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CHAPTER 10
TOPICS:
1.ERRORS
2.APPROXIMATIONS.
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INFINITESIMALS
Let x be a finite variable quantity and be a minute change in x. Such a quanitity , which is very
small when compared to x and which is smaller than any pre-assigned small quantity, is called an
infinitesimal or an infinitesimal of first order. If x is an infinitesimal then (x ) 2 , (x )3 , ...... are
called infinitesimals respectively of 2nd order, 3rd order....
THEOREM
DIFFERENTIAL
Definition: If y = f ( x ) is a differentiable function of x then f '( x ).x is called the differential
of f. It is denoted by df or dy.
dy = f '( x )x or df = f ( x ) x .
Note: f df i.e., error in f is approximately equal to differential of f
APPROXIMATIONS
We have f = f ( x + x ) f ( x ) -------------(1)
df f ( x + x ) f ( x )
f 1 ( x ) .x f ( x + x ) f ( x )
f ( x + x ) f ( x ) + f 1 ( x ) .x
If we know the value of f at a point x, then the approximate value of f at a very nearby point
x + x can be calculated with the help of above formula.
ERRORS
Definition: Let y=f(x) be a function defined in a nbd of a point x. Let x be a small change in x
and y be the corresponding change in y.
If x is considered as an error in x, then
(i) y is called the absolute error or error in y,
y
(ii) is called the relative error (or proportionate error) in y,
y
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y
(iii) 100 is called the percentage error in y corresponding to the error x in x.
y
EXERCISE
( )
Sol: y = f ( x + x ) f ( x ) = ( x + x )2 + 3 ( x + x ) + 6 x 2 + 3x + 6 = ( x )2 + 2 x. x + 3 x
y = x2+ 3x + 6
dy = f1(x) x
2. y = ex, x = 0, x = 0.1.
= e(
x +x )
e x put x =0 and x = 0.1
0.1
y=e e0 = e0.1 1.
3. y = 1 , x = 2, x = 0.002.
x
Ans: 1
2000
4. y = log x, x = 3, x = 0.003.
Ans: 0.001
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6. If the increase in the side of a square is 1%, find the percentage of change in the area
of the square.
x
Square Percentage error in x is 100 = 1
x
Area A= x2
Applying logs on both sides
Log A = 2 logx
1 1 A x
A = 2. x 100 = 2. 100
A x A x =2x1
1 1 A
A = 0 + cos C C 100 = C cot C 100 Percentage error in A = 100 cot C.
A sin C A c
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4d3 d3 d3
= = =
3 8 6 6
6
( )
V = 3d2 . d = d2. d
2
2
2 d d2
Then S = 4r = 4 = 4 = d
2
2 4
S = (2d). d = 2d . d
t
Sol: percentage error in t is 100 =0.01
t
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l
Given t= 2
g
1
Taking differentials on both sides, 1 ( t ) = 0 + 1 o . ( g )
t 2 g
1 g
0 .0 0 1 = 100
2 g
g
1 0 0 = 0 .0 2
g
1) 2) 3 3) 25.2 4) 3
82 63 7.8
5) Sin 601 = 0.0175 6) cos 456 7) (x 1)3 (x-2)2 (x-3) when x = 0.001.
180
1. 82
Now
f (x + x) = f ( x ) + f 1 ( x ) x
1
= x+ .x , put x = 81, x = 1
2 x
1 1 1
= 81 + .1 = 9 + = 9 + = 9 + 0.056 = 9.056
2 81 2.9 18
2. 3
63
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3. 25.2
25.2 = 5.02
4. 3
7.8
Sol: Let f ( x ) = sin x, x = 600 = andx = 1' = radians f (x + x) = f ( x ) + f 1 ( x ) x
3 60 180
= sin x + cos x.x = sin 60 + cos 60.
60 180
3 1 0.01745
= + . = 0.86605 + 0.00013 = 0.86618
2 2 60
S u n 6 0 1 ' = 0 .8 6 6 1 8
6. Cos 456
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= - 52 (0.001)
= - 0.052
f (x + x) = f ( x ) + f 1 ( x ) x
= 12 0.052 = 11.948
8. y = cos(x), x = 60 and x = 1.
Sol. y = f(x + x) f(x)
= cos(x + x) cos x
= cos(60 + 1) cos 60
= cos 61 cos 60
1
= 0.4848 = 0.4848 0.5 = 0.0152
2
dy = f (x) x
= sin xx
3
= sin 60(1) = (0.0174)
2
= (0.8660)(0.0174) = 0.0151
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