2 3/2 3/3 3 2 3/3 2
45 /4 2 /2 2 /2 1 1 2 2
60 /3 3/2 1/2 3 3/3 2 2 3/3
90 /2 1 0 Undefined 0 Undefined 1
120 2/3 3/2 -1/2 - 3 - 3/3 -2 2 3/3
135 3/4 2 /2 - 2 /2 -1 -1 - 2 2
150 5/6 1/2 - 3/2 - 3/3 - 3 -2 3 / 3 2
180 0 -1 0 Undefined -1 Undefined
210 7/6 -1/2 - 3/2 3/3 3 -2 3 / 3 -2
225 5/4 - 2 /2 - 2 /2 1 1 - 2 - 2
240 4/3 - 3/2 -1/2 3 3/3 -2 -2 3 / 3
270 3/2 -1 0 Undefined 0 Undefined -1
300 5/3 - 3/2 1/2 - 3 - 3 2 -2 3 / 3
315 7/4 - 2 /2 2 /2 -1 -1 2 - 2
330 11/6 -1/2 3/2 - 3/3 - 3 2 3/3 -2
360 2 0 1 0 Undefined 1 Undefined

Tom Penick tomzap@eden.com www.teicontrols.com/notes 2/20/2000

Expansions for sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent:
y3 y5 y 7
sin y = y + +L
6 5! 7!
y2 y4 y6
cos y = 1 + +L
2 4! 6!
y3 2 y5
tan y = y + + +L
3 15
1 y y3 2 y5
cot y = L
y 3 45 945
Hyperbolic functions:

sinh y =
1 y
2
(
e e y ) sinh jy = jsin y
1
(
cosh y = e y + e y
2
) cosh jy = jcos y
tanh jy = j tan y
Expansions for hyperbolic functions:
y3
sinh y = y + +L
6
y2
cosh y = 1 + +L
2
y2 5y 4
sech y = 1 + L
2 24
1 y y3
ctnh y = + +L
y 3 45
1 y 7 y3
csch y = + L
y 6 360
y3 2 y5
tanh y = y + L
3 15

Tom Penick tomzap@eden.com www.teicontrols.com/notes 2/20/2000