D E S I G N D A T A

Roof Type 1

Roof-to-Shell Joint Type 2

Fabrication 1

Purpose Recycle AA Tank

Density of Contents Dc 1040 kg/m3

Specific Gravity of Contents G 1.04 -

Specific Gravity of Contents (For Appendix A Only) G' 1.04 -

7
Material CS

Material Group Group IV

Minimum Yield Strength FYmin 240 MPa

Minimum Tensile Strength FTmin 450 MPa

Modulus of Elasticity E 195000 MPa

Maximum Design Temperature Tmax 150.0 oC

Minimum Design Temperature Tmin N/A oC

Allowable Product Design Stress at Design Temperature Sd 160 MPa

Allowable Hydrostatic Test Stress at Design Temperature St 180 MPa

Internal Pressure Pi 5.00 kN/m2 ( kPa )

External Pressure Pe 0.60 kN/m2 ( kPa )

Smallest of the allowable tensile stresses (Roof, Shell, Ring) f 400 kN/m2 ( kPa )

High Liquid Level H1 6.3 m

Bottom CA 3.0 mm

Shell CA 3.0 mm

Roof CA 3.0 mm

Structure CA 3.0 mm

Anchor Bolts CA 3.0 mm

Nozzles, etc. CA 3.0 mm

Roof Slope 2 : 10

Roof Angle 14.0 Deg.

Outside Dia. Do 4.512 m

Inside Dia. Di 4.500 m

Nominal Dia. ( Inside Dia. + Shell Thk. ) Dn 4.506 m

Total Height H 6.30 m

Cone Roof Dish Radius RCone 2.32 m

Dome Roof Dish Radius RDome 3.60 m 1

Developed Area A' 16.43 m2 1

Roof Height - Above Shell 0.56 m

Fluid Hold Down Weight 1022.252 kN

Yield Strength - Structural Parts FYstructure 250 MPa

Density Den. 7850 kg/m3

DL Corroded Uncorroded

ROOF Plates 6.33 10.13 kN

Stiffeners 0.00 0.00 kN

Purlins 0.00 0.00 kN

Plateform 0.00 kN

Insulation 0.00 kN

Others 15.00 kN

6.33 25.13 kN

0.39 1.53 kN/m2 ( kPa )

SHELL Top Angle 0.49 1.01 kN

Course(s) 20.60 41.21 kN

Wind Girders 0.00 0.00 kN

Ladder 0.00 kN

Insulation 0.00 kN

Others 0.00 kN

21.10 42.22 kN

1.28 2.57 kN/m2 ( kPa )

ALL 27.43 67.34 kN

1.67 4.10 kN/m2 ( kPa )

Superimposed Lr 1.5 kN/m2 ( kPa )

Snow Load S 0 kN/m2 ( kPa )

External Pressuer Pe 0.60 kN/m2 ( kPa )

Basic Wind Speed V 138 kph

COMB1 DL + Lr + 0.4 x Pe App. R 3.27 kN/m2 ( kPa )

COMB2 DL + 0.4 x Lr + Pe App. R 2.73 kN/m2 ( kPa )

ROOF

COMB3 DL + S + 0.4 x Pe App. R 1.77 kN/m2 ( kPa )

COMB4 DL + 0.4 x S + Pe App. R 2.13 kN/m2 ( kPa )

Pr Max(COMB1:COMB4) App.V 3.27 kN/m2 ( kPa )

Ps App. V 1.01 kN/m2 ( kPa )

W App. V 0.77 kN/m2 ( kPa )

W1 Table 3-21a 36.10 kN

W2 Table 3-21a 42.43 kN

W3 Table 3-21a 57.22 kN

M A T E R I A L P R O P E R T I E S

PART FYmin Factor FYmin' FTmin Factor Ftmin' E Factor E'

ROOF 240 1.00 240 450 1.00 450 195000 1.00 195000

SHELL 240 1.00 240 450 1.00 450 195000 1.00 195000

BOTTOM 240 1.00 240 450 1.00 450 195000 1.00 195000

STIFF. 250 1.00 250 400 1.00 400 195000 1.00 195000

ANCHOR 250 1.00 250 400 1.00 400 205000 1.00 205000

J O I N T E F F I C I E N C Y

Notation Normal Factor Modified Desc.

JEb 1.00 1.00 1.00 Btm Plate

JEc 1.00 1.00 1.00 Comp. Ring

2 JEr 0.70 1.00 0.70 Roof Plate

2 JEs 0.85 1.00 0.85 Shell Plate

 3 JEst 0.70 1.00 0.70 Stiff. Splice

A P P L I C A B L E A P P E N D I C E S

A 1 Optional Design Basis for Small Tanks

E 1 Seismic Design of Storage Tanks

F 1 Design of Tanks for Small Internal Pressures

J 2 Shop-Assembled Storage Tanks

M 1 Requirements for Tanks Operating at Elevated Temperatures

R 1 Load Combinations

S 2 Austenitic Stainless Steel Storage Tanks

V 1 Design of Storage Tanks for External Pressure

 S H E L L D E S I G N
Press.
Course #

Width HL1' td tt Max( td,t t ) tsmin tsmin tsmin tsmin

Head

m m m mm mm mm mm mm mm mm

3.6.1.2 3.6.3.2 3.6.3.2 3.6.3.2 3.6.1.1 A.4.1 J.3.3 V.8.1.3

1 1.950 0.51 6.81 3.93 0.80 3.93 5 4.47 0.00 2.89

2 1.950 0.51 4.86 3.65 0.56 3.65 5 4.03 0.00 2.89

3 0.450 0.51 2.91 3.37 0.32 3.37 5 3.59 0.00 2.89

4 1.950 0.51 2.46 3.31 0.26 3.31 5 3.49 0.00 2.89

5 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

6 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

7 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

8 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

9 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

10 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

11 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

12 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

6.300

ts1 (mm) = 6

S H E L L W E I G H T S U M M A R Y

Width Shell Wt. Shell Wt.

Course #
3.6.1.2 (Uncorroded) Thk. - CA (Corroded)

m kN kg mm kN kg

1 1.950 12.75 1300.16 3.0 6.38 650.08

2 1.950 12.75 1300.16 3.0 6.38 650.08

3 0.450 2.94 300.04 3.0 1.47 150.02

4 1.950 12.75 1300.16 3.0 6.38 650.08

5 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00

6 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00

7 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00

8 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00

9 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00

10 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00

11 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00

12 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00

6.300 41.21 4200.51 20.60 2100.26

 A N N U L A R B O T T O M P L A T E D E S I G N

Use Annular Plate? 1

Lap welded bottom plates may be used in lieu of butt-welded annular bottom plates. (Group IV, IVA, V, or VI Only)

W min W Calc. Use tabp-min tabp-min CA tabp-req'd Use

mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm

3.5.2 3.5.2 [3.5.3] T3-1 J.3.2.1 3.4.2

600 840 840 6 - 3.0 9.0 10

 B O T T O M P L A T E D E S I G N

tbmin tbmin CA tb-req'd Use Projection

mm mm mm mm mm mm

3.4.1 J.3.2.1 3.4.1 3.4.2

6 6 3.0 9.0 10 50

R O O F P L A T E D E S I G N

tmax tmin tApp v tselec'd + CA tfurn'd

Cone 12.5 4.73 4.83 7.83 8

Dome - - - - 0

W E I G H T S U M M A R Y

Bottom Plt. Wt. Annular Plt. Wt. Shell Plt. Wt. Top Wind Girder Inter. Wind Girder(s)

kN kgs kN kgs kN kgs kN kgs kN kgs

8.16 831.34 4.65 474.28 41.21 4200.51 1.01 102.95

5.71 581.94 3.26 331.99 20.60 2100.26 0.50 50.47

T O P W I N D G I R D E R D E S I G N

Hz. Leg Vt. Leg Thk a-t b-t NA Dist. NA Dist. Area

mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm2
ANGLE

Uncorroded 49 80 80 6 74 74 57.78 22.22 924

Corroded 3 77 77 3 74.0 74 56.63 20.37 453

Zmin Zfurn'd

cm3 cm3

3.97 4.75

R O O F - T O - S H E L L J O I N T D E S I G N [ C H A P T E R

tb th - CA tc/ts Rc R2 W h/Comp. Wc Areq'd min Areq'd F- 2 Aroof

Detail
mm mm mm mm m mm mm mm2 mm2 mm2

d - 5 3.0 2250 9300.52 64.69 49.30 288.66 340.55 323.47

 R O O F - T O - S H E L L & B O T T O M - T O - S H E L L J O I N T

[ A P P E N D I X V ]

tb th tc/ts Xcone/dome Xshell Areq'd V.7.2.2 Aroof Astiff

Detail
mm mm mm mm mm mm2 mm2 mm2

a - 5 3.0 163.57 69.67 83.18 817.86 453.00

b - 5 3.0 163.57 69.67 83.18 817.86 453.00

c - 5 3.0 163.57 69.67 83.18 817.86 453.00

d - 5 3.0 163.57 69.67 83.18 817.86 453.00

e - 5 3.0 163.57 69.67 83.18 817.86 453.00

f - 5 3.0 163.57 69.67 83.18 817.86 453.00

g - 5 3.0 163.57 69.67 83.18 817.86 906.00

h 10 5 3.0 163.57 69.67 83.18 817.86 1120.00

i 10 5 3.0 163.57 69.67 83.18 - 696.75

k 10 5 10 163.57 69.67 83.18 817.86 1600.00

I N T E R M E D I A T E W I N D G I R D E R D E S I G N

Kz Kzt Kd V I G q
Ref
- - - mph - - psf kPa

3.9.7.1 a 1.04 1 0.95 117 1 0.85 29 1.47

Client Info 1.04 1 0.95 117 1 0.85 29 1.47

Max. Height of Unstiffened Shell & transformed shell height

ts1 D V H1 H1 - modified Htr Zreq'd

mm m kph m m m cm3

3.00 4.506 138 29.26 24.17 6.30 N/A

As Htr < H1 --- Intermediate Wind Girder is not required.

