18-345 – Fall 08
Lecture 8
Circuit-Switching
Circuit Switching Networks 2
Peter Steenkiste
Reading: Chapter 4
Transport Networks
SONET ADM Networks
MUX ADM
Remove Insert
tributary tributary
• SONET ADMs: the heart of existing transport networks
• ADMs interconnected in linear and ring topologies
• SONET signaling enables fast restoration (within 50 ms)
of transport connections
Topics
• Multiplexing
• SONET
• Transport
p Networks
• Circuit Switches
• Telephone Network
1 2
Transport Networks
• Backbone of modern networks
• Provide high-speed connections: Typically STS-1 up to OC-192
• Clients: large routers, telephone switches, regional networks
• Very high reliability required because of consequences of failure
– 1 STS-1 = 783 voice calls; 1 OC-48 = 32000 voice calls;
Telephone
Switch
Router
Router
Transport Network
Telephone
Switch
Telephone
3 Switch
4
Router
Linear ADM Topology
• ADMs connected in linear fashion
DEMUX • Tributaries inserted and dropped to connect clients
1 2 3 4
• Tributaries traverse ADMs transparently
• Connections create a logical topology seen by clients
• Tributaries from right to left are not shown
2
1 3
5 6
4
1
 1+1 Linear Automatic Protection
Switching 1:1 Linear APS
Switch Switch
W
T R W
T R
Bridge Selector
APS signaling

T R
P T R
P
• Simultaneous transmission over diverse paths
• Monitoring of signal quality • Transmission on working fiber
T = Transmitter
• Fast switching in response to signal degradation W = Working line • Signal for switch to protection route in response to signal
• Selector simply chooses the better line R = Receiver degradation
• 100% redundant bandwidth P = Protection line • Can carry extra (preemptible traffic) on protection line
7 8

1:N Linear APS SONET Rings

Switch Switch • ADMs can be connected in ring topology
W1 • Clients see logical topology created by tributaries
T R
(a) (b)
a
W² a
T R
…
…

OC-3n
OC 3n
…

OC 3
OC-3n
…

Wn
T R
b
P
T R c
b
c
APS signaling OC-3n
• Transmission on diverse routes; protect for 1 fault Three ADMs connected in Logical fully connected
• Reverts to original working channel after repair physical ring topology topology
• More bandwidth efficient 9 10

Two-Fiber Unidirectional Path

SONET Ring Options
Switched Ring
• 2 vs. 4 Fiber Ring Network Two fibers transmit in opposite directions
• Unidirectional vs. bidirectional transmission • Unidirectional
• Path vs. Link p
protection – Working g traffic flows clockwise
– Protection traffic flows counter-clockwise
(and it is always flowing)
• Spatial capacity re-use & bandwidth efficiency
– 1+1 like
• Signaling requirements
• Selector at receiver does path protection
switching on detection of failure
11 12

2
 UPSR UPSR path recovery
1 1

zNo spatial re-use

Each path uses 2x bw
W W

4 2 4 2

P P

W = Working Paths
W = Working line
P = Protection line
P = Protection Paths
3 3
13 14

Four-Fiber Bidirectional Line

UPSR Properties Switched Ring
• Low complexity • 1 working fiber pair plus 1 protection
• Fast path protection fiber pair
• Bidirectional
• No spatial re-use
– Working traffic & protection traffic use
• Suitable for lower-speed access same route in working pair
networks – 1:N like
• Different delay between W and P path • Line restoration provided by either:
– Restoring a failed span
– Switching the line around the ring
15 16

4-BLSR BLSR Span Switching

1 1
W
Equal Equal
W
delay delay

P P
Standby zSpan
bandwidth 2 Switching 2
4 4
is shared restores
failed line

Spatial Fault on
Reuse working
17 links 18
3 3

3
 BLSR Span Switching
1 4-BLSR Properties
W
Equal
delay
• High complexity: signaling required
• Fast line protection for restricted distance
(1200 km) and number of nodes (16)
P
zLine
2
• Spatial
S ti l re-use; higher
hi h bandwidth
b d idth efficiency
ffi i
Switching
4
restores • Suitable for high-speed backbone
failed lines
networks
Fault on • Multiple simultaneous faults can be
working and
protection
handled
links
19 20
3

Backbone Networks consist of The Problem with Rings

Interconnected Rings • Managing bandwidth can be complex
• Increasing transmission rate in one span affects all
equipment in the ring
• Introducing WDM means stacking SONET ADMs to build
parallel rings
UPSR
Regional Metro OC-12
• Distance limitations on ring size implies many rings need
ring Interoffice
ring to be traversed in long distance
rings
• End-to-end protection requires ring-interconnection
mechanisms
BLSR
OC-48,
OC-192 Managing 1 ring is simple;
UPSR or
Managing many rings is very complex
BLSR
OC-12, 21 22
OC-48

Mesh Topology Networks using

From SONET to WDM
SONET Cross-Connects
SONET WDM
• Cross-Connects are nxn switches • combines multiple SPEs • combines multiple wavelengths into a
• Interconnects SONET streams (Synchronous Payload common fiber
Envelopes) into high • Optical ADMs can be built to insert and
• More flexible and efficient than rings speed digital stream drop wavelengths in same manner as in
• Need mesh protection & restoration • ADMs and crossconnects SONET ADMS
Router interconnected to form • Optical crossconnects can also be built
B A
networks • All-optical backbone networks will
C
• SPE paths between provide end-to-end wavelength
D clients form logical connections
Router F Router topology • Protection schemes for recovering from
• High reliability through failures are being developed to provide
protection switching high reliability in all-optical networks
G E

