Measurement 46 (2013) 36473653

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Measurement
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/measurement

Benchmarking of deformation and vibration measurement

techniques for nuclear fuel pins
B. De Pauw a,b,c,, S. Vanlanduit b, K. Van Tichelen c, T. Geernaert a, K. Chah d, F. Berghmans a
a
Brussels Photonics Team B-Phot, VUB, Brussels, Belgium
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering (MECH), VUB, Brussels, Belgium
c
Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCKCEN), Boeretang 200, Mol, Belgium
d
Service dElectromagntisme et de Tlcom, Universit de Mons, Facult Polytechnique, Blvd. Dolez 31, Mons, Belgium

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Understanding the mechanical interactions between the coolant and the core structure in
Received 31 October 2012 nuclear reactors helps to determine the lifetime, health or optimal design of the reactor
Accepted 3 July 2013 core. The ow of the coolant produces vibrations in the reactor core containing the fuel
Available online 13 July 2013
assemblies that consists of a matrix of fuel pins. We report on an evaluation of the perfor-
mance of different vibration measurement techniques considered for measuring the ow
Keywords: induced vibrations on a fuel pin mock-up. These techniques include a laser Doppler vibrom-
Fiber Bragg gratings
eter (LDV), a grid method (GRID), ber Bragg grating sensors (FBGs), electrical strain gages
FBG
Strain gages
and two types of accelerometers. In this paper we rst show the practical aspects of the
Accelerometer validation experiments before proceeding with the inuence of the techniques on the pin
Grid method dynamics. Finally we compare the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the level of determination
Laser Doppler vibrometer of the response signal of the sensors for low amplitudes and low frequencies. We conclude
Nuclear fuel pins that for our setup the optical techniques and MEMS-type accelerometer prove to offer supe-
MYRRHA rior performance. Considering the space constraints, we believe that the ber Bragg gratings
are the best candidate for vibration monitoring in nuclear reactor core mock-ups.
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction to reduce the amplitude of the vibrations as much as pos-

A nuclear reactor fuel bundle can experience different
ow situations. Axial ow of the coolant generally prevails
along the fuel elements. The ow exerts forces on the fuel
pins which may result in vibrations of the individual fuel
pins and of the fuel assembly. Mechanical damage due to
excessive vibration is known to limit the life of fuel assem-
blies and hence it is important to understand ow-induced
vibration and damage mechanisms to prevent problems at
the design stage and assist station owners in predicting the
life of nuclear components [2,3].
Mitigating ow-induced vibrations is possible by using
spacer grids to maintain the gap between the fuel pins and
Corresponding author at: Brussels Photonics Team B-Phot, VUB,
Brussels, Belgium.
E-mail address: bdepauw@vub.ac.be (B. De Pauw).
sible. However installing too many of such spacers may
cause signicant pressure drops across the different fuel
pin sections. The absence of those spacer grids in combina-
tion with higher ow velocities, denser coolants and lower
pin diameters could lead to an increased occurrence of
ow induced vibrations [14]. Furthermore excessive struc-
tural support is detrimental to neutron economy. Assessing
the vibrations of fuel pins and fuel assembly is therefore of
utmost importance when designing a nuclear reactor.
Vibration data need to be obtained rst through careful
modeling of the ow-induced vibrations and second
through suitable measurements of the dynamics of the fuel
pins using adequate vibration sensors. This paper deals
with the latter and attempts at identifying the best candi-
date measurement technique or sensor for measuring ow
induced vibrations on nuclear fuel pins in a mock-up of a
reactor core fuel assembly. The main boundary conditions