Verification of Unstiffened Shell ( As per Appendix V )

( D / tsmin )0.75 [ ( HTS / D ) ( FYmin / E )0.5 ] 0.00675 0.0396 0.00675

Elastic Buckling Criteria Satisfied.

Ps E / ( 45609 ( HTS / D ) ( D / tsmin )0.5 ) 1.01 1.11

Design external pressure for an unstiffened tank shell satisfied.

tsmin ( 73.05 ( HTS Ps )0.4 D0.6 ) / ( E )0.4 6 2.89

Minimum shell thickness required for a specified external pressure satisfied.

Ps HTS Hsafe Ns + 1 Ns Use Ns Ls N2 N2 < 100 N

kPa m m Nos. Nos. Nos. m Nos. Nos.

OK
 OK
1.01 6.30 6.92 0.91 -0.09 -1 #DIV/0! 18.49 4.30
 Intermediate Stiffener Ring Design t 6 10

STIFF tshell 2 x wshell Ireq'd Ifurn'd Ashell cont. Areq'd Afurn'd Astiff req'd
Q

mm N/m mm cm4 cm4 mm2 mm2 mm2 mm2

1 6 #DIV/0! 98.54 #DIV/0! 11 295.61 #DIV/0! 755 #DIV/0!

2 6 #DIV/0! 98.54 #DIV/0! 11 295.61 #DIV/0! 755 #DIV/0!

3 6 #DIV/0! 98.54 #DIV/0! 11 295.61 #DIV/0! 755 #DIV/0!

4 6 #DIV/0! 98.54 #DIV/0! 11 295.61 #DIV/0! 755 #DIV/0!

5 6 #DIV/0! 98.54 #DIV/0! 11 295.61 #DIV/0! 755 #DIV/0!

6 6 #DIV/0! 98.54 #DIV/0! 11 295.61 #DIV/0! 755 #DIV/0!

7 0 - - - - - - - -

8 0 - - - - - - - -

9 0 - - - - - - - -

10 0 - - - - - - - -

tshell Vl 2 x wshell Ireq'd Ifurn'd Ashell cont. Areq'd Afurn'd Astiff req'd

mm N/m mm cm4 cm4 mm2 mm2 mm2 mm2

TOP 6 1586.56 98.54 1.16 11 295.61 8.94 755 -741.24

BOTT 6 1586.56 98.54 1.16 11 295.61 8.94 755 -1288.73

S T R E N G T H O F S T I F F E N E R A T T A C H M E N T W

vs Vs1 Vs2 Ww wmin

V A C U U M C O N D I T I O N [ ASME Sec VIII, Div. 1 ]

Do E S Pe tbtm (min) tfurn'd tfurn'd - CA Pbtm PResultant

kPa kPa
[Psi] [Psi]

4512 144 0.60 7850 4.73 8 5.0 0.3842 -0.24

0.70
177.64 20885 0.09 0.28 0.19 0.31 0.20 0.06 -0.03

-0.09

O V E R T U R N I N G S T A B I L I T Y

BWS Pressure Proj. Area Force Arm Moment

MOMENT

kph
WIND

kPa m2 kN m kN - m

0.45 28.39 12.88 3.15 40.57

138
0.76 1.27 0.96 2.25 2.17
 FPi FDL FF XPi XDL XF MPi Mw MDL MF

kN kN kN m m m kN - m kN - m kN - m kN - m

79.52 27.14 227.34 2.25 2.25 2.25 179.16 42.73 61.15 512.19

Unanchored tanks conditions not satisfied - Anchorage is required.

D E S I G N T E N S I O N L O A D P E R A N C H O R

Mw d N W tB

kN - m m Nos. kN kN

42.73 4.724 8 -4.38 5.07 1.14

 S L I D I N G R E S I S T A N C E

BWS Pressure Proj. Area F - WIND F - WIND F - FRIC.

kph kPa m2 kN kN kN

0.454 28.426 12.896

138 13.86 14.56
0.760 1.267 0.963

F - FRIC. > F - WIND --- Tank is stable, anchorage is not required against sliding.

U P L I F T L O A D S C A S E S

D th Mw Ms P Pt Pf W1
Units
m mm N-m N-m kPa kPa kPa N
[ ft ] [ in. ] [ ft-lbs ] [ ft-lbs ] [in. of water ] [in. of water ] [in. of water ] [ lbs ]

SI 4.506 8 42735 37635 5.00 6.25 0 36097.98

US 14.78 0.31 31519.86 27758.40 20.09 25.12 0.00 8114.83

U Fall - Anchor
UPLIFT LOAD CASES FORMULAE
lbs Psi
DESIGN PRESSURE [ ( P - th ) 4.08 D2 ] - W 1 7556.81 15000
TEST PRESSURE [ ( Pt - 8 th ) 4.08 D2 ] - W 2 12036.47 20000
FAILURE PRESSURE [ ( 1.5 Pf - 8 th ) 4.08 D2 ] -W 3 0.00 36000
WIND LOAD [ ( 4 Mw ) / D ] - W 2 -1009.40 28800
SEISMIC LOAD [ ( 4 Ms ) / D ] - W 2 -2027.10 28800
DESIGN PRESSURE + WIND [ ( P - 8 th ) 4.08 D2 ] + [ ( 4 Mw ) / D ] - W 1 16084.81 20000
DESIGN PRESSURE + SEISMIC [ ( P - 8 th ) 4.08 D2 ] + [ ( 4 Ms ) / D ] - W 1 15067.11 28800

A N C H O R C H A I R D E S I G N

Anchor Chair Design NOT Adequate.

Tank Outside Dia. Do 4512 mm

Bolt Circle Dia. ( BCD ) BCD 4912 mm

Basic Wind Speed BWS 138 kph 85.75

Earthquake (Y = Yes, N = No) 2

Design Load Pd kN

Maximum Allowable Anchor-Bolt Load Pall. kN

1.5 x Actual bolt Load Pact. kN

P kN 16.08

Top-Plate Width ( along shell ) a 300 mm 11.81

Top-Plate Length ( radial direction ) b 200 mm 7.87

Top-Plate Thickness cused 16 mm 0.630

Anchor-bolt Diameter d 50.8 mm 2.00

Anchor-bolt Eccentricity eused 200 mm 7.87

Distance from Outside of Top-Plate to edge of hole fused 50 mm 1.97

Distance between Vertical Plates gused 100 mm 3.94

Chair Height hused 310 mm 12.20

Vertical-Plate Thickness jused 16 mm 0.63

Bottom or Base Plate Thickness m 8 mm 0.31

Shell or Column Thickness t 6 mm 0.236

 A N C H O R C H A I R D E S I G N C A L C U L A T I O N S
( A I S I - E - 1 , V O L U M E II, P A R T V I I )

Top-Plate Width ( along shell ) a 300 mm 11.81

Top-Plate Length ( radial direction ) b 200 mm 7.87

Top-Plate Thickness cmin 9.17 mm 0.361

cused 16.00 mm 0.630

Anchor-bolt Diameter d 50.8 mm 2.00

Anchor-bolt Eccentricity eused 200 mm 7.87

emin 60 mm 2.344

Distance from Outside of Top-Plate to edge of hole fused 50 mm 1.97

fmin 29 mm 1.13

Distance between Vertical Plates gused 100 3.94

gmin 76 mm 3.00

Chair Height hused 310 mm 12.20

hmax 900 mm 35.43

hmin 152.4 mm 6.00

Vertical-Plate Thickness jused 16 mm 0.63

jmin 12.70 mm 0.50

Vertical-Plate Width ( average width for tapered plates ) k 125 mm 4.92

Column Length L mm

Bottom or Base Plate Thickness m 8 mm 0.31

Load P kN 16.08

Least Radius of Gyration r mm

Nominal Shell Radius R 2256 mm 177.6

Stress at Point Sinduced kPa 42.96

Stress at Point Sallowable kPa 25.00

Shell or Column Thickness t 6 mm 0.236

Cone Angle ( measured from axis of cone ) deg.

-
Reduction for Factor Z 0.847

Check to limit slenderness upto 86.6 jK 3.100

Weld Size wmin 6 mm 0.236

Vertical Load WV 0.444

Horizontal Load WH 0.520

Total Load on Weld W 0.684

For an allowable stress of 13.6 ksi on a fillet weld, the allowable load per lin in. is 9.62 kips per lin in. of weld size.

For weld size of 0.24 in. the allowable load therefore is 2.27 kips.

