a

TRNG I HC S PHM NGH THUT TRUNG NG

_______________________

TS. TRNH HOI THU (CH BIN)

GIO TRNH
MN L THUYT M NHC C BN
(H I HC S PHM M NHC)
Ti liu lu hnh ni b

H Ni - 2012
 NHM BIN SON

CH BIN

TS. TRNH HOI THU

TP TH TC GI

PGS.TSKH. PHM L HA
TS. NGUYN TH T MAI
THS. L ANH TUN
THS. LNG MINH TN

2
 MC LC

DANH MC BNG BIU ................................................................................... 5

DANH MC CH VIT TT.............................................................................. 5
LI NI U....................................................................................................... 6
CHNG 1. M THANH V LI GHI NHC .................................................. 7
1.1. m thanh ........................................................................................................ 7
1.2. Li ghi nhc.................................................................................................. 11
CHNG 2. NHP IU - NHP - NHP .................................................... 34
2.1. Nhp iu, trng c bn v trng t do............................................ 34
2.2. Nhp.............................................................................................................. 37
2.3. Nhp ......................................................................................................... 46
CHNG 3. QUNG......................................................................................... 56
3.1. Khi nim v qung ...................................................................................... 56
3.2. ln s lng v cht lng ca qung, qung n. Qung i-a-t-nch.... 56
3.3. o qung, qung ghp................................................................................. 61
3.4. Qung thun, qung nghch........................................................................... 64
CHNG 4. IU THC V GING.............................................................. 71
4.1. m n nh, m ch, m khng n nh........................................................ 71
4.2. iu thc trng, gam trng t nhin, cc bc ca gam trng. ................. 72
4.3. Ging iu, cc ging trng c du thng v du ging............................... 75
4.4. Ging trng ha thanh v ging trng giai iu ........................................ 80
4.5. iu thc th, gam th t nhin.................................................................... 81
4.6. iu th ha thanh v iu th giai iu ....................................................... 82
4.7. Cc ging trng tn,...................................................................................... 87
CHNG 5. XC NH GING, DCH GING, CHUYN GING .............. 93
5.1. Xc nh ging.............................................................................................. 93
5.2. Dch ging .................................................................................................... 94
5.3. Chuyn ging................................................................................................ 96
CHNG 6. THANG M, IU THC DN GIAN ..................................... 104
6.1. Quan im v thang m iu thc dn gian ................................................. 104
6.2. Mt s dng iu thc dn gian hay s dng............................................... 106
CHNG 7. HP M...................................................................................... 118

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7.1. Hp m ....................................................................................................... 118
7.2. Cc hp m ba chnh iu trng v th. ................................................. 120
7.3. Cc hp m ba ph ca iu trng v th.................................................. 122
7.4. Hp m by ................................................................................................ 124
7.5. Cc hp m by dn.................................................................................... 126
CHNG 8: GIAI IU .................................................................................. 131
8.1. ngha ca giai iu trong tc phm m nhc ............................................ 131
8.2. Hng chuyn ng ca giai iu v tm c ca n.................................... 132
CHNG 9: MT S VN V L THUYT M NHC NG I
(CONTEMPORARY MUSIC THEORY).......................................................... 138
9.1. V m thanh m nhc.................................................................................. 138
9.2. V iu tnh ................................................................................................ 139
9.3. V ho thanh............................................................................................... 140
9.4. V li ghi nhc............................................................................................ 141
CHNG 10: MT S K HIU NHC THNG DNG CHO N PHM
IN T........................................................................................................... 146
10.1. Mt s cch k hiu hp m cho n phm in t.................................... 146
10.2. Thang m Blues ........................................................................................ 147
10.3. Tit tu ca mt s iu nhc ph bin...................................................... 149
TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH .................................................................... 160

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 DANH MC BNG BIU
1. Bng 1: K hiu m nhc bng ch ci
2. Bng 2: Mt s thut ng m nhc thng dng trong c v ghi nhc
3. Bng 2a: V l thuyt m nhc
4. Bng 2b: V mt s loi nhc ht thng dng
5. Bng 2c: V cch din t
6. Bng 2d: V tc chuyn ng ca m nhc ( nhanh)
7. Bng 2: Mt s k hiu b sung cho nhanh

DANH MC CH VIT TT

Cao ng s phm CSP

C nhn CNin
i hc s phm HSP
i hc s phm m nhc HSPN
i hc s phm ngh thut trung ng HSPNTTW
n v hc trnh vht
Gio vin GV
Gio dc v o to GD&T
Gio s GS
Hc sinh HS
Khoa hc v cng ngh KH&CN
Nh xut bn NXB
Ph gio s PGS
Sch gio khoa SGK
Sinh vin SV
Thc s ThS
Tin s TS
Trung hc c s THCS
Trung ng TW
X hi ch ngha XHCN