0263-2241/$ - see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2013.07.003
3648 B. De Pauw et al. / Measurement 46 (2013) 36473653
steel tip
laser weld plastic Lead-Bismuth
steel cylinder
(1) (2) (3)
(4)
20 mm 60 mm
Fig. 1. The structure of the fuel pin mock-up on which the performance evaluation was performed.
are the following. First the fuel assembly support and the
spacers tend to limit the vibration amplitudes upfront. Sec-
ond the ow should not be disturbed by installing the sen-
sors and the latter should not suffer from the ow either.
Due to these design considerations the sensors should be
able to measure low amplitude signals of various frequen-
cies and should be minimally intrusive. We therefore con-
ducted a comparative study of different types of sensors
that can measure vibrations on fuel pins, with the aim to
identify the best candidate to integrate in a hydraulic
experiment characterizing the fuel assembly hydrody-
namic behavior and eventually in the nuclear reactor core
itself. We considered a set of optical and electro-mechani-
cal sensors and techniques consisting of strain gages (SG)
[6,7], accelerometers (piezoelectric (PIEZO) and MEMS)
[8], ber Bragg gratings (FBGs) [4,5,13], a laser Doppler
vibrometer (LDV) [9] and a grid method (GRID) [11].
To compare these sensors and techniques we have built
a setup that can hold one fuel pin mock-up in air (without
any spacer grid) and we characterized the vibration param-
eters of pristine pins. Then we evaluated the effect of
attaching the sensors to the fuel pin on the vibration
parameters. Finally we carried out a comparative experi-
mental campaign and we compared the performance of
the sensors based on the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) and
the response to an applied excitation. The quality of the lat-
ter are evaluated based on an R2 regression factor (also
called the level of determination), on SmirnovKolmogorov
tests for normality of the residuals and nally on the noise
in the sensor responses.
The remainder of this paper is structured as follows.
First we deal with the construction of the experimental
setup. We then discuss the experimental method and more
particularly the excitation signal, the recording of the out-
put signal and the data processing. Finally we deal with the
experimental results and with the analysis of the sensor re-
sponses. In this analysis we rst discuss the non-contact
optical techniques as they can reveal the inuence of the
attachment of these contact sensors on the vibration fea-
tures of the fuel pins. We then report on the results for
those contact sensors.
2. Setup
2.1. The fuel pins
We manufactured four fuel pin mockups from stainless
steel cylindrical tubes (4) with a diameter of 6.35 mm and
6.35 mm
steel tip
plastic spring (1)
(5) (3) steel cylinder (6) laser weld
(4)
(2)
720 mm 580 mm 20 mm
1400 mm
a length of 1.400 mm (Fig. 1). We chose these dimensions
to be as close as possible to those of the actual pins that
will be used during the operation of the nuclear reactor
specically targeted in our research.1 To simulate the pin
internal the cylindrical tubes were lled with a piece of solid
leadbismuth (5) supported by hollow PVC spacers (3). A
spring (6) was inserted to simulate pressure on the leadbis-
muth. The tube was sealed with laser welded (2) tips (1). We
use a pulsed air jet together with a signal generator for the
excitation of the fuel pins (see [12]). The air jet excites the
fuel pins without any physical contact. The switching time
of this air valve can be controlled so as to excite the fuel pins
with a pulse. The air valve has a maximum excitation fre-
quency of 1 kHz which is determined by the 1 ms minimum
switching time. We could hence determine the natural
frequencies of the rst modes of the fuel pin and obtain
the resonance frequencies of the different fuel pins both
with and without sensors (by using the non-contact LDV
as a reference measurement technique).
2.2. Boundary conditions
We also constructed a rigid supporting structure (Fig. 2)
that consists of aluminum proles (40  120 mm, 5.3 kg/
m). We xed several pins in the structure and determined
their natural frequencies. The maximum observed differ-
ence in resonance frequencies for several measurements