Gusset Plate - Shell Weld 1 8.347

Top Plate 1 5.385

 P R O B L E M S T A T I S T I C S

LI V E LOAD T RAN S F E R R E D T O F O U N DAT I O N

Live Load on roof Lr 1.5

Area of Roof Ar 16.4

Total Live Load WL 24.7

Circumference of Tank C 14.2

Live Load transferred to Foundation wL 1.74

D EAD LOAD T RAN S F E R R E D T O F O U N DAT I O N

Self Weight of Roof Wr 25.1

Self Weight of Bottom Plate Wb 12.8

Self Weight of Shell Ws 41.2

Self Weight of shell & Attachmnets Wa 1.0

Total Dead Load acting on shell WD 67.3

Dead Load Transferred to Foundation wD 4.75

 O PE RAT I N G & HYD R O STAT I C T E ST LOAD S
Self Weight of Tank W 80.1

Weight of Fluid in Tank at Operating Conditions Wf 1022.3

Weight of Water in Tank at Hydrotest Conditions Ww 982.9

Uniform Load Operating Condition Wo 69.1

Uniform Load Hydrotest Condition Wh 66.7

W I N D LOAD T RAN S F E R R E D T O F O U N DAT I O N

Base Shear due to wind load Fw 13.6

Reaction due to wind load Rw 3.0

Moment due to wind load Mw 42.7

S U M MARY O F F O U N DAT I O N LOAD I N G DATA

Dead load, shell, roof & ext. structure loads DL 4.75

Live Load LL 1.74

Uniform load, operating condition Wo 69.13

Uniform load, hydrotest load Wh 66.66

Base shear due to wind Fw 13.57

Reaction due to wind Rw 3.01

Moment due to wind load Mw 42.73

Consider 15-20 % variation in weight while designing the foundation.

C E N T R E O F G R A V I T Y

EMPTY CONDITION
Base Plate Thickness h1 0.008

Height of Shell h2 6.70

Height of Roof h3 0.610

a1 = h1 / 2 a1 0.0040

a2 = h2 / 2 +h1 a2 3.36

a3 = h3 / 3 + h1 + h2 a3 6.91

Weight of Bottom Plate w1 1583

Weight of Shell w2 5522

Weight of Roof w3 1970

Total Empty Weight of Tank WE 9075

C.O.G. in Empty Condition C.O.G. 3.544

F U LL O F WAT E R C O N D IT I O N
Weight of Water 100197

Weight of Shell + Weight of Water W6 105719

Weight of Tank (Full of Water) WF 109272

C.O.G. in Full of Water Condition C.O.G. 3.388

F U LL O F WAT E R C O N D IT I O N
Design Liquid Level a4 6.30

a4 = (Liquid Level / 2) + h1 WL 3.16

Weight of Liquid w4 104762

Weight of Liquid + Contributing Weight of Shell 109954

Weight of Shell Without Liquid a5 329.67

Height of Remaining Shell Center From Base 7.11

Operating Weight WO 113837

C.O.G in Operating Condition C.O.G. 3.191

 S E I S M I C D E S I G N [A P P E N D I X E]

Aspact Ratio D/H

Inverse Aspact Ratio H/D

Seismic Use Group SUG

Importance Factor I

Site Class SC

Anchorage Condition

Vertical Acceleration

MCE Ground Motion Definitions

So = 0.4Ss 0.112 SP

Ss = 2.5SP 0 Ss

S1 = 1.25SP 0 S1

Ss = 1.5Fa 2.4 So

S1 = 0.6Fv/T 0.760 SP

SDS

Fa

Fv

S T R U C T U R A L P E R I O D O F V I B R A T I O N S

ImpulsIve Natural PerIod & ConvectIve (SloshIng) PerIod

Ci H tu D p E Ti Ks

- m mm m kg / m3 Mpa seconds -

6.4 6.30 6 4.51 1040 195000 1.80 0.58

S P E C T R A L A C C E L E R A T I O N P A R A M E T E R

ImpulsIve Spectral Ac c . Parameter

So SP SDS I Fa Rwi Q

%g %g %g - - -

0.112 0 0.30 1.25 1.6 4 0.67

Ai
ConvectIve Spectral Ac c . Parameter
S1 Ss So SD1 SP K I Fa Fv Tc

%g %g %g %g %g - - - - seconds

1.40 0.28 0.112 0 0 1.5 1.25 1.6 2.4 2.21

T C < TL

Ac = KSD1 ( I / Tc ) ( I / Rwc ) Ac N/A

Ac = 2.5 Q Fa So ( Ts / Tc ) ( I / Rwc ) Ac 0.63421

 T C > TL

Ac = KSD1 ( TL / Tc2 ) ( I / Rwc ) Ac N/A

Ac = 2.5 Q Fa So ( ( Ts TL / Tc2 ) ( I / Rwc ) Ac 1.14864

Ac 0.08596

SEISMIC DESIGN FACTORS

DESIGN FORCES

Equivalent lateral seismic design force F = A . Weff

lateral acceleration coefficient A ( %g )

Effective Weight contributing to seismic response Weff

D E S I G N L O A D S

ImpulsIve Natural PerIod & ConvectIve (SloshIng) Per

Ws Wr Wf Wi Wc WP Ai Ac

N N N N N N %g %g

89100 18950 15530 1383984 269710 1639640 0.0934 0.0860

E F F E C T I V E W E I G H T O F P R O D U C T

Effective ImpulsIve Weight & EffectIve Convective We

D H D/H WP Wi Wc

m m - N N N

4.51 6.30 0.72 1639640 1383984 269710

V E R T I C A L S E I S M I C E F F E C T S

SDS Av Wi Wc Weff Fv

%g N N N N

0.299 0.04183424 1383984 269710 1410020 58987

O V E R T U R N I N G M O M E N T

RIngwall Moment

Ai Wi Xi Ws Xs Wr Xr Ac

- N m N m N m -

0.09338 1383984.21 2.73 89100 3.15 18950 0.2384 0.08596

 Slab Moment

Ai Wi Xis Ws Xs Wr Xr Ac

- N m N m N m -

0.0934 1383984.21 5.85 89100.00 3.15 18950.00 0.2384 0.0860

A N C H O R A G E

ResIstance to the desIgn overturnIng moment at the base

ta S Av Mrw Ws Wss Wr Wrs

mm N %g N-m N N/m N N/m

7.0 0 0.04183424 402509 55322 3908 18953 1339

27250 37
 A N N U L A R P L A T E R E Q U I R E M E N T S

ResIstance to the desIgn overturnIng moment at the base

Thickness of the tank floor plate provided under the shell may be greater than or equal to the thickness of the general

tank floor plate ( i.e., ta > tb ) with the following restrictions:

less Corrosion Allowance ts - CA 3.00 mm

Actual Thk. Btm Plt. tb 7.00 mm

Tank Self Anchored?

a ) The resisting force is adequate for tank stability ( i.e. the anchorage ratio, J > 1.54 )

b ) The maximum width of annulus for determining the resisting force is 3.5% of the tank diameter.

c ) The shell compression satisfies E.6.2.2

d ) The req'd annular plate thickness does not exceed the thickness of the btm shell course.

e ) Piping flexibility requirements are satisfied.

Shell Compression in Self-Anchored Tanks

Max. longitudinal shell compression stress at the bottom of the shell when there is no calculated uplift, J < 0.785, c

c = ( wt ( 1 + 0.4 Av ) + ( 1.273 Mrw / D2 ) ) ( 1 / ( 1000 ts ) )

Max. longitudinal shell compression stress at the bottom of the shell when there is no calculated uplift, J > 0.785, c

c = ( ( ( wt (1 + 0.4 Av ) + wa ) / ( 0.607 -0.18667 J2.3 ) ) - wa ) ( 1 / ( 1000 ts ) )

wt 5247 N/m

Av 0.04183424 %g

Mrw 402509 N-m

D 4.506 m

ts 3.00 mm

wa 27250 N/m

J 0.61 - J < 0.785

c 10.190 MPa J > 0.785

Shell Compression in Mechanically-Anchored Tanks

Max. longitudinal shell compression stress at the bottom of the shell when there is no calculated uplift, J < 0.785, c

c = ( wt ( 1 + 0.4 Av ) + ( 1.273 Mrw / D2 ) ) ( 1 / ( 1000 ts ) )

wt 5247 N/m

Av 0.0418 %g

Mrw 402509 N-m

D 4.506 m
 ts 3.00 mm

c 10.190 MPa

Allowable Longitudinal Membrane Compression Stress in Tank Shell

G 1.04 -

H 6.30 m

D 4.506 m

ts 3.00 mm Thickness of the shell r

G H D2 / t2 14.78 Allowable longitudinal s

Fc 8.17 MPa

G H D2 / t2 44 Fc = 55.26 MPa Fc = 83 ts / D

G H D2 / t2 < 44 Fc = 8.17 MPa Fc = 83 ts / ( ( 2.5 D ) +

G H < 0.5 Fty 28.39 120 Satisfied

DYNAMIC LIQUID HOOP FORCES

When D / H is greater than or equal to 1.333

Ni = 8.48 Ai G D H ( ( Y / H ) - 0.5 ( Y / H )2 ) TANH ( 0.866 D / H )

D H D/H 0.866 ( D / H ) TANH 4 Y Y/H 0.5 ( Y / H ) Ai G

4.51 6.30 0.72 0.6194 0.5507 6.30 1.000 0.500 0.0934 1.04

When D / H is less than 1.333 and Y is less than 0.75 D

Ni = 5.22 Ai G D2 ( ( Y / ( 0.75 D ) ) - 0.5 ( Y / ( 0.75 D ))2 )

D Y Y/D Ai G Ni

4.51 4.00 0.89 0.0934 1.04 4.97

When D / H is less than 1.333 and Y is greater than or equal to 0.75 D

Ni = 2.6 Ai G D2

D Ai G Ni

4.51 0.0934 1.04 5.13

For Convective

Nc = 1.85 Ac G D2 COSH ( 3.68 ( H - Y ) / D ) / COSH (3.68 H / D )

D H Y 3.68 ( H - Y ) / D3.68 ( H / D ) COSH 4 COSH 5 Ac G Nc

0.00 0.00 6.70 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.0860 0.00 #DIV/0!