5
 LI NI U

L thuyt m nhc l mn hc c bn trong chng trnh o to m nhc. T

nhng vn ca l thuyt m nhc gip cho ngi hc nhc c nn tng kin thc
c s hc tp cc mn hc m nhc. S hnh thnh l thuyt m nhc c t rt sm
trong lch s pht trin ca x hi loi ngi. Vi mi quc gia, vic hnh thnh h
thng l thuyt m nhc theo nhng quan im ring, n gn lin vi khng gian vn
ho ca cng ng ngi trn cng mt vng a l, vi nhn sinh quan...Chnh v
vy m chng ta c h thng l thuyt m nhc phng ng, phng Ty, chu u,
chu . C th thy, hin nay nhng vn L thuyt m nhc c cc nc trn th
gii s dng chung l l thuyt m nhc c ngun gc t chu u. Nhng ti liu v
l thuyt m nhc ang s dng Vit Nam hin nay cng theo h thng ny.
Vi chng trnh o to s phm m nhc, L thuyt m nhc c bn l mn
hc ht sc cn thit nhm b tr cho vic nghin cu v hc tp cc mn chuyn
ngnh m nhc khc. Trong khi , gio trnh dy hc mn ny hin nay cn thiu.
Nhng ti liu ang c s dng cha thc s p ng c cho h o to i hc s
phm m nhc bi v: c ti liu qu nng v kin thc m nhc chuyn nghip, c ti
liu cn sai st, cha cp nht c nhng t liu mi mang tnh thi i. Do , vic
bin son gio trnh mn hc L thuyt m nhc c bn cho h i hc s phm m
nhc trong giai on hin nay l rt cn thit.
Hy vng rng Gio trnh mn L thuyt m nhc c bn ca chng ti s l
mt ti liu ging dy v hc tp cho h i hc S phm m nhc ni chung v cho
trng i hc s phm Ngh thut TW ni ring, p ng nhu cu thc tin ging dy
i hc s phm m nhc hin nay.

TS. Trnh Hoi Thu

6
 CHNG 1. M THANH V LI GHI NHC

1.1. m thanh
1.1.1. C s vt l ca m thanh.
Khi nim:
m nhc l ngh thut dng m thanh v nhp iu din t t tng v tnh
cm ca con ngi. T khi nim trn cho thy tt c nhng g c tnh nhc u xut
pht t m thanh, nhng ngc li, cng c rt nhiu m thanh khng c tnh nhc. V
vy, gia m thanh c tnh nhc v m thanh khng c tnh nhc l khc nhau.
m thanh l mt hin tng vt l ng thi n cn l mt cm gic. m thanh
c to ra bi s dao ng ca mt vt th n hi no . Khi vt th n hi dao
ng to ra nhng sng m. Nhng sng m ny lan truyn trong khng gian n
tai ngi lm cho mng nh cng dao ng cng vi tn s ca sng . T mng nh
nhng sng m ny truyn qua h thn kinh ca b no to nn cm gic v m thanh.
Phn bit m thanh c tnh nhc v m thanh khng c tnh nhc:
m thanh c tnh nhc l s rung ca sng m mt cch u n. Khi nghe
sng m u n, tai chng ta pht hin c tn s v nhn bit c cao ca m
thanh. Chng hn nh ting ht, ting n, ting so...Nhng m thanh ny gi l
nhng m c cao r rng hay cn gi l nhng m thanh c tnh nhc (m nhc).
m thanh khng c tnh nhc l s hn n ca tn s dao ng, n khng theo
mt trt t u n. Tai chng ta vn nhn bit c cc m thanh ny nhng khng
c tn s no n nh c th phn bit c cao . Chng hn nh nhng m
khng c tn s nht nh nh ting my n, ting ci t, ting sm, ting gi
thi...gi l nhng m thanh khng c cao r rng hay cn gi l ting ng, l
tp m.
1.1.2. Cc thuc tnh ca m thanh c tnh nhc.
Chng ta tip nhn mt s lng ln cc m thanh khc nhau, nhng khng
phi mi m thanh u c dng trong m nhc. Thnh gic ca ta phn bit nhng
m thanh c tnh nhc v nhng m thanh khng c tnh nhc (c tnh cht ting
ng).

