Two-Port Networks One-Port Networks

Definitions
i1
+
Impedance Parameters
One-Port
v
Admittance Parameters Network
-
Hybrid Parameters i'1

Transmission Parameters
A pair of terminals at which a signal (voltage or current) may
Cascaded Two-Port Networks enter or leave is called a port
Examples A network having only one such pair of terminals is called a
Applications one-port network
No connections may be made to any other nodes internal to the
network
By KCL, we therefore have i1 = i1
We discussed in ECE 221 how one-port networks may be modeled
by their Thevenin or Norton equivalents

J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 1 J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 2

Two-Port Networks: Definitions & Requirements Two-Port Networks: Defining Equations

i1 i2 I1(s) I2(s)
+ +
Two-Port + +
v1 v2
Network Two-Port
V1(s) V2(s)
- - Network
i'1 i'2
- -

Two-port networks are used to describe the relationship between a

pair of terminals If the network contains dependent sources, one or more of the
equivalent resistors may be negative
The analysis methods we will discuss require the following
conditions be met Generally, the network is analyzed in the s domain
1. Linearity Each two-port has exactly two governing equations that can be
2. No independent sources inside the network written in terms of any pair of network variables
3. No stored energy inside the network (zero initial conditions) Like Thevenin and Norton equivalents of one-ports, once we know
4. i1 = i1 and i2 = i2 a set of governing equations we no longer need to know what is
inside the box

J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 3 J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 4
 Impedance Parameters Impedance Parameter Measurements

+ + + +
Two-Port Two-Port
I1(s) V1(s) V2(s) I2(s) I1(s) V1(s) V2(s)
Network Network
- - - -

    
V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I2 V1 z11 z12 I1
= V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I2
V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I2 V2 z21 z22 I2
V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I2
Suppose the currents and voltages can be measured
Alternatively, if the circuit in the box is known, V1 and V2 can be If the right port is an open circuit (I2 = 0), then we can easily solve
calculated based on circuit analysis for two of the impedance parameters:
 
Relationship can be written in terms of the impedance parameters V1  V2 
z11 = z =
I1 I2 =0 I1 I2 =0
21
We can also calculate the impedance parameters after making two
sets of measurements

J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 5 J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 6

Impedance Parameter Measurements Continued Impedance Parameter Measurements Summarized

+ + + +
Two-Port Two-Port
V1(s) V2(s) I2(s) I1(s) V1(s) V2(s) I2(s)
Network Network
- - - -

 
V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I2 V1  V1 
z11 = z12 =
V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I2 I1 I2 =0 I2 I1 =0
 
V2  V2 
If the left port is an open circuit (I1 = 0), then we can easily solve for z21 = z22 =
I1  I2 =0 I2  I1 =0
the other two impedance parameters:
 
V1  V2 
z12 = z22 =
I2 I1 =0 I2 I1 =0

J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 7 J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 8
 Impedance Parameter Equivalent Example 1: Impedance Parameters

I1(s) I2(s) 200

40
z11 z22 + I1
+ + I2 +

800 500
V1(s) z12 I2 z21 I1 V2(s)
V1 V2
- -
1 k

- -

V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I2
V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I2 Find the z parameters of the circuit.

Once we know what the impedance parameters are, we can model

the behavior of the two-port with an equivalent circuit.
Notice the similarity to Thevenin and Norton equivalents

J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 9 J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 10

Example 1: Workspace Example 2: Parameter Conversion

I1(s) I2(s)

+ +
Two-Port
V1(s) V2(s)
Network
- -

V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I2
V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I2
In general, the two defining equations can be written in terms of any
pair of variables. For example, rewrite the defining equations in terms
of the voltages V1 and V2 .

J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 11 J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 12
 Example 2: Workspace Example 2: Workspace Continued

J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 13 J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 14

Impedance & Admittance Parameters Hybrid Parameters

I1(s) I2(s) I1(s) I2(s)

+ + + +
Two-Port Two-Port
V1(s) V2(s) V1(s) V2(s)
Network Network
- - - -

Impedance Parameters Hybrid Parameters

         
V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I2 V1 z11 z12 I1 V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2 V1 h11 h12 I1
= =
V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I2 V2 z21 z22 I2 I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2 I2 h21 h22 V2

Admittance Parameters Inverse Hybrid Parameters

         
I1 = y11 V1 + y12 V2 I1 y11 y12 V1 I1 = g11 V1 + g12 I2 I1 g11 g12 V1
= =
I2 = y21 V1 + y22 V2 I2 y21 y22 V2 V2 = g21 V1 + g22 I2 V2 g21 g22 I2

J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 15 J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 16
 Transmission Parameters Transmission Parameter Conversion

I1(s) I2(s) I1(s) I2(s)