and installments of one pin was 0.8% (0.7 Hz) for the rst
mode and 1.8% (0.5 Hz) for the second mode (Fig. 2). The
difference in natural frequencies from one pin to another
reached 1.5% (0.10 Hz) for the rst mode and 5%
(1.5 Hz) for the second mode. Using a student-T based
signicance test we conclude that our setup reproduces
the same vibrational conditions within a 96% certainty.
3. Validation of vibration measurement
3.1. Methods
During initial evaluation tests we excited the fuel pins
with a shaker (Brel & Kjaer mini shaker type 4810) that
generates a simple harmonic (sine waveform). We ob-
tained the resonance frequencies experimentally and
1
The MYRRHA reactor of the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK.CEN)
[1] This accelerator driven reactor will be able to sustain nuclear ssion
reactions driven by a proton accelerator and uses a liquid eutectic mixture
of lead and bismuth as spallation source and reactor coolant.
 B. De Pauw et al. / Measurement 46 (2013) 36473653
Fig. 2. Schematic of the experimental setup (top) with the results of the initial experiments (bottom). We observe that the resonances are in the vicinity of
8.5 Hz and 29 Hz.
1 put signal for each sensor or technique.
Coherence function
0
1 Hz
frequency 140 Hz
Fig. 3. Coherence function of a bare fuel pin. We show that for the shaker
excitation the response of the structure is linear.
found that the rst two modes were always in the vicinity
of 8.5 Hz and 29 Hz (Fig. 2). As a sidenote we also esti-
mated the damping ratios2 for the rst two resonances for
a pristine fuel pin in the order of 7.5% and 5.3%. We note that
the structure response to the shaker excitation is linear, as
conrmed by the LDV measurements (Fig. 3).3 We chose to
perform the evaluation at the rst mode (accurately mea-
sured with the LDV before each evaluation) because the fun-
damental mode will always be excited when random forces
(such a the coolant ow) are exerted on the fuel pins. We set
the amplitudes of the harmonic excitation signals with
discrete steps on a signal generator. These amplitudes then
effected a transverse displacement of 10 lm up to 60 lm.
To measure axial strain (with the FBG and SG), the
transversal displacement (with GRID), the velocity (with
the LDV) or the acceleration (with PIEZO and MEMS), we
apply the excitation force with the shaker at 1/3 height
of the fuel pins. This location helps to avoid the occurrence
of the standing wave nodes and to average the displace-
ment of the rst mode. For all sensors we measure during
8 s at a 1024 Hz sampling frequency (except for GRID
where 512 fps was the highest achievable frame rate).
2
The damping ratios were estimated using the bandwidth at half power.
3
The nonlinearities can be estimated from the coherence function
between the input and output. Except for near the resonances (as
expected), the coherence is 1.
3649
We consecutively evaluate and compare the input and out-
We consider a periodic, sine-like output signal with a
frequency equal to that of the input signal. We compare
these signals with a least-squares (LS) tting algorithm
and evaluate the quality of the data with a SNR calculation
and a goodness of t test. For the goodness of t test we
rst estimate the amplitude, the frequency, the phase
and the DC shift from the LS t. Second we calculate the
R2-value. The latter, also known as the level of determina-
tion, is dened as
X y  fi 2
R2 1  i
: 1
i y 2
i  y
In this Eq. (1), yi is the measured data at point i and fi is
the value of the tted data at point i. The mean of the data
is given by y. A rst indication of the quality of the sensor is
then quantied by how close R2 is to 1. Finally we calculate
the residuals in order to evaluate the sampling of the sys-
tems and trends in the noise. The evaluation consisted of
SmirnovKolmogorov tests of normality [10]. The lower
the value of these tests, the lower the probability that
sources of noise were present during measurement.
We apply this method for all the tested sensors or tech-
niques and we compared the results. These are dealt with
below for the non-contact techniques and the contact
sensors.
3.2. Non-contact techniques
First we evaluate non-contact optical measurement
techniques. These systems require optical access to the fuel