7
 Nhng m thanh c tnh cht ting ng khng c cao chnh xc, th d:
ting rt, ting kt ca ... v v th, trong tc phm ca mt s nhc s u th k XX
tr v trc khng s dng loi m thanh ny trong tc phm m nhc.
m thanh c tnh nhc c xc nh bi bn thuc tnh l: cao (cao -
ting Anh: pitch hay pitch level), di (trng - ting Anh: duration), mnh
(cng - ting Anh: loudness hay strength of tone) v m sc (ting Anh: tone
colour hay timbre). Trong bn thuc tnh ny, mc d di khng lm thay i tnh
cht vt l ca m thanh, nhng ng trn quan im m nhc, n li c ngha v
cng quan trng.
cao (cn gi l cao ) l cao hay thp ca m thanh, ph thuc vo tn
s dao ng ca vt th rung. Dao ng cng nhanh, m thanh cng cao v ngc li.
V d: m thp nht ca n piano c tn s khong 30 Hz (30 ln dao ng trong mt
giy. Hz l ch vit tt ca Hertz l n v ca tn s); m cao nht c tn s khong
4000 Hz. [theo t in m nhc ca Oxford nm 1979]. Tai ngi c kh nng phn
bit c nhng m c cao khong t 27.5Hz n 4186Hz.
di (cn gi l trng ) l di hay ngn ca m thanh, ph thuc vo
thi gian v qui m dao ng ca vt th - ngun pht m t lc bt u vang ln. Tm
c dao ng lc bt u ca m thanh cng rng th thi gian tt dn ca n cng di.
mnh (cn gi l cng ) l vang to hay nh ca m thanh, ph thuc
vo sc mnh nhng di chuyn dao ng, tc l ph thuc vo tm c dao ng ca
ngun pht m. Khng gian trong din ra cc dao ng gi l bin dao ng.
Bin dao ng cng rng m thanh cng to v ngc li. n v o cng m
thanh l Decibel (vit tt l Db).
m sc l kha cnh cht lng ca m thanh, l mu sc ca n. xc nh
c im ca m sc, ngi ta s dng nhng tnh t thuc cc lnh vc cm gic khc
nhau. Ta bit rng mi nhc c hoc mi ging u c m sc ring. Cng mt m
thanh c cao nht nh, nhng do cc loi nhc c hay ging ht khc nhau pht ra
th mi nhc c hay mi ging ht li c mt mu sc ring. S khc bit ca m
sc ty thuc vo thnh phn nhng m cc b m mi m thanh u c.
1.1.3. Bi m
Khi mt si dy n dao ng th t n chia ra thnh nhiu phn bng nhau v
cng rung ln. Chng hn khi dy n violon dao ng, n khng ch rung ton b si

8
dy n m cn dao ng 1/2 dy, 1/3 dy, 1/4 dy, 1/5 dy...Trong qu trnh dao
ng chung ca ton b dy n, nhng dao ng tng phn cng to ra nhng m
cc b. Nhng m ny c cao khc nhau v dao ng ca cc ln sng to ra chng
c tc khc nhau. Tuy nhin tai ngi ch nghe c m chnh do dao ng ca
ton b dy n, cn nhng m ny khng nhn thy c v c gi l m bi.
V d 1:
Nu si dy ch pht ra mt m gc duy nht th hnh thi ln sng ca n s
tng ng vi biu sau:

Sng m ca 1/2 dy n (nhng ln sng phn na nhanh gp hai ln):

Sng m ca 1/3 dy n (nhng ln sng phn ba nhanh gp ba ln):

1.1.4. Thang m t nhin

Nu ly s lng dao ng ca m th nht (m gc) ca dy n lm n v
th s lng dao ng ca cc m cc b s c biu hin bng chui s nguyn:
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16
Thang m t nhin l thang m gm m gc v cc m bi ca n.
Nu ly nt Do qung tm ln lm m gc, ta c thang m t nhin sau:
V d 2:

9
1.1.5. H thng m thanh, tn gi, cc qung tm
H thng m thanh trong m nhc
S sp xp cc m ca h thng m thanh da theo cao gi l hng m, mi
m thanh khc nhau l mt bc ca hng m .
H thng m thanh trong m nhc l mt thang m y gm 88 m khc
nhau c sp xp theo cao ca tng m t thp n cao. Dao ng ca cc m
t m thp nht n m cao nht nm trong gii hn t 27.5 Hz n 4186 Hz. l
nhng m thanh c cao m tai ngi c th phn bit.
Tn gi cc bc c bn
Tn gi cc bc c bn trong thang m ca h thng m nhc: Do, Re, Mi, Fa,
Sol, La, Si.
Cc bc (m hay nt) c bn ny tng ng vi cc phm trng ca n Piano
hay ca cc n phm ni chung: By tn gi ca cc bc c bn c nhc li mt
cch chu k trong thang m v do chng bao gm m thanh ca tt c cc bc c
bn.
S d nh vy v mi m th tm tnh ngc ln (trong s nhng m pht ra khi
bm cc phm trng) c to nn bi s tng gp i s lng dao ng so vi m
th nht. Cho nn n tng ng vi bi m th hai ca m th nht (m gc) v vy
hon ton quyn vi m .
Khong cch gia cc m thanh ca nhng bc ging nhau gi l qung tm.
B phn ca thang m trong c 7 bc m c bn cng gi l qung tm. Nh vy
ton b thang m chia thnh nhng tng qung tm. m thanh ca bc Do c coi l
m u ca qung tm. Ton b thang m gm by qung tm trn vn v bn m hp
thnh 2 qung tm thiu hai u hng m ( hai u bn phm piano). Tn gi cc
qung tm tnh t thp ln cao nh sau:
Qung tm cc trm (qung tm thiu)
Qung tm trm
Qung tm ln
Qung tm nh
Qung tm 1
Qung tm 2
Qung tm 3

