FORM 1

CHAPTER 1
Mass Animal :
Amoeba
Mass is the quantity of matter in an object.
Paramecium
SI unit : Kilogram (kg)
Plasmodium
Lever balance

Weight Multicellular organisms:

Weight is the pull of gravity on an object Plant :
Spirogyra
SI unit : Newton (N)
Sea weed
Spring balance
Grass
Basic physical quantities & S.I.
Animal :
Physical quantities SI Unit
Eagle
Length Metre (m)
Squirrel
Mass Kilogram (kg)
Ant
Time Second (s)
Temperature Kelvin (K)
Electric current Ampere (A)
Cell organisation
Cell Tissue Organ System Organism
Measuring tools
System and function
Length : Skeleton system:
Measuring tape Protects internal organs and gives support to
Metre rule the body
Calipers
Blood circulation system:
Measure area of irregular shape: Transport dissolved food, gases, and waste
Graph paper materials
Measure volume of liquid: Nervous system:
Measuring cylinder Conveys nerve impulses and reacts to
Burette stimuli
Pipette
Reproductive system:
CHAPTER 2 Produces reproductive cells

Structure of cell and its function Respiratory system:

Nucleus
Chloroplast
Produces chlorophyll Enables the exchange of gases with the
Cell control centre surroundings
Cell membrane
Controls the entry and exit
Vacuole
Contains water and Excretory system:
of materials from the solute
cell Removes wastes materials from the body
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Stores dissolved materials Maintains the shape
of the cell
Digestive system:
Breaks up food into simples form to be
absorbed and used by the body

Muscular system:
Unicellular organism Moves the parts of the body
Plant :
Chlamydomonas
Yeast
Euglena

1
 Separation method :
o Distillation
CHAPTER 3 o Filtration
CHAPTER 5
What is matter?
Matter is everything that has mass and Contents of air:
occupies space Nitrogen : 78%
Matter is made up of tiny particles Oxygen : 21%
Carbon dioxide : 0.03%
Matter exist in either: Inert gases : 0.9%
Solid: Liquid : Gas : Microorganisms
Water vapour
Dust

Properties of oxygen:
Particles vibrate Particles move Particles move
in their position gliding among fast and randomly Colourless, odourless and tasteless gas
each other slightly on water
no effect on litmus paper
Density: supports combustion and respiration

Density is the mass per unit volume of a

substance. Confirmation test for Oxygen:

Unit : g/cm3 Glowing wooden splinter:

Density formula: Presence of oxygen causes the glowing
Density = ____mass of substance (g)___ wooden splinter to ignites.
Volume of substance (cm3)
Properties of carbon dioxide:
Colourless, odourless and tasteless gas
CHAPTER 4 Slightly soluble in water
Basic resources of earth : Very soluble in sodium hydroxide
Water Changes moist blue litmus paper from blue
Air to red
Soil
Living things Confirmation test for carbon dioxide:
Minerals Limewater test:
Fossil fuels Carbon dioxide turns the limewater cloudy

Classification of matter: Respiration

Matter is classified into: Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Metal
1. Element Energy
Non - Metal
water
Substance which is made up of one type of Glucose
particle only
Glucose + oxygen water + carbon dioxide + energy
2. Compound
Substance that is made up of two or more
types of elements. Comparison between inhaled and exhaled air:
Inhaled Exhaled
Chemically combined Nitrogen 78% Nitrogen 78%
Separation method : electrolysis Inert gases 0.9% Inert gases 0.9%
Oxygen 21% Oxygen 16%
3. Mixture Carbon dioxide 0.03% Carbon dioxide 0.03%
Substance that consist of two or more
substance Combustion:
Joined physically Carbon + oxygen Light E. + Heat E. + carbon dioxide