+ + + +
Two-Port Two-Port
V1(s) V2(s) V1(s) V2(s)
Network Network
- - - -

Transmission Parameters Altogether there are 6 sets of parameters

      
V1 = a11 V2 a12 I2 V1 a11 b12 V2 V2 Each set completely describes the two-port network
= =A
I1 = a21 V2 a22 I2 I1 a21 a22 I2 I2 Any set of parameters can be converted to any other set
Inverse Transmission Parameters We have seen one example of a conversion
      
V2 = b11 V1 b12 I1 V2 b11 b12 V1 V2 A complete table of conversions is listed in the text (Pg. 933)
= =B
I2 = b21 V1 b22 I1 I2 b21 b22 I1 I2 You should have a copy of this in your notes for the final

J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 17 J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 18

Example 3: Two-Port Measurements Example 3: Workspace

The following measurements were taken from a two-port network.
Find the transmission parameters.
Port 2 Open
V1 = 150 cos(4000t) V applied
I1 = 25 cos(4000t 45 ) A measured
V2 = 1000 cos(4000t + 15 ) V measured

Port 2 Shorted
V1 = 30 cos(4000t) V applied
I1 = 1.5 cos(4000t + 30 ) A measured
I2 = 0.25 cos(4000t + 150 ) A measured

J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 19 J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 20
 Example 4: Two-Port Analysis Example 4: Workspace

800 800
i1 40 160 i2 i1 40 160 i2

+ + + + + +

v1 v3 200 16.2 v3 v2 v1 v3 200 16.2 v3 v2

- - - - - -

Find the hybrid parameters for the circuit shown above.

J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 21 J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 22

Example 4: Workspace Continued Example 5: Two-Port Measurements

The following measurements were taken from a two-port network.
Find the transmission parameters.
Port 1 Open Port 1 Shorted
V1 = 1 mV I1 = 0.5 A
V2 = 10 V I2 = 80 A
I2 = 200 A V2 = 5V
b22 b12 b21
Hint: b = b11 b22 b12 b21 , a11 = b , a12 = b , a21 = b , and
a22 = b11b .

J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 23 J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 24
 Example 5: Workspace Example 6: Two-Port Analysis
i1 R1 R3 v+(t) R4 i2

v-(t) +
v1(t)
C1 R2
v2(t)
-

C2

Find an expression for the transfer function, h11 , z11 , g12 , g22 , a11 ,
and y21 .

J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 25 J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 26

Example 6: Workspace Example 6: Workspace Continued (1)

i1 R1 R3 v+(t) i1 R1 R3 v+(t)
R4 i2 R4 i2

v-(t) + v-(t) +
v1(t) v1(t)
C1 R2 C1 R2
v2(t) v2(t)
- -

C2 C2

J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 27 J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 28
 Example 6: Workspace Continued (2) Cascaded Two-Port Networks

i1 R1 R3 v+(t) I1(s) I2A (s) I1B (s) I2(s)

R4 i2

v-(t) + + + +
+ Two Port Two Port
v1(t)
C1 R2
v2(t) V1(s) Network V2A (s) V1B (s) Network V2(s)
- A - - B -
-

C2
Two networks are cascaded when the output of one is the input
of the other
Note that V2A = V1B and I2A = I1B
The transmission parameters take advantage of these properties

J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 29 J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 30

Cascaded Two-Port Networks Cascaded Two-Port Networks Continued

I1(s) I2A (s) I1B (s) I2(s) I1(s) I2A (s) I1B (s) I2(s)

+ + + + + + + +
Two Port Two Port Two Port Two Port
V1(s) Network V2A (s) V1B (s) Network V2(s) V1(s) Network V2A (s) V1B (s) Network V2(s)
- A - - B - - A - - B -

     
V1 a11 a12 V2A V1B a11 a12 V2 The inverse transmission parameters are also convenient for cascaded
= =
I1 a21 a22 A
I2A I1B a21 a22 B
I2 networks.
           
V2A V1B V1 a11 a12 a11 a12 V2 V2 b11 b12 V1B V2A b11 b12 V1
= = = =
I2A I1B I1 a21 a22 A
a21 a22 B
I2 I2 b21 b22 A
I1B I2A b21 b22 B
I1
     
V1B V2A V2 b11 b12 b11 b12 V1
= =
I1B I2A I2 b21 b22 A
b21 b22 B
I1

J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 31 J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 32
 Cascaded Systems: Two-Port Networks versus H(s)

I1(s) I2A (s) I1B (s) I2(s)

+ + + +
Two Port Two Port
V1(s) Network V2A (s) V1B (s) Network V2(s)
- A - - B -

Two-ports and transfer functions H(s) are closely related

H(s) only relates the input signal to the output signal
Two-ports relate both voltages and currents at each port
You cannot cascade H(s) unless the circuits are active
Two-port networks have no such restriction
Two-ports are used to design passive filters
However, two-ports are more complicated than H(s)

J. McNames Portland State University ECE 222 Two-Port Networks Ver. 1.11 33