FORM 1

CHAPTER 1 Animal :
Amoeba
Mass
Paramecium
Mass is the quantity of matter in an object.
Plasmodium
SI unit : Kilogram (kg)
Lever balance
Multicellular organisms:
Weight Plant :
Spirogyra
Weight is the pull of gravity on an object
Sea weed
SI unit : Newton (N)
Grass
Spring balance
Animal :
Basic physical quantities & S.I. Eagle
Physical quantities SI Unit Squirrel
Length Metre (m) Ant
Mass Kilogram (kg)
Time Second (s)
Temperature Kelvin (K) Cell organisation
Electric current Ampere (A) Cell Tissue Organ System Organism

Measuring tools System and function

Skeleton system:
Length : Protects internal organs and gives support to
Measuring tape the body
Metre rule
Calipers Blood circulation system:
Transport dissolved food, gases, and waste
Measure area of irregular shape: materials
Graph paper
Nervous system:
Measure volume of liquid: Conveys nerve impulses and reacts to
Measuring cylinder stimuli
Burette
Pipette Reproductive system:
Produces reproductive cells
CHAPTER 2
Respiratory system:
Structure of cell and its function Enables the exchange of gases with the
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Produces chlorophyll
surroundings
Cell control centre

Excretory system:
Cell membrane
Controls the entry and exit
Vacuole
Contains water and Removes wastes materials from the body
of materials from the solute
cell
Digestive system:
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Stores dissolved materials Maintains the shape Breaks up food into simples form to be
of the cell
absorbed and used by the body

Muscular system:
Moves the parts of the body
Unicellular organism
Plant :
Chlamydomonas
Yeast
Euglena

1
CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 5
What is matter? Contents of air:
Matter is everything that has mass and Nitrogen : 78%
occupies space Oxygen : 21%
Matter is made up of tiny particles Carbon dioxide : 0.03%
Inert gases : 0.9%
Matter exist in either: Microorganisms
Solid: Liquid : Gas : Water vapour
Dust

Properties of oxygen:
Colourless, odourless and tasteless gas
Particles vibrate Particles move Particles move slightly on water
in their position gliding among fast and randomly no effect on litmus paper
each other
supports combustion and respiration
Density:
Confirmation test for Oxygen:
Density is the mass per unit volume of a
Glowing wooden splinter:
substance.
Presence of oxygen causes the glowing

Unit : g/cm3
wooden splinter to ignites.
Density formula:
Density = ____mass of substance (g)___ Properties of carbon dioxide:
Volume of substance (cm3) Colourless, odourless and tasteless gas
Slightly soluble in water
Very soluble in sodium hydroxide
CHAPTER 4 Changes moist blue litmus paper from blue
Basic resources of earth : to red
Water
Air Confirmation test for carbon dioxide:
Soil Limewater test:
Living things Carbon dioxide turns the limewater cloudy
Minerals
Fossil fuels Respiration
Classification of matter: Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Matter is classified into:
Energy
Metal
1. Element water
Non - Metal Glucose

Substance which is made up of one type of

particle only Glucose + oxygen water + carbon dioxide + energy

2. Compound Comparison between inhaled and exhaled air:

Substance that is made up of two or more Inhaled Exhaled
types of elements. Nitrogen 78% Nitrogen 78%
Chemically combined Inert gases 0.9% Inert gases 0.9%
Separation method : electrolysis Oxygen 21% Oxygen 16%
Carbon dioxide 0.03% Carbon dioxide 0.03%