Hydrocarbon + oxygen Light E. + Heat E. + carbon dioxide + water

2
 Renewable energy sources:
Solar
Water
Wind
CHAPTER 6 Biomass
Geothermal
FORMS of energy: Wave/tidal
Potential energy
Kinetic energy
Heat energy Non-renewable:
Light energy fossil fuels
Chemical energy radioactive substances
Sound energy
Electrical energy CHAPTER 7
Nuclear energy heat is a form of energy
heat can be produced by the following ways:
Potential energy: o rubbing two objects together
Energy stored in an object due to its position o burning objects
or condition o electricity that runs through a
coiled wire
Kinetic energy: heat causes solids, liquids and gases to
Energy stored in any moving object expand and contract
differences between heat and temperature
Heat energy: Heat Temperature
Is a type of energy that rises the temperature A form of energy The degree of hotness
of an object. or coldness of a
substance
Light energy: Unit = Joule (J) Unit = Kelvins (K)
Energy that enables us to see

Chemical energy: Heat flows in three different ways:

Energy stored in chemical substances
Eq: Food, battery, fuel 1. Conduction
is the flow of heat through solid
Sound energy:
Energy that is produced in vibrating object 2. Convection
is the flow of heat through fluids such as in
Electrical energy: gases and in liquids
Is produced by an electric charge or current
3. Radiation
Nuclear energy: is the transfer of heat through vacuum
Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom (Heat flows from hotter area to colder area)

Land breeze:
SOURCES of Energy:
Fossil fuels At night
Biomass fuels Sea is warmer than land
Wind Cool air from land flows to the
Water sea as land breeze
Sun
Radioactive substances Sea breeze:
Geothermal energy
During day
Renewable & Non-renewable energy sources Land is warmer than the sea
Less dense hot air on land rises
Cool air from the sea flows towards
the land as sea breeze
3
 1. long sighted
Can see far objects clearly
Image formed behind retina
Causes:
- eyeball too
Physical process that involved in the change of small/short
states of matter. - lens too thin
correction Use convex lens
solid
2. short sighted
can see near objects clearly
image formed infront of retina
causes:
- eye ball too big/long
- Lens too thick
Liquid Gas
correction use concave lens
Absorption of heat:
Durk and dull objects absorbs heat better Properties of sound:
than shiny objects is a form of energy
produced by vibrating objects
Gives out heat: travels in the form of waves
A dull, dark surface, gives out heat better can be reflected (echo)
than white shiny surface. can be absorbed
can only travel through medium
cannot travel through vacuum
FORM 2 Stimuli and responses in plants:
CHAPTER 1
Phototropism:
Sensory organs: Stimuli Light
Skin: Response to obtain sunlight
sense of touch
Stimuli : hot, cold, pain, pressure, touch Geotropism:
Stimuli gravity
Nose: Response to root itself firmly in the soil/to
sense of smell obtain mineral salts and water
Stimuli : Chemical substance in the air
Hydrotropism:
Tongue: stimuli water
Sense of taste Response to obtain water and mineral salts
Stimuli:Chemical substance in the food
Thigmotropism:
Ear: Stimuli touch
sense of hearing Response to obtain support and light
Stimuli: sound
CHAPTER 2
Eye: Classes of food:
sense of sight
Stimuli: light Carbohydrate:
supply energy
Properties of light:
light can be reflected and refracted Protein:
needed for growth
Defects of vision: produce new cells

4
 Fat Fatty acid + glycerol
fats:
insulator of heat for the body
supply energy

water:
helps transport excretory products from cells CHAPTER 3
to excretory organs
helps the digestion of food Animal kingdom:

vitamins: Vertebrates: Inverertebrates:

maintain good health Have backbones No backbones

Minerals: Mammals
maintain good health Body covered with hair/fur
Breath through lungs
Give birth to young alive
Fibre: Warm
helps in peristalsis Blooded
Birds
prevents constipation Body covered with feathers
Breath
Breath through lungs
Through
FOOD TESTS Lay eggs
lungs
Have wings

Starch:
Reptiles
a few drops of iodine solution is added to Body covered with dry scales
food sample Lay eggs
+ve result = It turns Dark Blue
Amphibians
Glucose: Live on both land and water
Benedicts Solution is added to the food Breath through lungs & moist
skin
sample and heated Have moist skin
+ve result = Brick red precipitate formed Lay eggs