Router 23 24

4
 Optical Switching Topics
• Multiplexing
…

…
Optical
fiber switch
• SONET
…

…
• Transport
p Networks

UX
DeMU
MUX

Output Input
• Circuit Switches

WDM
…
• Telephone Network
WDM

Wavelength
cross-connect
WDM
…
…
WDM

Dropped Added
wavelengths wavelengths 25 26

Network: Links & switches

• Circuit consists of dedicated resources in
Circuit Switches sequence of links & switches across network
• Circuit switch connects input links to output
links zSwitch
zNetwork
Control

Link Switch
1 1
2 2
User n 3 Connection 3
of inputs
User n – 1
…
to outputs

…
User 1

27 N N
28

Circuit Switch Types Manual Switching

• Patchcord panel switch invented in 1877
• Evolution of Switching System:
• Operators connect users on demand
– Manual operators
– Establish circuit to allow electrical current to flow from inlet to outlet
– Step-by-step switch (Strowger switch)
• Only N connections required to central office
– Crossbar switch
• Space
Space-Division
Division switches
– Crossbar switches
– Multistage switches
• Time-Division switches
– Time-slot interchange technique
– Time-space-time switches
• Hybrids combine Time & Space switching

29 30

5
 Step-by-step (Strowger) Switch Step-by-step (Strowger) Switch
– Electromagnetic switch
– Sequence of dialed numbers selects output line
0
9
8 0 00
.
7 9
.
6 8
58
5 7
4 6
.
3 5
Line .
2 4
Selector 01
1 3
2 connector
1st selector 1 group

2nd selector
Detailed view of rightmost selector from previous slide
Dialing a number 4658 in a 4-digit Step by Step

31 32

Crossbar Switch Crossbar Switch

Switch fabric
Electro
mechanical
control logic
for making
contacts

• Entire phone number is available before processing

• Key idea: control function is separated from switching fabric.
• So, can implement sophisticated logic
• Logical addresses possible
-> independent of physical line numbers 33 34

Stored-Program Control Switches Crossbar Space Switch

• SPC switches (1960s)
– Crossbar switches with electromechanical (relay) crossbars
• N x N array of
– Computer program controls process of making contact crosspoints
1
• Computer program allows customized features such as call • Connect an input to
forwarding, call waiting, three-way calling, etc. an output by 2
• Computer program simplifies administrative and maintenance closing a crosspoint
…

tasks
tasks.
• Nonblocking: Any
input can connect N
SPC
to idle output
Control Signaling Message …
• Complexity: N2 1 2 N –1 N
crosspoints

35 36

6
 Multistage Space Switch Clos Non-Blocking Condition: k ≥ 2n-1
• Large switch built from multiple stages of small switches • Request connection from last input to input switch j to last output in output
switch m
• The n inputs to a first-stage switch share k paths through intermediate • Worst Case: All other inputs have seized top n-1 middle switches AND all other
crossbar switches outputs have seized next n-1 middle switches
• Larger k (more intermediate switches) means more paths to output • If k ≥ 2n-1 , there is another path left to connect desired input to desired output
• In 1950s, Clos asked, “How many intermediate switches required to
make switch nonblocking?”
nxk N/n x N/n kxn
2(N/n)nk + k (N/n)2 crosspoints 1
1
1

…
n×k N/n × N/n k×n n-1
1 1
busy N/n x N/n
1
Desired nxk n-1 kxn Desired
n×k k×n input j m output
N 2
N/n × N/n
2 N N/n x N/n
n-1
inputs n×k 2 k×n outputs n+1 busy

…
3 3 # internal links =

…
…

N/n x N/n 2x # external links

…

2n-2
n×k k×n nxk
N/n N/n kxn
N/n × N/n 37 N/n
Free path N/n2n-1
x N/n Free path N/n 38
k

Example: Clos Switch Design

Minimum Complexity Clos Switch
• Circa 2002, Mindspeed offered a
C(n) = number of crosspoints in Clos switch Crossbar chip with the following specs:
– 144 inputs x 144 outputs, 3.125
= 2Nk + k( N )2 = 2N(2n – 1)+(2n – 1)( N )2 Gbps/line
8x16 144×144 16x8
n n 1
1
1

Differentiate with respect to n: – Aggregate Crossbar chip throughput:

1152 outputs
8x16 16x8

nputs
450 Gbps 2
144x144
2

1152 in
0 = δC = 4N – 2N2 + 2N ≈ 4N – 2N ==> n ≈ √ N
2 2 • Clos Nonblocking Design for 8x16 2 16x8
3
δn n2 n3 n2 2 1152x1152 switch 3

…
…
…
– N=1152, n=8, k=16
The minimized number of crosspoints is then: – N/n=144 8x16 switches in first 8x16 16x8
144 N/n
stage 144x144
C* = (2N + )(2( N
N2 – 1) ≈ 4N √ 2N = 4 √ 2
)1/2 N1.5 16
N/2 2 – 16 144x144 in center stage
This is lower than N2 for large N – 144 16x8 in third stage
– Aggregate Throughput: 3.6 Tbps!
39 40

Summary
• Multiplexing
• SONET
• Transport Networks
• Circuit Switches
• Telephone Network

41