3. Mixture
Substance that consist of two or more Combustion:
substance Carbon + oxygen Light E. + Heat E. + carbon dioxide
Joined physically
Separation method : Hydrocarbon + oxygen Light E. + Heat E. + carbon dioxide + water

o Distillation
o Filtration

2
CHAPTER 6 Biomass
Geothermal
Wave/tidal
FORMS of energy:
Potential energy
Kinetic energy
Heat energy Non-renewable:
fossil fuels
Light energy
radioactive substances
Chemical energy
Sound energy
Electrical energy CHAPTER 7
Nuclear energy heat is a form of energy
heat can be produced by the following ways:
Potential energy: o rubbing two objects together
Energy stored in an object due to its position o burning objects
or condition o electricity that runs through a
coiled wire
Kinetic energy: heat causes solids, liquids and gases to
Energy stored in any moving object expand and contract
differences between heat and temperature
Heat energy: Heat Temperature
Is a type of energy that rises the temperature A form of energy The degree of hotness
of an object. or coldness of a
substance
Light energy: Unit = Joule (J) Unit = Kelvins (K)
Energy that enables us to see

Chemical energy: Heat flows in three different ways:

Energy stored in chemical substances
Eq: Food, battery, fuel 1. Conduction
is the flow of heat through solid
Sound energy:
Energy that is produced in vibrating object 2. Convection
is the flow of heat through fluids such as in
Electrical energy: gases and in liquids
Is produced by an electric charge or current
3. Radiation
Nuclear energy: is the transfer of heat through vacuum
Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom (Heat flows from hotter area to colder area)

Land breeze:
SOURCES of Energy:
Fossil fuels At night
Biomass fuels Sea is warmer than land
Wind Cool air from land flows to the
sea as land breeze
Water
Sun
Radioactive substances Sea breeze:
Geothermal energy
During day
Renewable & Non-renewable energy sources Land is warmer than the sea
Less dense hot air on land rises
Renewable energy sources: Cool air from the sea flows towards
Solar the land as sea breeze
Water
Wind

3
Physical process that involved in the change of - eyeball too
states of matter. small/short
- lens too thin
solid correction Use convex lens

2. short sighted
can see near objects clearly
image formed infront of retina
causes:
- eye ball too big/long
Liquid Gas - Lens too thick

Absorption of heat: correction use concave lens

Durk and dull objects absorbs heat better
than shiny objects Properties of sound:
is a form of energy
Gives out heat: produced by vibrating objects
A dull, dark surface, gives out heat better travels in the form of waves
than white shiny surface. can be reflected (echo)
can be absorbed
can only travel through medium
cannot travel through vacuum
FORM 2
CHAPTER 1 Stimuli and responses in plants:

Phototropism:
Sensory organs: Stimuli Light
Skin: Response to obtain sunlight
sense of touch
Stimuli : hot, cold, pain, pressure, touch Geotropism:
Stimuli gravity
Nose: Response to root itself firmly in the soil/to
sense of smell obtain mineral salts and water
Stimuli : Chemical substance in the air
Hydrotropism:
Tongue: stimuli water
Sense of taste Response to obtain water and mineral salts
Stimuli:Chemical substance in the food
Thigmotropism:
Ear: Stimuli touch
sense of hearing Response to obtain support and light
Stimuli: sound

Eye: CHAPTER 2
sense of sight Classes of food:
Stimuli: light
Carbohydrate:
supply energy
Properties of light:
light can be reflected and refracted
Protein:
needed for growth
Defects of vision:
produce new cells
1. long sighted
Can see far objects clearly
Image formed behind retina fats:
insulator of heat for the body
Causes:
supply energy

4
water: CHAPTER 3
helps transport excretory products from cells
to excretory organs Animal kingdom:
helps the digestion of food
Vertebrates: Inverertebrates:
vitamins: Have backbones No backbones
maintain good health
Mammals
Minerals: Body covered with hair/fur
maintain good health Breath through lungs
Give birth to young alive
Warm
Fibre: Blooded
Birds
helps in peristalsis Body covered with feathers
prevents constipation Breath
Breath through lungs
Through
Lay eggs
lungs
FOOD TESTS Have wings

Starch: Reptiles
Body covered with dry scales
a few drops of iodine solution is added to Lay eggs
food sample
+ve result = It turns Dark Blue
Amphibians
Live on both land and water
Glucose: Breath through lungs & moist
Benedicts Solution is added to the food skin
sample and heated Have moist skin
Lay eggs
+ve result = Brick red precipitate formed
Fish
Protein: Live in water
Breath through gills
Millons reagent is added to the food Body covered with slimy scales
sample and heated Have fins
+ve result = Brick red precipitate formed Lay eggs