Fish
Protein: Live in water
Millons reagent is added to the food Breath through gills
sample and heated Body covered with slimy scales
+ve result = Brick red precipitate formed Have fins
Lay eggs

Fats:
A little food sample is placed on a piece of
filter paper Plant Kingdom
+ve result = A translucent spot is detected.
Flowering plant Non-Flowering plant

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Monocotyledons Ferns

(Plants with only one cotyledon)
Mouth Oesophagus Stomach Duodenum Leaves with parallel veins Mosses
Have fibrous roots
Rectum Large intestine Small intestine Eq: Paddy,oil palm, maize Fungi

Anus Algae
Dicotyledons
(Plants with two cotyledon) Conifer
END PRODUCT OF DIGESTION Have net veined leaves
Have tap roots
Eq: beans, hibiscus, rubber trees
Starch glucose
Protein amino acids

5

is a control of pests by the introduction
of their natural enemy

Food web

Producer (Selalunya tumbuhan)

Primary consumer (Yang memakan
CHAPTER 4 tumbuhan-Producer)

Secondary consumer(Yang memakan
Species : Primary consumer)

A group of the same kind of organisms
Tertiary consumer(Yang memakan
with common characteristics Secondary consumer)

Decomposers (pengurai bahan atau
Population :
organisma yang sudah mati)
a group of organisms of the same
species living and reproducing in a Photosynthesis
defined area
merupakan process membuat makanan
oleh tumbuhan hijau
Community :

is made up of different populations of Carbon sunlight
+ Water glucose + Oxygen
organisms living together in a habitat dioxide chlorophyll

Ecosystem : Conservation

consists of plants, animals and the non-
means proper management on the use of
living environment interacting with natural resources to maintain future
each other for living accessibility
Habitat : Preservation

a place where an organism lives
Measures taken to maintain living
organisms and the natural environment
Interaction between living organism: in their natural balance state
1. Prey-predator

Predator : animal that hunts other CHAPTER 5
animals for food

Prey : The animal being hunted Physical characteristics of water
(hubungan pemangsa-mangsa)
water can exist in 3 states : Solid,
liquid, gas
2. Symbiosis
Colourless, tasteless, odourless at room
a) Commensalism
temperature
satu pihak mendapat faedah dan pihak
Freezing point of pure water : 0oC
yang satu lagi tidak ada kesan ve atau
+ve Boiling point of pure water : 100 oC

b) Mutualism Density of pure water : 1 g/cm3

Kedua-dua pihak mendapat faedah
Test for presence of water:

c) Parasitism Cobalt chloride paper changes from

Satu pihak mendapat mendapat faedah blue to pink
dan satu pihak rugi
Composition of water

3. Competition Water is a compound, made up of 2

interaksi antara organisma untuk atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of
keperluan yang sama oxygen

H 2O
Biological control

6
Evaporation Cant remove insoluble particles & dissolve

is a process by which liquid changes substance
into water vapour at any temperature

Factors affecting evaporation: 3. Distillation
o Surface area Strengh removes insoluble and dissolve
o Humidity substance/ removes microorganisms
o Movement of air Tasteless
o Temperature of surroundings
4. Chlorination
Strengh kills microorganism
Solution & Solubility
Cant remove insoluble particles &
a) Solution

a mixture of solute and solvent dissolved substance

b) Solvent

Liquid that dissolves a substance CHAPTER 6

c) Solute Kinetic theory of gas

A substance that is dissolved) gas particles move freely in all direction
Gas particles collide with the wall of the
1. Dilute solution container and bounce back

a solution that contains very little solute A force is exerted by the particles onto the
2. Concentrated solution wall
This force produces a pressure on the walls
Solution that contain a lot of solute
of the container
3. Saturated solution

Solution that contains the maximum
Factors affecting Air pressure (AP)
amount of solute and cannot dissolve
Volume Temperature
any more solute
Volume = AP Temperature = AP
Volume = AP Temperature = AP
Factors affecting solubility