pin. The tested non-contact sensors include the laser Dopp-
ler vibrometer (LDV) and a grid method (GRID).
The LDV is a laser based vibration sensor that measures
the Doppler shift of the diffuse reection of a laser beam by
the structure under test (see also [9]). The smooth steel
surface of the fuel pin does not reect a sufcient amount
of light in a diffuse fashion. We eliminate this problem by
applying a small piece of reective tape to the fuel pin
(Fig. 4) at the location of the impinging laser beam. Attach-
ing this patch of reective tape did not inuence the vibra-
tion parameters (resonance frequencies) of the fuel pin
structure (Fig. 9 and Table 1). We show that for the lowest
3650 B. De Pauw et al. / Measurement 46 (2013) 36473653
Fig. 4. Close-up of the non-contact measurement aids on the fuel pin with the grid for GRID (bottom) and the reective tape for LDV (top).
Table 1
Original natural frequencies of the pristine pins and the effect of attaching the sensors on these frequencies.
Sensor name Orig 1st mode (Hz)
LDV 8.45
GRID 8.44
FBG 8.42
SG 8.52
PIEZO 8.44
MEMS 8.44
Fig. 5. Close-up of the contact sensors attached to the fuel pin with from top to bottom the SG, the FBG, the PIEZO and the MEMS.
two modes the effect of the reective tape on the reso-
nance frequencies is on the order of 0.04 Hz (or 0.5%) and
0.09 Hz (or 0.3%). This effect is of the same order of magni-
tude as the differences summarized in Fig. 2 and can hence
be neglected. Finally we evaluate the LDV with the method
described in Section 3.1.
A grid method consists of capturing 2-D or 3-D images
and analyzing the phase differences between grid lines in
the images (as in [11]). We use a grid of alternating gray
and black lines with a density of four lines per millimeter
to correlate pixels (Fig. 4). The grid was approximately
6 cm long and 8 mm wide. The grid inuenced the stiffness
of the fuel pin, causing the eigenmode frequencies to shift.
We show a difference in resonance frequency of 0.76 Hz
(1st mode) and 1.70 Hz (2nd mode) after attaching the grid
and reinstalling the pin (Table 1). This difference is not
negligible compared to the uncertainty on the measure-
ment because of the xation (see Section 2.2). We capture
images at a frame rate of 500 fps for 4 s. We consecutively
t a sine through the correlating lines of the grid, which
yields the displacement as a function of time. We average
this data and apply the analysis described in Section 3.1.
3.3. Contact sensors
Second we evaluate contact sensors: in particular ber
Bragg gratings (FBG), strain gages (SG), a piezo-type
Orig 2nd mode (Hz) Dx 1st mode (Hz) Dx 2nd mode (Hz)
29.42 0.09 0.04
28.23 0.76 1.70
28.00 0.15 1.88
29.42 0.67 0.34
28.23 0.49 2.92
28.23 0.88 2.29
accelerometer (PIEZO) and a MEMS-type accelerometer
(MEMS).
A strain gage is a small electrical circuit that changes its
electrical resistance when strained (see [6,7]). This change
can be measured using a Wheatstone bridge and amplied
consecutively. To read out the resistive strain gage signals
we use a quarter-bridge Wheatstone bridge in a three-wire
layout and glue a single strain gage (Model: EA-13-031DE-
350E from Vishay MM)4 on the fuel pin structure. Attaching
the SG to the pin (Fig. 5) induces a resonance frequency shift
of 0.340.67 Hz (Table 1). This shift is close to the uncer-
tainty on the measurement as a result of the xation and
therefore the SG has a limited effect on the vibrational
parameters of the fuel pin. The processing of the SG signals
is carried out as already described in Section 3.1.
The ber Bragg grating (FBG) is an optical measuring
technique based on optical bers (see also [4,5,13]). A
FBG consists of a periodic variation of the refractive index
of the core of an optical ber and is fabricated using dedi-
cated laser-based techniques. The FBG is characterized by a
resonance wavelength at which it reects broadband light,
referred to as Bragg wavelength kB. kB is a function of the
axial strain applied to the optical ber. We use a Bragg
grating5 with a nominal Bragg wavelength of 1548 nm at
4
Strain gage parameters: 350 X, STC 13 lm/F (25 lm/C).
5
Fabricated at the Universit de Mons (Belgium).
 B. De Pauw et al. / Measurement 46 (2013) 36473653 3651