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 Qung tm 4
Qung tm 5 (qung tm thiu)
S cc qung tm biu hin trn n piano:

(theo s ny nt La qung tm cc trm l 27,5 Hz, nt Do qung tm 5 l

4186Hz).
1.2. Li ghi nhc (cc k hiu m nhc).
1.2.1. K hiu ca cc bc c bn bng h thng ch ci.
Trong m nhc, ngi ta cn dng phng thc k hiu m thanh bng ch ci
da trn bng ch ci Latin.
m La qung tm th nht c tn s 440Hz c coi l m mu trong h
thng cc m c bn. Do vy, m La c tn l ch A (ch ci u trong bng ch ci).
Cc bc c bn c k hiu nh sau:
La Si Do Re Mi Fa Sol
A B C D E F G
mt s nc nh: c, Nga...li k hiu m Si l ch H, cn ch B k
hiu cho m Si ging.
Trong ti liu ny thng nht cch ghi, chng ti s dng k hiu ch B cho
m Si v ch Bb cho m Si ging.
ch k hiu cc m trong cc tng qung tm khc nhau, ngi ta thng ghi
nh sau:
Cc nt qung tm cc trm k hiu bng ch ci in hoa v ghi s 2 nh hoc

2 vch nh bn di: A2, B2, hoc ; ...

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 Cc nt qung tm trm k hiu bng ch ci in hoa v ghi s 1 nh hoc 1
vch nh bn di: A1, B1, hoc A, B...
Cc nt qung tm ln k hiu bng ch ci in hoa: C, D, E, F, ...
Cc nt qung tm nh k hiu bng ch ci thng: c, d, e, f,...
Cc nt qung tm th nht n qung tm th nm k hiu bng ch ci
thng v ch s hoc bng vch bn trn tng ng vi tn gi ca qung tm :

Nt Do qung tm th nht ghi l: c1 hoc

Nt Do qung tm th hai ghi l: c2 hoc

Nt Do qung tm th ba ghi l: c3 hoc

Nt Do qung tm th t ghi l: c4 hoc

Nt Do qung tm th nm ghi l: c5 hoc

1.2.2. K hiu m bng nt nhc.
1.2.2.1. Nt nhc
k hiu cc bc (m) trong m nhc ngi ta dng nt nhc. Nt nhc l mt
hnh bu dc c hoc rng c ui hoc khng c ui. Hnh bu dc c hoc rng
xc nh trng ca m thanh
V d 3:

ui ca nt nhc l mt vch thng ng bm vo mp phi ca hnh bu dc

(c hoc rng) nu nt nhc c ui quay ln, bm vo mp tri ca hnh bu dc
(c hoc rng) nu nt nhc c ui quay xung.
Nt nhc dng 3 c th vit ui quay ln hoc quay xung. T nt nhc
dng 3 i ln, cc nt nhc c ui quay xung nm bn tri nt nhc. T nt nhc
dng 3 i xung, cc nt nhc c ui quay ln nm bn phi nt nhc.
V d 4:

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 Ngoi ra cn c nhng nt mc ui nt nhc (bao gi cng t bn phi
ui nt nhc) phn nh trng ca nt nhc.
V d 5:

...
1.2.2.2. Khung nhc v cc dng k ph
Khung nhc gm c nm dng k song song cch u nhau. Khong cch gia
hai dng k lin nhau c gi l khe. Khung nhc gm c 5 dng k v 4 khe c
nh s t di ln. Cc nt nhc c th nm dng k hoc khe.
V d 6:

ghi cao , nm ngoi 5 dng k chnh, ngi ta cn dng cc dng k ph.

Dng k ph l nhng ng k ngn c t trn hoc di khung nhc. Dng
k ph ghi cc m thanh cao hn hoc thp hn cc m thanh nm trn khung
nhc.
V d 7:

1.2.2.3. Kho nhc.

Kho nhc cn gi l cha nhc hay cha kho nhc. l k hiu t u
khung nhc xc nh tn nhng nt nhc trn khung. C 3 loi kho thng dng
l kha Sol, kho Fa v kho Do.
Kho Sol
Kho Sol c k hiu:

13
V d 8:

g1(nt sol qung tm th nht)

Kho Sol c bt u t dng k th hai ca khung nhc. Kho Sol xc nh
cao ca nt Sol tng qung tm th nht nm trn dng k th hai.
Kho Fa
Kho Fa c k hiu:
V d 9:

f (nt fa qung tm nh)

Kho Fa c bt u t dng k th t trn khung nhc. Kho Fa xc nh
cao ca nt Fa tng qung tm nh nm trn dng k th t.
Kho Do
C nhiu loi kho Do. Hay dng nht l kho Do Alto
Kho Do Alto c k hiu:
V d 10:

c1 (nt do qung tm th nht)

Kho Do Alto c bt u t dng k th ba trn khung nhc. Kho Do Alto
xc nh cao ca nt Do tng qung tm th nht nm trn dng k th ba.
Ngoi ra cn c kho Do Tenor cng hay c dng.
K hiu kho Do Tenor:
V d 11:

c1 (nt do qung tm th nht)

Kho Do Tenor c bt u t dng k th t trn khung nhc. Kho Do
Tenor xc nh cao ca nt Do tng qung tm th nht nm trn dng k th t.