Nature of the solute

Nature of the solvent
CHAPTER 7
Temperature of the solvent
FORCE
ACID Is an act of push and pull
Taste sour Cannot be seen
Corrosive EFFECT can be seen or felt
pH less than 7 Has magnitude and direction
Change wet blue litmus paper to red

ALKALIS TYPE OF FORCE

Taste bitter and soapy Frictional force
Corrosive o Occurs when two surface in contact
pH more than 7 o Always opposes the motion of the
Change wet blue litmus paper to red object
o Acts in the opposite direction to
PURIFICATION
movement
1. Filtration
o Can slow down or stop moving object
strength Remove large insoluble solids
Cant remove dissolve substance &
Gravitational force
microorganism
o Force that pull objects to the earth
o Causes all objects to have weight
2. Boiling
Strengh kills microorganisms
Electrostatic force

7
 o Force of attraction or repulsion
between charged substance
o Enables charge substance to attract
neutral substance such as small pieces
of paper
o Same charges repel each other
o Different charges attract each other
Magnetic force
o Enables a magnet to attract magnetic
substances like iron, nickel and cobalt
WORK
Work is said to be done when a force moves
an object over a distance in the direction of
the force
Equation for calculating work done:
Work (joule) = Force (Newton) x distance (metre)
POWER
Power is the rate of doing work, which
means the amount of work done per unit
time.
Power can be calculated using the equation:
Work done (joules)
Power (watts) =
Time taken (seconds)
CHAPTER 8
Vertebrates have
1. Endoskeleton
also known as internal skeleton
Made up of bones and cartilage
Invertebrates have
1. Exoskeleton
Made of cuticle or calcium carbonate
Examples animals: centipede, ant, crab
2. Hydrostatic skeleton
Consist of a muscular wall which encloses a
body cavity that is filled with fluid
This body fluid pressure gives support and
shape to the animal
Examples animals: earthworm, leech,
jellyfish
SUPPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS
Buttress Root
thick and wide roots that grow from the stem
above the ground
e.q: Angsana tree, durian tree
8
Prop roots
Roots which grow from the stem or
branches
E.q.: pandan plant, maize plant
Prickles
An outgrouwth of the epidermis and can be
easily removed from the stem.
E.q: Rose
Tendrils
Curly string-like structures modified from
stems and leaves
Curl and twine round parts of other plants or
objects to help the plant to climb
E.q: Cucumber plant, bitter gourd, pumpkin
Stilt roots
Roots that develop from the main stem and
grow into the ground for support.
E.q: Mangrove tree (Bakau)
Clasping roots
Roots that grip onto other plants or structure
to get support
E.q: betel vine (sirih), orchid
Thorns (duri)
Sharp modified branches that cannot be
easily removed
Act as hooks to hold on to supports.
E.q: Bouganvillea (Bunga Kertas)
CHAPTER 9
The point of equilibrium
is the point where the whole weight of an
object appears to act on.
It is also the point which an object can be
balanced on and it is present in all objects.
It is also known as the centre of gravity of
the object
FACTORS AFFECTING THE STABILITY OF
AN OBJECT
1. The position of the centre of gravity.
the lower the centre of gravity, the more
stable the object
2. The base area
The wider the base area, the more stable the
object
 CHAPTER 10
LEVER
is a simple machine
makes work easier
have 3 parts :
o F = Fulcrum
o E = Effort
o L = Load
CLASSES OF LEVER
Notice the middle part of the lever

L F E = 1st class

F L E = 2nd class

F E L = 3rd class

THE MOMENT OF FORCE

The SI unit for moment of force
= Newton-metre (Nm)
Formula for moment of force:
Perpendicular distance from the
Moment of force Force
(Nm) = (N) X pivot to the force
(m)

LEVER IN EQUILIBRIUM
when a lever is in equilibrium, the sum of
the anticlockwise moments is equal to the
sum of the clockwise moments.
The principle of moments can be
represented by the following formula:

Load Distance of load Effort Distance of effort

X from the fulcrum = X from the fulcrum
(L) (E)