LDV
100 % 100 %
LDV MEMS MEMS
FBG GRID
R quality factor

R quality factor
GRID

SG
FBG

ACC
0% 90 %

10 m 60 m 10 m 60 m
Signal amplitude Signal amplitude

Fig. 6. Overview of the quality factor for all the sensors (left) and a zoom of the top 10% (right) as a function of the signal amplitude.

75
LDV

Smirnov MEMS
GRID

SNR (dB)
FBG

SG

Kolmogorov
Fig. 7. Mean Smirnov (top) and Kolmogorov (bottom) test of normality
values for the tested sensors.
room temperature and a grating length of approximately
5 mm. We process the spectrum of the light reected by
the FBG with a commercially available FBG-scan 804 (from
FBGS International) interrogator with a wavelength resolu-
tion up to 0.5 pm (0.4 l).6 We glued the FBG to the pin
(Fig. 5) with a 200 l prestrain. As a result the resonance fre-
quencies of the fuel pin increased 0.15 and 1.88 Hz (Table 1),
which is comparable to the uncertainty on the measure-
ments introduced by the xation. Finally we process the
FBG signals as described in Section 3.1.
Accelerometers are devices that pick up the proper
acceleration of an internal test mass and convert it into
an electrical signal [8]. We evaluate both a piezo-electronic
and a MEMS type accelerometer. A piezo-electric based
accelerometer that ts the dimensional constraints is the
PCB Piezotronics 352A24 model (Fig. 5) and and has a sen-
sitivity of 100 mV/g. This accelerometer shifts the reso-
nance frequencies with 0.492.92 Hz. This is signicantly
higher than with the other contact sensors and is to be ex-
pected because of the larger mass (0.8 g) and dimensions
of this sensor. The MEMS type accelerometers perform bet-
ter when picking up low frequency variations. We use the
6
1 le = 1/106 DL/L.
10 ACC
10 m 60 m
Signal amplitude
Fig. 8. Overview of the SNR for all the sensors as a function of the signal
amplitude.
3741B122G model from PCB Piezotronics with a sensitivity
of 1000 mV/g and a 2 g (19.6 m/s2) measurement range.
The resonance frequencies shift with 0.882.29 Hz when
pasting the accelerometer to the pin (Fig. 5). This substan-
tial effect is due to the fact that this sensor has fairly large
dimensions and mass (9.92 g). We summarize the effects
as a result of both accelerometers in Table 1.
4. Results and Conclusions
4.1. Results
For the non-contact optical measurement techniques,
the LDV outperforms GRID (Fig. 6): the LDV returns a R2
quality factor of 99.9% compared to 96.2% for the lowest
amplitude signal measured by the grid technique. We ob-
tain an analog result for the SNR where the LDV has a ratio
of 68.5 dB and the grid technique 45.5 dB, again for the
lowest signal amplitude. The reduced sum of residuals also
shows that the sine-wave is almost perfectly reproduced
for the LDV. The LDV has a medium Smirnov and Kolmogo-
rov value for all displacement amplitudes (Fig. 7). So for
the LDV there is a balance between the noise suppression
and statistical errors. The grid method on the other hand
combines a lot of data (because of the averaging) and still
produces a somewhat higher Smirnov and Kolmogorov va-
lue. Therefore the noise is slightly larger and the output
3652 B. De Pauw et al. / Measurement 46 (2013) 36473653

SG SG
1 +1

Magnitude [SU]

Amplitude [SU]
0 -1
0 Hz 40 Hz 0s 0.5 s
frequency time

1
LDV LDV
+1
Magnitude [SU]

Amplitude [SU]
0 -1
0 Hz 40 Hz 0s 0.5 s
frequency time

PIEZO PIEZO
1 +1
Magnitude [SU]

Amplitude [SU]

0 -1
0 Hz 40 Hz 0s 0.5 s
frequency time

MEMS MEMS
1 +1
Magnitude [SU]

Amplitude [SU]

0 -1
0 Hz 40 Hz 0s 0.5 s
frequency time
FBG FBG
1 +1
Magnitude [SU]