Fats:
A little food sample is placed on a piece of Plant Kingdom
filter paper
+ve result = A translucent spot is detected.
Flowering plant Non-Flowering plant

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Monocotyledons Ferns

(Plants with only one cotyledon)
Mouth Oesophagus Stomach Duodenum Leaves with parallel veins Mosses
Have fibrous roots
Eq: Paddy,oil palm, maize Fungi
Rectum Large intestine Small intestine
Algae
Anus Dicotyledons
(Plants with two cotyledon) Conifer
Have net veined leaves
END PRODUCT OF DIGESTION Have tap roots
Eq: beans, hibiscus, rubber trees
Starch glucose
Protein amino acids
Fat Fatty acid + glycerol

5

Primary consumer (Yang memakan
CHAPTER 4 tumbuhan-Producer)

Secondary consumer(Yang memakan
Species : Primary consumer)

A group of the same kind of organisms Tertiary consumer(Yang memakan
with common characteristics Secondary consumer)

Decomposers (pengurai bahan atau
Population : organisma yang sudah mati)

a group of organisms of the same
species living and reproducing in a Photosynthesis

defined area merupakan process membuat makanan
oleh tumbuhan hijau
Community :
Carbon sunlight
is made up of different populations of + Water glucose + Oxygen
dioxide chlorophyll
organisms living together in a habitat

Ecosystem : Conservation

consists of plants, animals and the non- means proper management on the use of
living environment interacting with natural resources to maintain future
each other for living accessibility

Habitat : Preservation

a place where an organism lives Measures taken to maintain living
organisms and the natural environment
Interaction between living organism: in their natural balance state

1. Prey-predator

Predator : animal that hunts other CHAPTER 5
animals for food

Prey : The animal being hunted Physical characteristics of water

(hubungan pemangsa-mangsa) water can exist in 3 states : Solid,
liquid, gas
2. Symbiosis
Colourless, tasteless, odourless at room
a) Commensalism temperature

satu pihak mendapat faedah dan pihak
Freezing point of pure water : 0oC
yang satu lagi tidak ada kesan ve atau
Boiling point of pure water : 100 oC
+ve
Density of pure water : 1 g/cm3
b) Mutualism

Kedua-dua pihak mendapat faedah Test for presence of water:

Cobalt chloride paper changes from
c) Parasitism blue to pink

Satu pihak mendapat mendapat faedah
dan satu pihak rugi Composition of water

Water is a compound, made up of 2
3. Competition atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of

interaksi antara organisma untuk oxygen
keperluan yang sama
H 2O

Biological control Evaporation

is a control of pests by the introduction
is a process by which liquid changes
of their natural enemy into water vapour at any temperature

Factors affecting evaporation:
Food web o Surface area

Producer (Selalunya tumbuhan) o Humidity

6
 o Movement of air 4. Chlorination
o Temperature of surroundings Strengh kills microorganism
Cant remove insoluble particles &
Solution & Solubility dissolved substance
a) Solution

a mixture of solute and solvent
CHAPTER 6
b) Solvent

Liquid that dissolves a substance Kinetic theory of gas
gas particles move freely in all direction
c) Solute Gas particles collide with the wall of the

A substance that is dissolved) container and bounce back
A force is exerted by the particles onto the
1. Dilute solution wall

a solution that contains very little solute This force produces a pressure on the walls
2. Concentrated solution of the container

Solution that contain a lot of solute
3. Saturated solution Factors affecting Air pressure (AP)

Solution that contains the maximum Volume Temperature
amount of solute and cannot dissolve Volume = AP Temperature = AP
any more solute Volume = AP Temperature = AP