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1.2.3. Cc k hiu ghi trng :
ghi trng ca cc m thanh, ngi ta dng cc k hiu trng vi cc hnh
nt nhc nh sau:

Trn thc t trong m nhc cn c cc nt vi trng ln hn nt trn v

nh hn nt mc t (bn), tuy nhin y l cc trng hp him gp.
Bng tng hp biu th s tng quan gia trng cc nt nhc nh sau:

V d 12:

Vi hai hay nhiu nt c mc cng di t cnh nhau, ta c th dng vch

ngang ni ui chng vi nhau (gi l vch ngang trng ).
V d 13:

15
1.2.4. Lut m, lut bnh qun, mt cung v na cung, cc bc chuyn ha.
1.2.4.1. H thng bnh qun, mt cung v na cung
Mi tng quan v cao tuyt i (c iu chnh chnh xc) ca cc m
trong h thng m nhc gi l lut m hay h m. Lut m hin nay ly im xut pht
t 440 dao ng trong 1 giy ca m La tng qung tm th nht.
Trong h thng m hin nay, mi qung tm chia thnh 12 phn bng nhau, gi
l 12 na cung. Lut m nh vy c gi l lut bnh qun (hay cn gi l h m
iu ha). N khc vi thang m t nhin ch cc na cung trong qung tm y
u bng nhau. V qung tm c chia thnh 12 na cung bng nhau nn na cung l
khong cch hp nht gia hai bc ca thang m c bn. Khong cch do hai na cung
to thnh gi l mt cung (cn gi l nguyn cung hay ton cung).
Trong mt qung tm, gia cc bc c bn c sp xp gm c hai na cung

v nm nguyn cung (k hiu na cung l: V, k hiu mt cung l: ). Chng

c sp xp nh sau:

Do Re Mi Fa Sol La Si Do
1.2.4.2. Cc bc chuyn ho - du ha
Nhng nguyn cung c to nn gia cc bc c bn chia thnh cc na cung.
Nhng m thanh chia cc nguyn cung y thnh na cung l m thanh pht ra t cc
phm en trn piano. Nh vy qung tm gm 12 m cch u.
Mi bc c bn ca hng m c th c nng cao hoc h thp. Nhng m
tng ng vi cc bc nng cao hoc h thp l nhng bc chuyn ha.
S nng cao cc bc c bn ln na cung gi l thng (k hiu l #). Nu nng
cao ln mt cung gi l thng kp (K hiu l x).
S h thp cc bc c bn xung na cung gi l ging (K hiu l b). Nu h
thp mt cung gi l ging kp (k hiu l bb).
V d 14a:

16
 Nu mt nt nhc ang thng hay ging ...mun tr li cao c bn ngi ta

dng du hon, cn gi l du bnh (K hiu l ).

Nng cao v h thp cc bc c bn gi l ha m.
V d 14b:

Cc k hiu thng, ging, thng kp, ging kp, hon gi l cc du ho.

- Du ho t trc nt nhc gi l du ho bt thng.
V d 15:

- Du ho t sau kho nhc gi l du ho c nh.

V d 16:

Trong h thng k hiu bng ch ci Latin, k hiu cc bc chuyn ha

ngi ta thm vo cc ch ci nhng vn: is - thng, isis - thng kp, es - ging, eses -
ging kp.

V d 17: Do thng = Cis; Fa thng = Fis; Sol thng kp = Gisis; Re thng kp =

Disis; Do ging = Ces; Sol ging kp = Geses;
Trng hp ngoi l l bc chuyn ha si ging vn gi nguyn k hiu bng ch
ci B,b. Khi gp nhng nguyn m a v e tin pht m, ngi ta b e trong vn es.

V d 18: Mi ging = Es, La ging = As, Mi ging kp = Eses

1.2.4.3. Trng m.

17
 Nh trn ni tt c cc na cung trong qung tm u bng nhau. Do
cng mt bc chuyn ho, n c th l m nng cao ca bc c bn di n na
cung hoc c th l m h thp ca bc c bn trn n na cung.
Cc bc (m) c cng mt cao nhng khc nhau v tn gi v k hiu gi l
trng m.
Trng m c th xy ra gia mt bc c bn v mt bc chuyn ho.
V d 19a: Disis = E; Fisis =Sol

Trng m c th xy ra gia hai bc chuyn ho.