When purchaser specifies that vertical acceleration need not be considered (i.e. Av = 0), the combined hoop

stress shall be defined by Equation E-22. The dynamic hoop tensile stress shall be directly combined with the

product hydrostatic design stress in determining the total stress.

When vertical acceleration not specified T = h s = ( Nh SQRT ( Ni2 + Nc2 ) ) / t

h s Nh Ni Nc t T

When vertical acceleration specified T = h s = ( Nh ( SQRT ( Ni2 + Nc2 + ( Ac Nh )2 ) ) ) / t

h s Nh Ni Nc Av t T
 R E F E R E N C E

Appendix J applicable.

Appendix S not applicable.

Table 3-2

Appendix M applicable.

API 650, Sec. 3, Cl. 3.6.2.1 ~ Table 3-2

API 650, Sec. 3, Cl. 3.6.2.2 ~ Table 3-2

Appendix F applicable.

Appendix V applicable.

OK [ 9.46 deg. <= Theta <= 37 deg. ]

Check for Diameter in case of Appendix J

T J-1

0.56 0.375
Based on 8 mm Roof Plate Thk.

Cone pDL/2

Frustum p(D+d)L/2

Dome pdh
 1.01 1.11

[Condition not satisfied stiffeners not required.]

H E L L D E S I G N

*tused Sdmax Stmax Wtr

mm MPa MPa m

3.9.7.2 & V.8.1.4

6 49.83 23.96 1.950

6 34.90 16.78 1.950

6 19.98 9.60 0.450

6 16.53 7.95 1.950

0 0.00 0.00 0.000

0 0.00 0.00 0.000

0 0.00 0.00 0.000

0 0.00 0.00 0.000

0 0.00 0.00 0.000

0 0.00 0.00 0.000

0 0.00 0.00 0.000

0 0.00 0.00 0.000

6.300
 B O T T O M P L A T E D E S I G N

butt-welded annular bottom plates. (Group IV, IVA, V, or VI Only)

Lap Projection

mm mm

50 50
 O M P L A T E D E S I G N

O F P L A T E D E S I G N

E I G H T S U M M A R Y

Roof Weight Total Weight

kN kg kN kg

10.5 1066.5 65.49 6675.6

6.5 666.6 36.60 3064.7

I N D G I R D E R D E S I G N

Section Surafce
MOI Weight
Modulus Area

mm4 mm3 Kg/m m2/m

573091 9919 7.26 0.33

269278 4755 3.56 0.31

L J O I N T D E S I G N [ C H A P T E R 3 ]

Aattach't Ashell Afurn'd

Status
mm 2
mm 2
mm 2

453.00 0.00 776.47 OK

B O T T O M - T O - S H E L L J O I N T D E S I G N

Ashell Afurn'd
Status
mm 2
mm 2

209.02 1479.88 OK

209.02 1479.88 OK

209.02 1479.88 OK

0.00 1270.86 OK

0.00 1270.86 OK

0.00 1270.86 OK

191.02 1914.88 OK

209.02 2146.88 OK

209.02 905.77 OK

696.75 3114.61 OK

A T E W I N D G I R D E R D E S I G N

Vacuum Total
Ratio
kPa kPa

0.24 1.71
0.83
0.60 2.07

Note:
Note: Minimum
Minimum sizesize of
of angle
angle forfor use
use
Zfurn'd alone
alone oror as
as aa component
component in in aa built-up
built-up
stiffening
stiffening ring
ring shall
shall be
be 64
64 xx 64
64 xx 6.4
6.4 mm
mm
cm3 and
and the
the minimum
minimum nominal
nominal thickness
thickness of of
..plate
plate shall
shall be
be 66 mm
mm
N/A

V.8.1.1 Corroded Thk.

V.8.1.2 Corroded Thk.

V.8.1.3 Actual Thk.

Nmin Nmax Use N

Nos. Nos. Nos.

2 10 5
 Astiff min Astiff furn'd Zreq'd Zfurn'd

mm2 mm2 cm3 cm3

#DIV/0! 459 18.43 29.6

#DIV/0! 459 18.43 29.6

#DIV/0! 459 18.43 29.6

#DIV/0! 459 18.43 29.6

#DIV/0! 459 18.43 29.6

#DIV/0! 459 18.43 29.6

- - - -

- - - -

- - - -

- - - -

Astiff min Astiff furn'd Zreq'd Zfurn'd

mm2 mm2 cm3 cm3

4.47 459 3.97 29.6

4.47 459 18.43 29.6

T I F F E N E R A T T A C H M E N T W E L D

C O N D I T I O N [ ASME Sec VIII, Div. 1 ]

tsn tsn - CA tCalc tfurn'd

6 3 2.89 -0.11

0.24 0.12 0.11 0.00

T U R N I N G S T A B I L I T Y

Sum

kN - m

42.73
 0.6Mw + MPi MDL / 1.5 Mw + 0.4MPi ( MDL + MF ) / 2

kN - m kN - m kN - m kN - m

204.80 40.77 114.40 286.67

N S I O N L O A D P E R A N C H O R
D I N G R E S I S T A N C E

I F T L O A D S C A S E S

W2 W3 Bolts
N N
[ lbs ] [ lbs ] Nos.

42426.14 57215.62
8
9537.40 12862.07

Fall - Shell tb = U / N Abolt - req'd

Psi lbs in2 mm2

20000 944.60 0.06 40.63

25000 1504.56 0.08 48.53

34809 0.00 0.00 0.00

25000 126.18 0.00 2.83

25000 253.39 0.01 5.68

25000 2010.60 0.10 64.86

25000 1883.39 0.07 42.19

H O R C H A I R D E S I G N

Anchor Chair Design NOT Adequate.

mph

kips

kips

kips

kips

in. OK

in. OK
in. OK

in.

in. OK

in. OK

in. OK

in. OK

in. OK

in.

in.
I R D E S I G N C A L C U L A T I O N S
V O L U M E II, P A R T V I I )

in.

in.

in.

in.

in.

in.

in.

in.

in.

in.

in.

in.

in.

in.

in.

in.

in.

in.

in.

kips

in.

in.

ksi NOT OK

ksi

in.

deg.
-

OK

in.

kips / lin in. of weld length

kips / lin in. of weld length

kips / lin in. of weld length

kips NOT OK

kips NOT OK
L E M S T A T I S T I C S

RAN S F E R R E D T O F O U N DAT I O N
KN/m2

m2

KN

KN/m

RAN S F E R R E D T O F O U N DAT I O N
KN

KN

KN

KN

KN

KN/m
 & HYD R O STAT I C T E ST LOAD S
KN

KN

KN

KN/m2

KN/m2

RAN S F E R R E D T O F O U N DAT I O N
KN

KN/m

KN-m

F O U N DAT I O N LOAD I N G DATA

KN/m

KN/m

KN/m2

KN/m2

KN

KN/m

KN-m

% variation in weight while designing the foundation.

R E O F G R A V I T Y

MPTY CONDITION
m

kg

kg

kg

kg

O F WAT E R C O N D IT I O N
kg

kg
 kg

O F WAT E R C O N D IT I O N
m

kg

kg

kg

Kg

m
 D E S I G N [A P P E N D I X E]

0.72

1.40

1.25

0.28

1.40

0.112

1.6

2.4

L P E R I O D O F V I B R A T I O N S

PerIod & ConvectIve (SloshIng) PerIod

Tc T

seconds seconds

2.21 1.89

C C E L E R A T I O N P A R A M E T E R

Ive Spectral Ac c . Parameter

Ai

0.09

0.09

0.09338
tIve Spectral Ac c . Parameter
 Ts TL Rwc Q

seconds seconds - -

7.50 4 2 0.67
 < Ai 0.0934 Satisfied

D E S I G N L O A D S

ural PerIod & ConvectIve (SloshIng) PerIod

Vi Vc V

N N N

140776 23184 142673

T I V E W E I G H T O F P R O D U C T

lsIve Weight & EffectIve Convective Weight

I C A L S E I S M I C E F F E C T S

V E R T U R N I N G M O M E N T

RIngwall Moment

Wc Xc Mrw

N m N-m

269709.748 5.85 402509

 Slab Moment

Wc Xcs Ms

N m N-m

269710 6.12 795890

A N C H O R A G E

desIgn overturnIng moment at the base of shell

Wt Wa Ge J

N/m N/m -

5247 27250 1.023 0.61

Tank is self Anchored.

A R P L A T E R E Q U I R E M E N T S

desIgn overturnIng moment at the base of shell

he shell may be greater than or equal to the thickness of the general

a [Not Satisfied.]

b [Not Satisfied.]