Factors affecting solubility

Nature of the solute CHAPTER 7

Nature of the solvent

Temperature of the solvent FORCE
Is an act of push and pull
ACID Cannot be seen
Taste sour EFFECT can be seen or felt
Corrosive Has magnitude and direction
pH less than 7
Change wet blue litmus paper to red
TYPE OF FORCE
ALKALIS Frictional force
Taste bitter and soapy o Occurs when two surface in contact
Corrosive o Always opposes the motion of the
pH more than 7 object
Change wet blue litmus paper to red o Acts in the opposite direction to
movement
PURIFICATION o Can slow down or stop moving object
1. Filtration
strength Remove large insoluble solids Gravitational force
Cant remove dissolve substance & o Force that pull objects to the earth
microorganism o Causes all objects to have weight
2. Boiling
Electrostatic force
Strengh kills microorganisms
o Force of attraction or repulsion
Cant remove insoluble particles & dissolve
between charged substance
substance
o Enables charge substance to attract
3. Distillation neutral substance such as small pieces
Strengh removes insoluble and dissolve of paper
substance/ removes microorganisms o Same charges repel each other
Tasteless o Different charges attract each other

7
 Magnetic force
o Enables a magnet to attract magnetic
substances like iron, nickel and cobalt
WORK
Work is said to be done when a force moves
an object over a distance in the direction of
the force
Equation for calculating work done:
Work (joule) = Force (Newton) x distance (metre)
POWER
Power is the rate of doing work, which
means the amount of work done per unit
time.
Power can be calculated using the equation:
Work done (joules)
Power (watts) =
Time taken (seconds)
E.q: Rose
Tendrils
Curly string-like structures modified from
stems and leaves
Curl and twine round parts of other plants or
objects to help the plant to climb
E.q: Cucumber plant, bitter gourd, pumpkin
Stilt roots
Roots that develop from the main stem and
grow into the ground for support.
E.q: Mangrove tree (Bakau)
Clasping roots
Roots that grip onto other plants or structure
to get support
E.q: betel vine (sirih), orchid

Thorns (duri)
CHAPTER 8 Sharp modified branches that cannot be
easily removed
Act as hooks to hold on to supports.
Vertebrates have
E.q: Bouganvillea (Bunga Kertas)
1. Endoskeleton
also known as internal skeleton
Made up of bones and cartilage
CHAPTER 9
Invertebrates have
1. Exoskeleton The point of equilibrium
Made of cuticle or calcium carbonate is the point where the whole weight of an
Examples animals: centipede, ant, crab object appears to act on.
It is also the point which an object can be
2. Hydrostatic skeleton balanced on and it is present in all objects.
Consist of a muscular wall which encloses a It is also known as the centre of gravity of
body cavity that is filled with fluid the object
This body fluid pressure gives support and
shape to the animal FACTORS AFFECTING THE STABILITY OF
Examples animals: earthworm, leech, AN OBJECT
jellyfish
1. The position of the centre of gravity.
SUPPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS the lower the centre of gravity, the more
Buttress Root stable the object
thick and wide roots that grow from the stem
above the ground 2. The base area
e.q: Angsana tree, durian tree The wider the base area, the more stable the
object
Prop roots
Roots which grow from the stem or
branches CHAPTER 10
E.q.: pandan plant, maize plant
LEVER
Prickles is a simple machine
An outgrouwth of the epidermis and can be makes work easier
easily removed from the stem. have 3 parts :

8
 o F = Fulcrum
o E = Effort
o L = Load
CLASSES OF LEVER
Notice the middle part of the lever

L F E = 1st class

F L E = 2nd class

F E L = 3rd class

THE MOMENT OF FORCE

The SI unit for moment of force
= Newton-metre (Nm)
Formula for moment of force:
Perpendicular distance from the
Moment of force Force
(Nm) = (N) X pivot to the force
(m)

LEVER IN EQUILIBRIUM
when a lever is in equilibrium, the sum of
the anticlockwise moments is equal to the
sum of the clockwise moments.
The principle of moments can be
represented by the following formula:

Load Distance of load Effort Distance of effort

X from the fulcrum = X from the fulcrum
(L) (E)