FORMULAS IN INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Number of Groups Being Compared

Three or
Two
more
Parameter single two (independent) More than two (independent) (dependent
(depende
)
nt)

z-test for single mean z-test for two means Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): Single- t-test Analysis
x Factor of
x1 x 2
z z d Variance
12 22 t
mean squares columns (between) MSC sd for
n n1 n2 F Repeated
mean squares error (within) MSE n
df = Measures
n-1 (ANOVARM)

t-test for single mean t-test (with equal variances) for two
means Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) *Friedman
x
t Test
s
**Post hoc Analyses:
n x1 x2
t Tukeys HSD,
n1 1 s12 n2 1 s22
, df = n-1
1 1 Duncan Multiple Range Test

Mean(s) n n 2
1 2 n1 n2 (DMRT)
( 1, 2, 3,
, df = n1 + n2 2 Fishers LSD,
, k) Dunnetts Test (if with control
t-test (with unequal variances) for two group),
means Bonferonni,
2
s12 s 22 Scheffe,

n1 n 2 Student-Newman Keuls (S-N-K)
s2 2 s2 2
1 2
n1 n 2
n 1 n 1
1 2

*Kruskal-Wallis Test

x1 x2
t
s12 s22 **Post hoc Analysis:
Mann-Whitney (U)
n1 n2
, df =

Variance(s) Chi-square test for single variance F test for two variances Bartletts Test Chi-square
( 21, 22, 23,
2
n 1 s 2
F
s12
, where s1 s2 test for
s22 single
, 2k) 2
, df = n-1 variance
*Levenes Test Within
2
( sd )

Proportion( z-test (n 30) z-test Chi-square test of homogeneity *Mc

s) p p Nemars
z p 1 p 2 x1 x 2
(p1, p 2, p 3, p 1 p z , where p O E 2 , Test
x
p p 1 p p 1 p n1 n 2 2
, p k) n n E
n1 n2
where df = (rows 1)(columns 1)

*Clopper-Pearson (nN) **Post hoc analysis:

Marascuilo Test

* Non-parametric Test (does not assume normality/randomization and constancy of variance(s))

** Post hoc analyses are applied if data provides sufficient evidence that the means or proportions across two or more groups have significant difference

Correlation Techniques (Tests of Dependence)

Levels of Measurement Interval/Ratio Ordinal Nominal (non-dichotomous) Nominal (dichotomous)

Pearson Correlation
***Point-Biserial
*Spearman
Interval/Ratio *Spearman Correlation
Correlation
Correlation

Rank-Biserial
Correlation
*Spearman *Spearman
Ordinal
Correlation Correlation Chi-square Test of
Independence
Chi-square test of Chi-square test of
Nominal (dichotomous) n/a n/a
Independence Independence

Chi-square Test of
***Point-Biserial Independence
Chi-square test of
Nominal (dichotomous) Correlation Chi-square test of
Independence
Independence Pearson Correlation

Phi coefficient ()
* Non-parametric
*** Correlation Technique derived from Pearson Correlation

n XY X Y
r
n X 2

X n Y 2 Y
2 2

Pearson Correlation coefficient may be computed as ,

where its test of significance may be computed using

r n2
t ; df n 2
z r n 1 1 r2
for n 30 or for n < 30

6 d 2
1
n(n2 1)
Spearman Correlation coefficient may be computed as ,

r n2
t ; df n 2
1 r2
where its test of significance may be computed using

2
O E 2 ,
E
Chi-square test of Independence test statistic may be computed as df = (rows 1)(columns 1) if all , where
E ij 5

Rowitotal Columnjtotal
E ij
GrandTotal
.

Otherwise, collapse or remove rows/columns.

p
A B ! C D ! A C ! B D !
A! B!C! D! N !
If df = 1, Fishers exact test, where
Simple Regression Analysis

Y = a + bX + or Y = 0 + 1X + ; where

n xy x y
1
n x x
2 2
0 y 1 x
, and

1
- Test of significance of may be performed to determine if 1 = 0

1 0
t
s 2y x

x x 2

, with df = n 2

CRITICAL VALUES

FOR Z-TESTS: FOR CHI-SQUARE ( 2)TESTS:

Two-tailed One-tailed
test test

.01 2.575 2.33 or 2.33

1.645 or
.05 1.96 1.645

.10 1.645 1.28 or 1.28

FOR t-TESTS:
FOR F TESTS:

= 0.05

= 0.01