[Satisfied]

L = 158 mm

[Not Satisfied]

[Not Satisfied]

See API 650 Sec. E.7.3

bottom of the shell when there is no calculated uplift, J < 0.785, c

bottom of the shell when there is no calculated uplift, J > 0.785, c

Long. Shell Comp. Stress = 10.19 MPa

Long. Shell Comp. Stress = 10.78 MPa

bottom of the shell when there is no calculated uplift, J < 0.785, c

Thickness of the shell ring under consideration, mm.

Allowable longitudinal shell membrane compression stress, MPa.

Fc = 83 ts / D

Fc = 83 ts / ( ( 2.5 D ) + 7.5 SQRT ( G H ) )

 Ni

6.44

D/H 0.72

Use '2 & 3'

Y 6.70

1 6.41 N/mm

2&3 5.13 N/mm

1, 2 & 3 5.13 N/mm

Use Ni = 5.13 N/mm

Use Nc = 0.04 N/mm

APPENDIX E - SEISMIC DESIGN OF STORAGE TANKS

Specific Gravity G 1.04 -

Tank Dia. D 4.506 m

Tank Height H 6.30 m

Aspact Ratio D/H 0.72 -

Inverse Aspact Ratio H/D 1.40 -

Bottom Plt. Thk. tbtm 7.00 mm

First Shell Course Thk. tsn 3.00 mm

Minimum specified yield strength of shell course FYmin 240.00 MPa

Height from bottom of the shell to CG Xs 3.15 m

Height from top of shell to the roof and roof appurtenance Xr 0.167 m

Seismic Use Group SUG II

Importance Factor I 1.25

Site Class SC D

Anchorage Condition Mechanically Anchored

Vertical Acceleration Consider

MCE Ground Motion Definitions

SP 0

Ss 0.28

S1 1.4

So 0.112

Fa 1.6

Fv 2.4 So = 0.4Ss 0.112

SP Ss = 2.5SP 0
SDS S1 = 1.25SP 0
Ss = 1.5Fa 2.4
S1 = 0.6Fv/T 0.760

Structural Period of Vibration

Impulsive Natural Period Ci = 6.4 -

H= 6.30 m
 tu = 6 mm

D= 4.51 m

p= 1040 kg/m3

E= 195000 Mpa

Ti = 1.80 seconds

Convective (Sloshing) Period

Tc = 1.8 Ks sqrt ( D ) Tc = 2.21 seconds

Ks = 0.578 / ( sqrt ( ( 3.68 H ) / D ) ) Ks = 0.58

Design Spectral Response Acceleration T 1.89

Impulsive spectral acceleration parameter, Ai

Probabilistic or Mapped Design Method (Approach 1)

So = 0.112 %g

N/A SP = 0 %g
SDS = 2.5 Q Fa So ( E-4 ) N/A SDS = 0.45 %g

I= 1.25 -

Fa = 1.6 -

Rwi = 4-

Q= 1.00 -

Ai = SDS ( I / Rwi ) 0.14

Ai = 2.5 Q Fa So ( I / Rwi ) 0.14

For Site Class A, B, C and D Ai 0.007 Satisfied

For Site Class E and F Ai 0.5 S1 ( I / Rwi ) N/A N/A

For Site Class E and F Ai 0.875 SP ( I / Rwi ) N/A N/A

Ai 0.14000
Concevtice spectral acceleration parameter, Ac

Probabilistic or Mapped Design Method (Approach 1)

S1 = 0.14 %g

Ss = 0.28 %g
So = SP So = 0.112 %g
SD1 = 0 %g
SP = 0 %g

K= 1.5 -

I= 1.25 -

Fa = 1.6 -

Fv = 2.4 -

Tc = 2.21 seconds

Ts = 0.75 seconds
TL = 4 seconds

Rwc = 2-

Q= 1.00 -
T C < TL

Ac = KSD1 ( I / Tc ) ( I / Rwc ) Ac N/A

Ac = 2.5 Q Fa So ( Ts / Tc ) ( I / Rwc ) Ac 0.09508

T C > TL

Ac = KSD1 ( TL / Tc2 ) ( I / Rwc ) Ac N/A

Ac = 2.5 Q Fa So ( ( Ts TL / Tc2 ) ( I / Rwc ) Ac 0.17221

Ac 0.08596 < Ai

SEISMIC DESIGN FACTORS

DESIGN FORCES

Equivalent lateral seismic design force F = A . Weff

lateral acceleration coefficient A ( %g )

Effective Weight contributing to seismic response Weff

DESIGN LOADS

Ws 89100 N

Wr 18950 N

Wf 15530 N

Wi 1383984 N

Wc 269710 N
WP 1639640 N

Ai 0.1400 %g

Ac 0.0860 %g

Vi = Ai ( Ws + Wr + Wf + Wi ) Vi 211059 N

Vc = Ac Wc Vc 23184 N

V = SQRT ( Vi2 + Vc2 ) V 212329 N

EFFECTIVE WEIGHT OF PRODUCT

EFFECTIVE IMPULSIVE WT.

D 4.51 m

H 6.30 m

D/H 0.72 -
WP 1639640 N
When D / H greater than or equal to 1.333

( tanh ( 0.866 D / H ) / (0.866 D / H ) ) Wp

Wi 1457810 N

When D / H less than 1.333

( 1 - 0.218 ( D / H ) ) WP

Wi 1383984 N

Use Wi =

EFFECTIVE CONVECTIVE WT.

D 4.51 m

H 6.30 m

D/H 0.72
WP 1639640 N

For Convective
0.23 ( D / H ) tanh ( ( 3.67 H ) / D ) W P

Wc 269710 N Use Wc =

CENTER OF ACTION FOR EFFECTIVE LATERAL FORCES

CENTRE OF ACTION OF RINGWALL OVERTURNING MOMENT

D 4.51 m

H 6.30 m

D/H 0.72 -

H/D 1.40 -

When D / H greater than or equal to 1.333

Xi = 0.375 H

Xi 1.69 m Not Applicable in this case.

When D / H less than 1.333

Xi = ( 0.5 - 0.094 ( D / H ) ) H

Xi 2.73 m Applicable in this case.

Use Xi =

For Convective

Xc = ( 1.0 - ( COSH ( (3.67 H / D ) -1 ) / ( ( 3.67 H / D ) SINH ( 3.67 H /D ) )

H H/D 3.67 ( H / D ) ( 3.67 ( H / D ) - 1 ) COSH 4 SINH 3 Xc

6.3 1.4 5.1 4.1 31.1 84.6 5.85

Use Xc =

CENTRE OF ACTION OF SLAB OVERTURNING MOMENT

D 4.51 m

H 6.30 m

D/H 0.72 -

When D / H greater than or equal to 1.333

Xis = 0.375 ( 1.0 + 1.333 ( ( ( 0.866 D / H ) / TANH ( 0.866 D / H ) ) -1.0 ) ) H

D H D/H 0.866 ( D / H ) TANH 4 Xis

4.51 6.30 0.72 0.62 0.55 2.76

When D / H less than 1.333

Xis = ( 0.5 + 0.6 ( D / H ) ) H

D H D/H 0.6 ( D / H ) Xis

4.51 6.30 0.72 0.43 5.85

Use Xis =

For Convective

Xcs = ( 1.0 - ( COSH ( ( 3.67 H / D ) -1.937 ) / ( 3.67 ( H / D ) SINH ( 3.67 ( H / D ) ) ) ) H

D H H/D 3.67 ( H / D ) 3.67 ( H / D ) - 1.937 COSH 5 SINH 3

 4.51 6.30 1.40 5.13 3.19 12.22 84.60

Use Xcs =

VERTICAL SEISMIC EFFECTS

SDS = 0.448

Av = 0.06272 %g

Fv = Av Weff Wi = 1383984 N

Wc = 269710 N

Weff = 1410020 N

Fv = 88436 N

DYNAMIC LIQUID HOOP FORCES

When D / H is greater than or equal to 1.333

Ni = 8.48 Ai G D H ( ( Y / H ) - 0.5 ( Y / H )2 ) TANH ( 0.866 D / H )

D H D/H 0.866 ( D / H ) TANH 4 Y Y/H

4.51 6.30 0.72 0.6194 0.5507 6.30 1.000

When D / H is less than 1.333 and Y is less than 0.75 D

Ni = 5.22 Ai G D2 ( ( Y / ( 0.75 D ) ) - 0.5 ( Y / ( 0.75 D ))2 )

D Y Y/D Ai G Ni

4.51 4.00 0.89 0.1400 1.04 7.46

When D / H is less than 1.333 and Y is greater than or equal to 0.75 D

Ni = 2.6 Ai G D2

D Ai G Ni

4.51 0.1400 1.04 7.69

For Convective
Nc = 1.85 Ac G D2 COSH ( 3.68 ( H - Y ) / D ) / COSH (3.68 H / D )

D H Y 3.68 ( H - Y ) / D 3.68 ( H / D ) COSH 4 COSH 5

4.51 6.30 6.70 -0.33 5.15 1.0538 85.801

When purchaser specifies that vertical acceleration need not be considered (i.e. Av = 0), the combined hoop

stress shall be defined by Equation E-22. The dynamic hoop tensile stress shall be directly combined with the

product hydrostatic design stress in determining the total stress.