Amplitude [SU]

0 -1
0 Hz 40 Hz 0s 0.5 s
frequency time

GRID GRID
1 +1
Magnitude [SU]

Amplitude [SU]

0 -1
0 Hz 40 Hz 0s 0.5 s
frequency time
Fig. 9. The spectrum of the fuel pins before (gray) and after attaching the sensors (black) on the left, overview of the measured data for the 35 lm signal
amplitude and tted to a harmonic on the right.
 B. De Pauw et al. / Measurement 46 (2013) 36473653
data is less reliable. Nevertheless and overall both non-
contact optical techniques perform very well.
For the contact sensors the differences in quality factors
are more pronounced (Fig. 6). The MEMS accelerometer
performs best with a consistent R2-quality factor of
99.7%, closely followed by the ber Bragg gratings (FBG)
yielding R2-quality factors between 92% and 99.5%. This
is in agreement with the SNR results where the MEMS
has a consistent ratio of 65.4 dB while the FBG is some-
where between 37.6 dB and 46.9 dB. The strain gage (SG)
dangles signicantly lower in the list with a quality factor
of only 39.5% up to 84.5%. This trend is also reected in the
SNR values which are between 21.9 dB and 32.2 dB. Finally
the piezo-type accelerometer has a maximum quality fac-
tor close to 0.6% and a SNR of 16.7 dB. We explain the rank-
ing of the contact sensors with the high sensitivity of
1000 mV/g of the MEMS. The readout of the FBGs is done
with a wavelength resolution of 0.5 pm, while the input
signal amplitude causes a wavelength shift of only a couple
of picometers. This is illustrated by the Smirnov and Kol-
mogorov tests values (Fig. 7) and and the excerpt of the
sensors response in Fig. 9. Nevertheless and because the
FBG are essentially only sensitive to temperature uctua-
tion, they are able to reproduce the input signal in a very
consistent manner (Fig. 9). Therefore the FBGs closely fol-
low the MEMS in terms of performance (see Figs. 6 and
8). Electrical noise deteriorates the response of the SGs
when strains are only on the order of 1 l. Finally the
piezo-type accelerometer exhibits the least favorable
behavior in our experiments. For this sensor and for an
estimated displacement between 10 lm and 60 lm and
frequency of about 8.5 Hz, the signal is on the order of
1.45 mV which is close to the noise level. Increasing the
frequency will certainly allow the piezo-type accelerome-
ter to pick up the accelerations. However measuring the
lower frequency modes (especially if the displacements
are small) will remain a difcult task. From the analysis
we can conclude that both the R2 and SNR values yield
the same ranking of the sensors. However the difference
is more pronounced when using the SNR (Fig. 8). On the
other hand, the R2-value allows extracting additional infor-
mation i.e. how well is the input signal reproduced.
4.2. Conclusions
To conclude the results of the performance evaluation
show that the laser Doppler vibrometer is the most perfor-
mant measurement technique. It is followed by the grid
method, MEMS accelerometers and FBGs, in that order.
Geometrical and optical constraints of the target applica-
tion determine the eventual choice. Considering the lim-
ited space available in between the fuel pins and the
impossibility to have optical access to the fuel assembly
we believe that the FBGs are the best canditate for in situ
3653
measurement. Further research will focus on the integra-
tion of the optical bers and sensors within the fuel assem-
bly and carrying out measurements in the presence of
reactor coolant ow.
Acknowlegdements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding of the
Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCKCEN, Boeretang
200, Mol, Belgium). T. Geernaert is post-doctoral fellow
of FWO-Vlaanderen (Research Foundation Flanders). Sup-
port from the COST TD1001 action OFSESA and from the
Interuniversity Attraction Poles (IAP) Belgian Science Pol-
icy is acknowledged as well. We also like to acknowledge
the help of the UMons for supplying the ber Bragg grat-
ings and the support of FBGS Int. as they allowed us to
use their interrogator.
Appendix A. Excerpt of spectral data and time signals
See Fig. 9.
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