V d 19b: Fis = Ges; Ais = Bb

1.2.4.4. Na cung v nguyn cung (1 cung) diatonic, Na cung v nguyn cung

chromatic.
Na cung diatonic l na cung to nn gia hai bc c bn lin k (hay gia hai
bc c bn khc tn): E - F v B - C.
V d 20a:

Ngoi cc na cung ni trn, c th to ra cc na cung diatonic gia cc bc

c bn vi bc chuyn ha cao hoc thp k bn hoc gia hai bc chuyn ha: Cis -
D; F - Ges; Fisis Gis; Eis Fis
V d 20b:

Nguyn cung diatonic l nguyn cung c to nn gia hai bc k nhau. Cc

bc c bn to nn 5 khong nguyn cung C-D, D-E, F-G, G-A, A-B.
V d 20c:

18
 Ngoi ra, nguyn cung diatonic c th to nn gia cc bc c bn v bc
chuyn ha cng nh gia hai bc chuyn ha.
Na cung chromatic c to ra gia bc c bn vi bc chuyn ho cng tn.
C Cis; D Des
V d 20d:

Na cung chromatic cn c to ra gia cc dng chuyn ho cng tn.

Cis Cisis; Es Eses
V d 20:

Nguyn cung chromatic l nguyn cung c to ra gia 1 bc c bn vi s

thng kp hoc ging kp ca n.
F Fisis; G Gisis; D Deses...
V d 20e:

Nguyn cung chromatic cn l nguyn cung c to ra gia hai bc chuyn

ha ca 1 bc c bn (thng v ging ca cng mt bc c bn).
Ces Cis; Ges Gis
V d 20g:

Nguyn cung chromatic cn l mt cung c to ra gia hai bc cch nhau

qua 1 bc.
Eis G; A Ces

19
V d 20h:

1.2.5. Du lng v du tng trng :

1.2.5.1. Du lng.

L du ngh, ch s ngng ngh ca m thanh.

Bng ghi cc du lng tng ng vi trng :

Trn ( )=

Trng ( )=

en ( )=

Mc n ( )=

Mc kp ( )=
1.2.5.2. Cc k hiu b sung tng trng
Du ni : l mt hnh vng cung ni lin hai nt nm cnh nhau c cng cao

. K hiu:
V d 21:

20
 Du chm di: l du chm t bn phi ca nt nhc. Du chm di c tc
dng lm tng thm mt na gi tr trng ca chnh nt .
V d 22:

V d 23:

Du chm di v du chm di kp cn c dng vi cc du lng.

Du min nhp: l na vng cung nh c mt chm gia ( ) t trn
hoc di nt nhc. Du ny c tc dng tng trng ca nt nhc mt cch t do
tu theo tnh cht ca tc phm hay ca ngi biu din.

V d 24:

Du min nhp cn c th dng t trn hay di du lng.

1.2.6. Du vit tt v mt s k hiu khc trn bn nhc.
1.2.6.1. Du nhc li.
Du nhc li c dng nhc li mt phn (c th l mt on nhc, mt
cu nhc...) hoc ton b bn nhc. N thng c k hiu bng vch nhp i c 2
du chm, c t u v cui on nhc cn nhc li.
K hiu:

21
 Trng hp on nhc ln nhc li sau c thay i so vi ln trc, ngi ta
dng du ngoc vung v vit s 1 cho ln din u; khi nhc li ln 2 s b on
nhc trong ngoc vung c s 1 vo on nhc c ngoc vung vit s 2.
V d 25:

Khi cn nhc li mt hoc vi nhp nhiu ln, ta c th dng k hiu t

gia nhp cn nhc li:
V d 26a: cch ghi.

V d 26b: cch din.

1.2.6.2. Du dch qung tm.

Du dch qung tm c dng nng ln hay h xung mt qung tm cho
bn ghi nhc. Du ny c tc dng gip cho ngi ghi nhc trnh c cch vit phi
s dng nhiu dng k ph trn bn ghi nhc.
V d 27a: Cch ghi.

V d 27b: cch din.

22
V d 27c: cch ghi.

V d 27d: cch din.

1.2.6.3. Du Segno v Coda.

Du Segno cn gi l du hi, k hiu l:

Du ny c tc dng nhc li. Tuy nhin, n thng c dng nhc li
nhng phn nhc hay on nhc ca tc phm c khun kh ln hn so vi du nhc
li k hiu bng vch nhp i c 2 du chm v c t u v cui on nhc
cn nhc li.
Du Segno thng c t u v cui phn nhc hay on nhc cn nhc
li.
V d 28:

23
 Khi bn nhc vit hnh thc ba on, trong c on (hay phn) th ba nhc
li nguyn xi on th nht, trnh phi vit li ton b on th nht ngi ta vit
di nhp cui ca on th nht ch Fine (ngha l: Ht) v di nhp cui on
th hai cc ch sau: Da capo al fine (vit tt l: D.C. al Fine). C ngha l: trnh by t
u cho n ch Fine.
V d 29: trch on nhc ca W.A. Mozart.