When vertical acceleration not specified T = h s = ( Nh SQRT ( Ni2 + Nc2 ) ) / t

h s Nh Ni Nc

When vertical acceleration specified T = h s = ( Nh ( SQRT ( Ni2 + Nc2 + ( Ac Nh )2 ) ) ) / t

h s Nh Ni Nc

OVERTURNING MOMENT Mrw = SQRT ( ( Ai ( Wi Xi + Ws Xs + Wr Xr ) )2 + ( Ac ( Wc Xc

RINGWALL MOMENT Ai 0.14

Wi 1383984.208

Xi 2.83

Ws 89100

Xs 3.15

Wr 18950

Xr 0.167
 Ac 0.08596

Wc 269709.7481

Xc 6.1

Mrw 604837 N-m

SLAB MOMENT

Ms = SQRT ( ( Ai ( Wi Xis + Ws Xs + Wr Xr ) )2 + ( Ac ( Wc Xcs

Ai 0.1400

Wi 1383984.208

Xis 6.66

Ws 89100.00

Xs 3.15

Wr 18950.00

Xr 0.167

Ac 0.0860

Wc 269710

Xcs 6.48

Ms 1338620 N-m

Anchorage [Resistance to the design overturning (ringwall) moment at the base of the shell]

Resistance is contributed by:

For unanchored tanks

Weight of the tank shell

Weight of roof reaction on shell

Weight of a portion of the tank contents adacent to the shell

For anchored tanks

Mechanical anchorage devices (i.e., Anchor chair with anchor boldts)

 ta 7.00 mm

S 0N
Av 0.06272 %g

Anchorage Ratio, J Mrw 604837 N-m

Ws 55322 N
J = Mrw / ( D2 ( W t ( 1 - 0.4 Av ) )+ W a ) Wss 3908 N/m

Wr 18953 N
W t = ( ( W s / PI() D ) + W rs ) Wrs 1339 N/m

Wt 5247 N/m

Wa = 99 ta SQRT ( Fy H Ge ) 1.28 H D Ge Wa 27134 N/m

27134 37 Ge 1.014 -

J 0.92

Annular Plate Requirements Tank is self Anchored.

Thickness of the tank floor plate provided under the shell may be greater than or equal to the thickness of the general

tank floor plate ( i.e., ta > tb ) with the following restrictions:

ts - CA 3.00 mm

Actual Thk. Btm Plt. tb 7.00 mm

a [Not Satisfied.]

b [Not Satisfied.]

Tank Self Anchored?

a ) The resisting force is adequate for tank stability ( i.e. the anchorage ratio, J > 1.54 )

b ) The maximum width of annulus for determining the resisting force is 3.5% of the tank diameter.
c ) The shell compression satisfies E.6.2.2

d ) The req'd annular plate thickness does not exceed the thickness of the btm shell course.

e ) Piping flexibility requirements are satisfied.

Shell Compression in Self-Anchored Tanks

Max. longitudinal shell compression stress at the bottom of the shell when there is no calculated uplift, J < 0.785, c

c = ( wt ( 1 + 0.4 Av ) + ( 1.273 Mrw / D2 ) ) ( 1 / ( 1000 ts ) )

Max. longitudinal shell compression stress at the bottom of the shell when there is no calculated uplift, J > 0.785, c
c = ( ( ( wt (1 + 0.4 Av ) + wa ) / ( 0.607 -0.18667 J 2.3 ) ) - wa ) ( 1 / ( 1000 ts ) )

wt 5247 N/m

Av 0.06272 %g

Mrw 604837 N-m

D 4.506 m

ts 3.00 mm

wa 27134 N/m

J 0.92 -
c 14.960 MPa

Shell Compression in Mechanically-Anchored Tanks

Max. longitudinal shell compression stress at the bottom of the shell when there is no calculated uplift, J < 0

c = ( wt ( 1 + 0.4 Av ) + ( 1.273 Mrw / D2 ) ) ( 1 / ( 1000 ts ) )

wt 5247 N/m

Av 0.06272 %g

Mrw 604837 N-m

D 4.506 m

ts 3.00 mm
c 14.433 MPa
Allowable Longitudinal Membrane Compression Stress in Tank Shell

G 1.04

H 6.30

D 4.506

ts 3.00 Corroded

G H D2 / t 2 14.78

Fc 8.17 MPa
 Self Anchored Consider

Mechanically Anchored Do not consider

Where the site properties are not known in sufficient detail to determine the site class, Site Cl

unless the authority having jurisdiction determines that Site Class E or F should apply at the s

Corroded

Corroded

Seismic Use Group

I Not assigned to SUG II and III

II Hazardous substance, public exposure, direct service to major facilities

III Post earthquake recovery, life and health of public, hazardous substance

Note:

Seismic Use Group (SUG) for the tank shall be specified by the purchaser.

If it is not specified, the tank shall be assigned to SUG I

Importance Factor Site Class

SUG I A Hard rock

I 1 B Rock

II 1.25 C Very dense soil

III 1.5 D Stiff soil

E Soil

F N/A

T= Natural period of vibration of the tank and contents, seconds.

Ci = Coefficient for determining impulsive period of tank system

H= Maximum design product level, m

tu = Equivalent uniform thickness of tank shell, mm

D= Nominal tank diameter, m

p= Mass density of fluid, kg/m3

E= Elastic Modulus of tank material, MPa

Ti = Natural period of vibration for impulsive mode of behavior, seconds

Tc = Natural period of vibration for convective (sloshing) mode of behavior, seconds

So = Mapped, maximum considered earthquake, 5-percent-damped, spectral response acceleratio

SP = Design level peak ground acceleration parameter for sites not addressed by ASCE methods.
SDS = The design, 5-percent-damped, spectral response acceleration parameter at short periods ( T

I= Importance factor coefficient based on seismic use group.

Fa = Acceleration-based site coefficient ( at 0.2 seconds period ).

Rwi = Force reduction factor for the impulsive mode using allowable stress design methods.

Q= Scaling factor from the MCE to the design level spectral acceleration. Q = 2 / 3 for ASCE 7 a
 S1 = Mapped, MCE, 5-percent-damped, spectral response acceleration parameter at a period of o

Ss = Mapped, MCE, 5-percent-damped, spectral response acceleration parameter at short periods

So = Mapped, MCE, 5-percent-damped, spectral response acceleration parameter at a period of o

SD1 = The design, 5-percent-damped, spectral response acceleration parameter at one second bas
SP =

K= Coefficient to adjust the spectral acceleration from 5% to 0.5% damping = 1.5 UOS.

I= Importance factor coefficient based on seismic use group.

Fa = Acceleration-based site coefficient ( at 0.2 seconds period ). Table E - 1

Fv = Velocity-based site coefficient ( at 1.0 seconds period ).

Tc = Natural period of the covective (sloshing) mode of behavior of the liquid, seconds.

Ts = ( Fv . S1 ) / ( Fa . Ss )
TL = Regional-dependent transition period for longer period ground motion, seconds. For ASCE 7

Rwc = Force reduction coefficient for the convective mode using allowable stress design methods.

Q= Scaling factor from the MCE to the design level spectral acceleration. Q = 2 / 3 for ASCE 7 a

0.1400 Satisfied
Ws Total weight of tank shell and appurtenances, N.

Wr Total weight of fixed tank roof including framing, knuckles, any permanent attachments and 1

Wf Weight of the tank floor, N.

Wi Effective impulsive weight of the liquid, N.

Wc Effective convective (sloshing) portion of the liquid weight, N.

WP Total weight of the tank contents based on the design specific gravity of the product, N.

Ai Impulsive design response spectrum acceleration coefficient, %g.

Ac Convective design response spectrum acceleration coefficient %g.

Vi Design base shear due to impulsive component from effective weight of tank and contents, N

Vc Design base shear due to the convective component of the effective sloshing wieght, N.

V Total design base shear, N.

1383984 N

269710 N
2.83 m

6.10 m

6.66 m

Xcs
 6.12

6.48 m

Av = Vertical earthquake acceleration coefficient, %g. Av = 0.14 SDS

Wi = Effective weight contributing to seismic response. SDS = 2.5 Q Fa So

Wc = Velocity-based site coefficient ( at 1.0 seconds period ).

Y = Distance from liquid surface to analysis point, (positive down), m.

Ni = Impulsive hoop membrane force in tank wall, N/mm.

0.5 ( Y / H ) Ai G Ni

0.500 0.1400 1.04 9.65

D/H 0.72

Use '2 & 3'

Y 6.70

1 9.61 N/mm

2&3 7.69 N/mm

1, 2 & 3 7.69 N/mm

Use Ni = 7.69 N/mm

Use Nc = 0.04 N/mm

 Ac G Nc

0.0860 1.04 0.04

he combined hoop

y combined with the

t T h Product hydrostatic hoop stress in the shell, MPa.

Ni2 + Nc2 + ( Ac Nh )2 ) ) ) / t
s Hoop stress in the shell due to impulsive and convective force o
T Total combined hoop stress in te shell, MPa.
Nh Product hydrostatice membrane force, N/mm.
Ni Impulsive hoop membrane force in tank wall, N/mm.
Nc Convective hoop membrane force in tank wall, N/mm.
t Thickness of the shell ring under consideration, mm.
Av Vertical earthquake acceleration coefficient, %g.

Av t T

s Xs + Wr Xr ) )2 + ( Ac ( Wc Xc ) )2 )
s Xs + Wr Xr ) )2 + ( Ac ( Wc Xcs ) )2 )
 ta Thickness of the bottom plate under the shell extending at least the distance, L, from the insid

S Design snow load, N.

Av Vertical earthquake acceleration coefficient, %g.

