Digitizing and Georefrencing of Study

Area using GIS

Submitted by:

Sharjeel Dogar,

Maryam Zaheer,

Numra Bilal

Usama Ahmed

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences,

Bahria University, Islamabad
Table of Contents
1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 3
2. Methodology............................................................................................................ 4
2.1 Georefrencing......................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Rectifying Image..................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Creating Shape Files................................................................................................. 5
2.4 Digitizing.............................................................................................................. 5
2.5 Map Layout and Map Elements................................................................................... 6
2.6 Map Generation....................................................................................................... 6

2
1. Introduction

The area given to us is in the northern part of Punjab, south west of Rawalpindi
reaching to Khushalghar. A small part of the Indus river passes through the study area Soan river
also passes through the study area near Pindi Ghab, Dhulian and Kaur. The study area has many
thrust faults passing through it. Other geological features include anticlines and synclines. The
lithologies present in the study area are the Rawalpindi Group and the Siwaliks Group. Alluvium,
sandstones and siltstones also cover the area. Multiple Oil Fields are located in the area near
cities.

The software used to process the raster image was ArcGIS 10.2. The image provided was
in JPEG format.

Fig. 1.1 Study Area.

3
2. Methodology

The image first had to be cropped so that it would better fit in the base map that was
chosen. After the image was uploaded into the ArcMap a basemap was selected through the
online basemaps provided by ESRI through their online database. The basemap selected was
form National Geographic. Then the following steps were taken to process the map:

1. Georefrencing
2. Rectifying the image
3. Creating shape files
4. Digitizing
5. Map Layout and map elements
6. Map generation

2.1 Georefrencing

For georefrencing an image a basemap is required with real world coordinates. Then
Ground Control Points (GCP) are added to the image. These GCPs are placed at points that are
present on both the image and the basemap and whose coordinates cant change. The coordinates
system used is WGS 1984. The attribute table of the GCPs is edited and their x and y
coordinates are replaced with the coordinates of the real world location of the points where the
GCPs are placed. At least three points are identified before on the basemap and their coordinates
are recorded. Then more GCPs are placed to reduce residual error. For easy access to our area of
interest on a basemap a bookmark is added to the location.

2.2 Rectifying Image

After the GCPs are in their position then the attribute table of the GCPs is saved in text
form (.txt). The coordinates are then transferred to an excel file with the format Excel 97-2003
Workbook (.xls). The Latitude and the Longitude are recorded in the excel file everything else is
removed. The excel file is then imported into the ArcMap and then exported into a shape file
(.shp). The excel file is then removed from the table of content.

4
2.3 Creating Shape Files

The shape files are created in ArcCatalog. For this map only three shape files are created:

1. Geological Features (polyline)

2. Cities and formations (point)
3. Oil Fields (polygon)

The shape files are imported into ArcMap through the add data option.

2.4 Digitizing

The process of digitzing starts by activating the editor option. The Geological Features
layer includes:

1. Thrust Faults
2. Synclines
3. Anticlines
4. Rivers

The cities and formations layer includes the cities and the Siwalik, Rawalpindi Groups along
with Alluvium, Sandstone and Siltstone present in the area. For the Oil Field Layer three
Oilfields were encountered:

1. Kaur oilfield
2. Dhulian oilfield
3. Tut oilfield

After the digitizing process was done each polyline, point and polygon was given a specific
name. This was done by adding an extra field to their attribute table and inserting their names.
This allowed each of the elements in the layers to have a specific color and a symbol which
could be used to easily identify those elements.

2.5 Map Layout and Map Elements

5
 After digitizing the view was changed to layout view and a template was selected in
which we fit the map according to our requirement. The template chosen was 841mm x 1189mm,
the map was adjusted inside this template. Two more data frames were added for the inset map
and the logo. The map used for the inset map was clipped form the same National Geographic
basemap used for georefrencing. The coordinate system for this map is also WGS 1984. Extent
Indicator is added to the inset map along with the logo in a separate data frame. The legend was
added into the map, the contents of the legend were added according to the active layers at the
time. Then the coordinate grid was added to the map. The grid added was a measured grid. The
scale was added along with the north arrow and the text boxes for the group member names and
the title of the map were added.

2.6 Map Generation

The map elements are aligned with each other and then exported the legend edited
according to the map required. The final maps are generated in JPEG format. The maps
generated were:

1. Geological Features map

2. Faults passing through cities
3. Oil fields in the study area