Mrw Ringwall moment - Portion of the total overturning moment that acts at the base of the tank sh

Ws Total weight of tank shell and appurtenances, N. (Shell + Btm Plt + Curb Angle + Rings )

Wss Total weight of tank shell and appurtenances per unit length of shell circumference, N/mm.

Wr Total weight of fixed tank roof including framing, knuckles, any permanent attachments and 1

Wrs Roof load acting on the shell, including 10% of the specified snow load, N/m.

Wt Tank and roof weight acting at base of shell, N/m.

Wa Resisting force of tank contents per unit length of shell circumference that may be used to res

Ge Effective specific gravity including vertical seismic effects = G ( 1.0 - 0.4 Av )

J < 0.785 No calculated uplift under the design seismic overturning moment. The tank is

0.785 < J < 1. Tank is uplifting, but the tak is stable for the design load providing the shell com

J >1.54 Tank is not stable and cannot be self-anchored for the design load. Modify the

he thickness of the general

a ) The thickness, ta, used to calculate wa in Equ E-23 shall not exceed the first shell course

b ) Nor shall the thickness, ta, used in Equ E-23 exceed the actual thickness of the plate unde

c ) when the bottom plate under the shell is thicker than the remainder of the tank bottom (i.e

thicker annular plate inside the tank wall, Ls, shall be equal to or greater than L:

[Satisfied]

L = 158 mm
 [Not Satisfiend]

[Not Satisfied]

See API 650 Sec. E.7.3

ulated uplift, J < 0.785, c

ulated uplift, J > 0.785, c

J < 0.785 Long. Shell Comp. Stress = 14.43 MPa

J > 0.785 Long. Shell Comp. Stress = 14.96 MPa

here is no calculated uplift, J < 0.785, c

Thickness of the shell ring under consideration, mm. corroded

Allowable longitudinal shell membrane compression stress, MPa.

G H D2 / t2 44 Fc = 55.26 MPFc = 83 ts / D

G H D2 / t2 < 44 Fc = 8.17 MPaFc = 83 ts / ( ( 2.5 D ) + 7.5 SQRT ( G H ) )

G H < 0.5 Fty 28.3878 120 Satisfied

 determine the site class, Site Class D shall be assumed

Class E or F should apply at the site.

service to major facilities

ublic, hazardous substance

he purchaser.

ery dense soil

behavior, seconds

ed, spectral response acceleration parameter at a period of one second, %g.

t addressed by ASCE methods.

on parameter at short periods ( T = 0.2 seconds ) based on ASCE 7 methods, %g.

e stress design methods.

eleration. Q = 2 / 3 for ASCE 7 and Q = 1 UOS.

ration parameter at a period of one second, %g.

ration parameter at short periods ( T = 0.2 seconds ), %g.

ration parameter at a period of one second, %g.

on parameter at one second based on ASCE 7 methods, %g.

% damping = 1.5 UOS.

f the liquid, seconds.

d motion, seconds. For ASCE 7 Mapped value and for Outside USA 4.

owable stress design methods.

eleration. Q = 2 / 3 for ASCE 7 and Q = 1 UOS.

y permanent attachments and 10% of the roof design snow load, N.

c gravity of the product, N.

e weight of tank and contents, N.

ffective sloshing wieght, N.

DS
= 2.5 Q Fa So
s in the shell, MPa.

mpulsive and convective force of the stored liquid, MPa.

e shell, MPa.

e force, N/mm.

e in tank wall, N/mm.

ce in tank wall, N/mm.

er consideration, mm.

n coefficient, %g.
 ast the distance, L, from the inside of the shell, less CA, mm.

hat acts at the base of the tank shell perimeter, N-m.

m Plt + Curb Angle + Rings )

of shell circumference, N/mm.

y permanent attachments and 10% of the roof design snow load, N.

snow load, N/m.

mference that may be used to resist the shell overturning moment, N/m.

G ( 1.0 - 0.4 Av )

overturning moment. The tank is self anchored.

esign load providing the shell compression requirements are satisfied. Tank is self anchored.

d for the design load. Modify the annular plate if L < 0.035D is not controlling or add mechanical anchorage.

not exceed the first shell course thickness, ts, less the shell CA.

actual thickness of the plate under the shell less the CA for tank bottom.

emainder of the tank bottom (i.e. ta > tb) the min. projection of the supplied

al to or greater than L:
F.1 Scope

F.1.1 This appendix applies to the storage of nonrefrigerated liquids.

F.1.2 When net uplift does not exceed the nominal weight of the shell, roof and framing supported

F.1.3 Internal Pressure exceed 18 kPa gauge covered in F.7.

F.1.4

F.1.5 Tank nameplate shall indicate whether the tank has been designed in accordance with F.1.2

F.1.6 Figure F-1 provided to aid in the determination of the applicability of various sections of this a

F.2 Venting (Deleted)

F.3 Roof Details

F.4 Maximum Design Pressure and Test Procedure

F.4.1 The design pressure, P, for a tank that has been constructed or that has had its design details

may be calculated from the following equation (subjected to the limitations of Pmax in F.4.2)

P = ( 1.1 ) ( A ) ( tan ) / D2 + 0.08th

P Internal design pressure, kPa

A Area resisting the compressive force, as illustrated in Figure F-2, mm 2

Angle between the roof and a horizontal plane at the roof-to-shell junction, deg

tan Slope of the roof, expressed as a decimal quantity

D Tank diameter, m
th Nominal roof thickness, mm

F.4.2 The maximum design pressure, limited by uplift at the base of the shell, shall not exceed the

from the following equation unlesss further limited by F.4.3

Pmax Maximum design pressure, kPa

DLS Total weight of the shell and any framing (but not roof plates) supported by the

D Tank diameter, m
th Nominal roof thickness, mm

M Wind moment, N - m
F.4.3 As top angle size and roof slope decrease and tank diameter increases, the design presure p

approaches the failure pressure of F.6 for the roof-to-shell junction, In order to provide a safe

operating pressure and the calculated failure pressure, a suggested further limitation on the m

tanks with a weak rof-to-shell attachment (frangible joint) is:

Pmax < 0.8 Pf

F.4.4 When the entire tank is completed, it shall be filled with water to the top angle or the design li

internal air pressure shall be applied to the enclosed space above the water level and held fo

shall then be reduced to one-half the design pressure, and all welded joints above the liquid l

by means of a soap film, linseed oil, or another suitable material. Tank vents shall be tested d

F.5 Required Compression Area at the Roof-to-Shell Junction

F.5.1 A = ( D2 ( Pi - 0.08th ) ) / ( 1.1 ( tan ) )

A = ( D2 ( 0.4Pi - 0.08th + 0.72 ( V / 120 )2 ) ) / ( 1.1 ( tan ) )

A Total required compression area at the roof-to-shell junction, mm 2

D Tank diameter

Pi Design internal pressure, kPa

th Roof Thickness, mm

V Design wind speed ( 3-second gust ), km / h

F.5.2 For self-supporting roofs, the compression area shall not be less than the cross-sectional are

F.6 Calculate Failure Pressure ( Frangible Roofs )

e
 f

Pf = 1.6P - 0.047th

F.7 Anchored Tanks with Design Pressures up to 18 kPa Gauge

F.7.1 Shell Design Modification

F.7.2 Compression Area

F.7.3 Roof Design

F.7.4 Anchorage

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

Manhole Diame
Bolt Circle Dia Cover Plate Diameter

mm (in.) Db mm (in.) Dc mm (in.)

Bolt Circle Dia 656 (261/4) 720 (283/4)

Db mm (in.) 756 (301/4) 820 (323/4)

Cover Plate Di906 (361/4) 970 (383/4)

Dc mm (in.) 1056 (421/4) 1120 (443/4)

 Minimum Minimum
Allowable Stress fpr Maximum Design T
Yield Tensile
Not Exceeding (Sd), MPa
Strength Strength
Type
Temperature Range
MPa MPa
FY min FT min 40 90

304 205 515 155 155

304L 170 485 145 132

316 205 515 155 155

316L 170 485 145 131

317 205 515 155 155

317L 205 515 155 155

Temp 120

th R2 Wh

0.39 9800.17 37.27

10 248924 947

Rc tc Wc

610.24 0.55 11.00

15500 14 279
Leg 1 Leg 2 Thk
 L1 L2 t

mm mm mm

20 x 20 x 2 20 20 2

20 x 20 x 2.5 20 20 2.5

20 x 20 x 3 20 20 3

25 x 25 x 2.5 25 25 2.5

25 x 25 x 3 25 25 3

25 x 25 x 4 25 25 4

30 x 30 x 2.5 30 30 2.5

30 x 30 x 2.7 30 30 2.7

30 x 30 x 3 30 30 3

30 x 30 x 4 30 30 4

30 x 30 x 5 30 30 5

35 x 35 x 2.5 35 35 2.5

35 x 35 x 3 35 35 3

35 x 35 x 3.2 35 35 3.2

35 x 35 x 3.5 35 35 3.2

35 x 35 x 4 35 35 4

35 x 35 x 5 35 35 5

37 x 37 x 3.3 37 37 3.3

40 x 40 x 3 40 40 3

40 x 40 x 4 40 40 4

40 x 40 x 5 40 40 5

40 x 40 x 6 40 40 6

45 x 45 x 3 45 45 3

45 x 45 x 4 4 4 4

45 x 45 x 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

45 x 45 x 5 5 5 5

45 x 45 x 6 6 6 6

50 x 50 x 3 50 50 3

50 x 50 x 4 50 50 4

50 x 50 x 4.5 50 50 4.5

50 x 50 x 5 50 50 5

50 x 50 x 6 50 50 6
50 x 50 x 7 50 50 7

50 x 50 x 8 50 50 8

60 x 60 x 4 60 60 4

60 x 60 x 4.5 60 60 4.5

60 x 60 x 5 60 60 5

60 x 60 x 5.5 60 60 5.5

60 x 60 x 6 60 60 6

60 x 60 x 8 60 60 8

60 x 60 x 10 60 60 10

70 x 70 x 5 70 70 5

70 x 70 x 5.5 70 70 5.5

70 x 70 x 6 70 70 6

70 x 70 x 6.5 70 70 6.5

70 x 70 x 7 70 70 7

70 x 70 x 9 70 70 9

80 x 80 x 5.5 80 80 5.5

80 x 80 x 6 80 80 6

80 x 80 x 7 80 80 7

80 x 80 x 7.5 80 80 7.5

80 x 80 x 8 80 80 8

80 x 80 x 10 80 80 10

90 x 90 x 6.5 90 90 6.5

90 x 90 x 7 90 90 7

90 x 90 x 8 90 90 8

90 x 90 x 8.5 90 90 8.5

90 x 90 x 9 90 90 9
100 x 100 x
6.5 100 100 6.5

100 x 100 x 7 100 100 7

100 x 100 x 8 100 100 8

100 x 100 x 9 100 100 9

100 x 100 x
10 100 100 10
100 x 100 x
12 100 100 12

120 x 120 x 8 120 120 8

120 x 120 x
10 120 120 10
120 x 120 x
11 120 120 11
120 x 120 x
12 120 120 12
120 x 120 x
14 120 120 14
120 x 120 x
15 120 120 15
150 x 150 x
10 150 150 10
150 x 150 x
12 150 150 12
150 x 150 x
12.5 150 150 12.5
150 x 150 x
14 150 150 14
150 x 150 x
15 150 150 15
150 x 150 x
18 150 150 18
180 x 180 x
18 180 180 18
200 x 200 x
16 200 200 16
200 x 200 x
18 200 200 18
200 x 200 x
20 200 200 20
200 x 200 x
24 200 200 24
200 x 200 x
25 200 200 25
200 x 200 x
26 200 200 26
hell, roof and framing supported b the shell or roof F.2 through F.6.

Internal Pressure

Pressure Force

signed in accordance with F.1.2 Wt. of roof plates

bility of various sections of this appendix. Wt. of shell, roof and attached framing

or that has had its design details established

he limitations of Pmax in F.4.2)

10.89 kPa

ated in Figure F-2, mm 2 776.47 mm2

at the roof-to-shell junction, degrees 14 degrees

0.249 -

4.506 m

5 mm

of the shell, shall not exceed the value calculated

-0.66 kPa

not roof plates) supported by the shell and roof, N 14769.83 N

4.506 m

5.00 mm

42734.81 N-m
 increases, the design presure permitted by F.4.1 and F.4.2

nction, In order to provide a safe margin between the maximum

gested further limitation on the maximum design pressure for

-1.03 kPa

r to the top angle or the design liquid level, and the design

bove the water level and held for 15 minutes. The air pressure

l welded joints above the liquid level shall be checked for leaks

rial. Tank vents shall be tested during or after this test.

340.55 mm2

188.94 mm2

-shell junction, mm 2

4.506 mm

5.00 kPa

5 mm Corroded

138 km / h

14 Degrees

ess than the cross-sectional area calculated in 3.10.5 and 3.10.6

-1.29 kPa
owable Stress fpr Maximum Design Temperature Hydrostatic
Not Exceeding (Sd), MPa Test Stress
(St)
MPa
Temperature Range

150 200 260 Ambient

140 128 121 186 Table S-2 --- Allowable Stress for Tank Shells

119 109 101 155

145 133 123 186

117 107 99 155

145 133 123 186

145 133 123 186

t L Wh + L + ts A
3.74 59.84 97.11 363.21 947

95 1520 2467 234330.80

ts
3.74 41.16

95 26552.46

Sum 404.37
 260883.2534

Wt./m 2047.933539

Wt. 199446.9618
20L2 1 Err:504 Err:504 Err:504

20L2.5 2

20L3 3

25L2.5 4

25lL3 5

25L4 6

30L2.5 7

30L2.7 8

30L3 9

30L4 10

30L4 11

35L2.5 12

35L3 13

35L3.2 14

35L3.5 15

35L4 16

35L5 17

37L3.3 18

40L3 19

40L4 20

40L5 21

40L6 22

45L3 23

45L4 24

45L4.5 25

45L5 26

45L6 27

50L3 28

50L4 29

50L4.5 30

50L5 31

50L6 32
50L7 33

50L8 34

60L4 35

60L4.5 36

60L5 37

60L5.5 38

60L6 39

60L8 40

60L10 41

70L5 42

70L5.5 43

70L6 44

70L6.5 45

70L7 46

70L9 47

80L5.5 48

80L6 49

80L7 50

80L7.5 51

80L8 52

80L10 53

90L6.5 54

90L7 55

90L8 56

90L8.5 57

90L9 58

10L6.5 59

100L7 60

100L8 61

100L9 62

100L10 63

100L12 64

120L8 65

120L10 66
120L11 67

120L12 68

120L14 69

120L15 70

150L10 71

150L12 72

150L12.5 73

150L14 74

150L15 75

150L18 76

180L18 77

200L16 78

200L18 79

200L20 80

200L24 81

200L25 82

200L26 83
 Does tank have internal
Pi = 5.00 kPa -
pressure?
PForce = 79.52 kN
W roof plates = 6.54 kN
Yes
and attached framing W Total = 36.11 kN

Does internal pressure

exceed weight of roof -
plates?

Yes

Does internal pressure

exceed the weight of the
-
shell, roof and attached
framing?

Yes

Provide anchors and

conform to F.7.

Does internal pressure

No
exceed 18 kPa?

Use API 620

AAroof
roofisisconsidered
considered frangible
frangibleifif the
the roof-to-shell
roof-to-shelljoint
joint
will
willfail
fail prior
priortotothe
the shell-to-bottom
shell-to-bottomjointjoint in
in the
the event
event of
of
..excessive
excessiveinternal
internalpressure
pressure
AAroof
roofisisconsidered
considered frangible
frangibleifif the
the roof-to-shell
roof-to-shelljoint
joint
will
willfail
fail prior
priortotothe
the shell-to-bottom
shell-to-bottomjointjoint in
in the
the event
event of
of
..excessive
excessiveinternal
internalpressure
pressure

Frangible
Frangible Roof Roof Conditions
Conditions
a.
a. The
The tank
tank shall
shall bebe 15.25
15.25 m m (50
(50 ft) ft)
..diameter
diameter or greater
or greater
b.
b. The
The slope
slope of of the
the roof
roof at
at the
the top
top angle
angle
..attachment
attachment does does not not exceed
exceed 22 in in 12
12
c.
c. The
The roof
roof is
is attached
attached to to the
the top
top angle
angle
with
with aa single
single continuours
continuours fillet fillet weld
weld that that
..does not exceed 5 mm
does not exceed 5 mm (3/16 in.) (3/16 in.)
d.
d. The
The roof
roof support
support members
members shall shall not not be
be
..attached
attached to to the
the roof
roof plate
plate
e.
e. The
The roof-to-top
roof-to-top angleangle compression
compression ring ring
..limited
limited to to details
details aa -- ee in
in Figure
Figure F-2 F-2
f.f. The
The top
top angle
angle may may be be smaller
smaller than than that
that
..required by 3.1.5.9.e
required by 3.1.5.9.e
g.
g. All
All members
members in in the
the region
region of of the
the roof-to-
roof-to-
shell
shell junction,
junction, including
including insulation
insulation rings rings
considered
considered as as contributing
contributing to to the
the cross-
cross-
..sectional area
sectional area (A) (A)
h.
h. The
The cross
cross sectional
sectional areaarea (A) (A) ofof the
the roof-
roof-
to-shell
to-shell junction
junction is is less
less than
than the the limit
limit
::shown
shown belowbelow
AA== WW // (( 1390
1390 tan tan Theta
Theta ))
le Stress for Tank Shells
 Basic Design

Basic Design

Basic Design plus Appendix F.1 through F.6.

Anchors for pressure not required.
Do not exceed Pmax.
Limit roof/shell compression area per F.5.

API 650 with Appendix F or

API 620 shall be used
 e roof-to-shell
he roof-to-shelljoint
joint
mjoint
joint in
in the
the event
event of
of
 e roof-to-shell
he roof-to-shelljoint
joint
mjoint
joint in
in the
the event
event of
of

ns
ns
m
m (50
(50 ft)
ft)

he top
the top angle
angle
ed
ed 22 inin 12
12
he
he top
top angle
angle
let weld
llet weld that
that
16 in.)
/16 in.)
ers
ers shall
shall not
not be
be

mpression
mpression ringring
gure F-2
igure F-2
maller
maller than
than that
that

n of
on of the
the roof-to-
roof-to-
ulation rings
sulation rings
to
to the
the cross-
cross-

aa (A)
(A) of
of the
the roof-
roof-
nn the
the limit
limit

))