Nu khng nhc li on (hay phn) th ba ngay t u th trn nhp c bt

u nhc li ngi ta ghi du ri vit vo cui on (hay phn) th hai cc ch:

Dal segno al fine, c ngha l trnh by t du Segno n ch Fine.
Khi cn kt thc sm hn ch kt thc ca on nhc (hay phn nhc) c
nhc li th vit l: Da capo segno poi coda, ngha l trnh by t u n du hi ri
sau sang Coda.
Du Coda.

Du Coda ch s kt thc, thng c k hiu l:

Du Coda thng c t cui hoc gn cui tc phm ch s kt thc
tc phm.
V d 30: trch on "H ko pho" ca Hong Vn.

24
 Trong nhiu trng hp, du Coda cn i km vi du hi ch r s trnh
by tc phm.
V d 31:

(Trnh by tc phm t u n du segno th hai;sau , nhc li on nhc (hay

phn nhc) t du segno th nht n coda th nht; b qua on nhc t coda th
nht n du segno th hai; vo lun on kt t coda th hai cho n ht tc phm).
1.2.6.4. Mt s k hiu khc trn bn nhc.
Du lc (tremolo): ch s chuyn i hai m hoc hai chng m vi tc
nhanh, u v nhiu ln. Du lc thng c k hiu bng 2 vch ngang gia hai
m hay hai chng m.
V d 32a:
Cch ghi Cch din

V d 32b:
Cch ghi Cch din

Du gp.
Thng c gi l du c-co-lat (accolade), k hiu bng mt du ngoc t
pha u t hai khung nhc tr ln. Cc khung nhc c lin kt bng du gp c

25
th cng dng chung mt loi kha nhc hay dng cc loi kha nhc khc nhau. Du
gp cho hai khung nhc thng s dng vit cho tc phm piano. Ngoi ra, du
gp cho hai khung nhc cn c s dng khi vit cho hai nhc c hay hai loi
ging.
V d 33:

1.2.7. Cch ghi nhc hai b, cch ghi nhc cho mt s loi tp din.
1.2.7.1. Cch ghi nhc hai b.
Ngi ta c th ghi hai b c lp trn cng mt khung nhc. phn bit
tng b, cch ghi nh sau:
Vi b bn trn: cc nt nhc c ui cng hng ln trn.
Vi b bn di: cc nt nhc c ui cng hng xung di.
V d 34:

- Ngi ta c th ghi hai b c lp trn hai khung nhc (cng kha nhc hoc khc
kha nhc) nh cch ghi nhc cho n piano.
V d 35: "N a" cho piano ca Nguyn Vn Nam (trch on)

Trong cch ghi nhc cho piano, ta s bt gp cc chng m (t 2 m tr ln)

c ghi chung mt ui. ng thi, tc phm vit cho piano khng ch c hai b m
c th l t mt b cho ti nhiu b.
V d 36: "Nim hy vng" cho piano ca La Thng (on trch)
26
1.2.7.2. Cch ghi nhc cho mt s loi tp din.
Tp din y ch nhng hnh thc din tu ca vi din vin (thng t hai
ngi tr ln) nh: song tu, tam tu, t tu, ng tu...). khi s lng din vin tng
i nhiu th c gi l ban nhc, i nhc hay on nhc. Nu cc din vin hp li
theo mt nguyn tc nht nh no th c gi l dn nhc (i vi nhc n) v
dn hp xng (i vi nhc ht).
Cch ghi nhc cho cc loi ging ht hay nhc c c tu vi phn m piano
thng c ghi vo 3 khung nhc nh sau:
V d 37: Sonatina cho violin v piano ca Nguyn c Ton (trch chng 2)

Cch ghi nhc cho cc loi tp din l cc nhc c khc nhau v khng c phn
m ca piano hay dn nhc th dng du gp thng c mc hai u lin kt cc
khung nhc.

27
V d 38: cch ghi nhc cho t tu dn dy.

Cch ghi ny cng c s dng cho cc loi nhc c khc v cho hp xng
4 b. Tuy nhin, vi hp xng 4 b, thng thng ngi ta thng vit trn hai loi
kha: kha Sol v kha Fa. Bn khung nhc cng c lin kt bng du gp thng
c mc hai u (tng t nh trn). Ngoi ra, hp xng 4 b cng c th ghi trn
hai khung nhc.
V d 39:

Cu hi v bi tp
a) Cu hi
1a1. Trnh by khi nim v m nhc?
1a2. m thanh dng trong m nhc c nhng thuc tnh no?
1a3. H thng m thanh y trong m nhc gm bao nhiu m?
1a4. K tn cc bc c bn trong m nhc?
1a5. Cc bc c bn c ghi bng nhng ch ci no?
1a6. Trnh by cu to ca khung nhc v cc dng k ph?
28
1a7. Gii thiu nhng loi kho thng dng trong m nhc?
1a8. Ti sao cc bi ht thng ghi bng kho Sol?
1a9. Kho Fa dng cho nhng nhc c no?
1a10. Trnh by khong cch v cao gia cc m c bn?
1a11. Th no gi l qung tm?
1a12. C bao nhiu qung 8 trong thang m y ? Tn ca cc qung tm?
1a13. Th no l h thng bnh qun?
1a14. K tn cc loi du ho?
1a15. Hy gii thch v hiu lc ca du ho bt thng?
1a16. Ho biu l g?
1a17. Th no l trng m? Nu v d?
1a18. Du lng l g? Nu v d?
1a19. K tn cc loi du lm tng trng ?
1a20. Du chuyn qung 8 c tc dng g?

b) Bi tp vit
1b1. Gii thch tm tt v chc nng, vai tr hoc c im ca mt s k hiu sau.
K hiu Chc nng, vai tr hoc c im
Du ni
Du luyn
Du chm di
Du thng
Du ging
Du lng
Du nhc li
Du hi

1b2. Vit trn khung nhc dng kho Sol cc nt t Do1 n Mi2, vi trng l
nt en.
1b3. Vit trn khung nhc dng kho Fa cc nt t Sol qung tm ln n Do1, vi
trng l nt mc n.
1b4. Chuyn giai iu sau thp xung qung 8 v vit kho Fa.

29
1b5. Vit cc m trng vi nhng m sau.

1b6. Vit li giai iu sau cho ng vi cao thc t.

1b7. Vit li giai iu sau cho ng vi cao thc t.

c) Bi tp trn n
1c1. Thc hin trn n piano hoc n phm in t nt nhc sau.

1c2. Thc hin trn n piano hoc n phm in t nt nhc sau.

Hng dn t hc
a) Cu hi
1a1. Trnh by khi nim v m nhc?
m nhc l ngh thut dng m thanh v nhp iu din t t tng v tnh
cm ca con ngi.
1a2. m thanh dng trong m nhc c nhng thuc tnh no?
m thanh dng trong m nhc c bn thuc tnh l: cao , trng , cng
v m sc.
1a3. H thng m thanh y trong m nhc gm bao nhiu m?

30
 Gm 88 m.
1a4. K tn cc bc c bn trong m nhc?
Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Si.
1a5. Cc bc c bn c ghi bng nhng ch ci no?
- tr li cu hi ny, cn c gio trnh mc 1.2.1.
1a6. Trnh by cu to ca khung nhc v cc dng k ph?
- tr li cu hi ny, cn c gio trnh mc 1.2.2.
1a7. Gii thiu nhng loi kho thng dng trong m nhc?
- tr li cu hi ny, cn tm tt nhng chnh mc 1.2.2.
1a8. Ti sao cc bi ht thng ghi bng kho Sol?
Cc bi ht thng vit trn khung nhc dng kho Sol v ging ht con ngi
ph hp vi cao khu vc ny.
1a9. Kho Fa dng cho nhng nhc c no?
- Ngi hc cn t tm hiu tr li cu hi ny.
1a10. Trnh by khong cch v cao gia cc m c bn?
- tr li cu hi ny, cn c ti liu mc 1.2.4.
1a11. Th no gi l qung tm?
- tr li cu hi ny, cn c ti liu mc 1.1.5.
1a12. C bao nhiu qung 8 trong thang m y ? Tn ca cc qung tm?
- tr li cu hi ny, cn c ti liu mc 1.1.5.
1a13. Th no l h thng bnh qun?
- tr li cu hi ny, cn c ti liu mc 1.2.4.
1a14. K tn cc loi du ho?
Cc k hiu thng, ging, thng kp, ging kp, hon gi l cc du ho.
1a15. Hy gii thch v hiu lc ca du ho bt thng?
- tr li cu hi ny, cn tm tt nhng chnh mc 1.2.4.
1a16. Ho biu l g?
Ho biu l mt hoc mt s du ho nm c nh u khung nhc (bn phi
kho nhc). Ho biu bao gi cng cng loi hoc l du thng hoc l du ging,
chng xut hin theo mt th t nht nh v c hiu lc trong sut bn nhc.
1a17. Th no l trng m? Nu v d?
- tr li cu hi ny, cn tm tt nhng chnh mc 1.2.4.

31
1a18. Du lng l g? Nu v d?
- tr li cu hi ny, cn tm tt nhng chnh mc 1.2.5.
1a19. K tn cc loi du lm tng trng ?
Gm c du ni, du chm di v du min nhp.
1a20. Du chuyn qung 8 c tc dng g?
- Bn cn t tm hiu tr li cu hi ny.

b) Bi tp vit
1b1. Gii thch tm tt v chc nng, vai tr hoc c im ca mt s k hiu sau.
K hiu Chc nng, vai tr hoc c im
Du ni Ni cc nt nhc cng cao, ko di trng nt nhc.
Du luyn
Du chm di
Du thng
Du ging
Du lng
Du nhc li
Du hi

1b2. Vit trn khung nhc dng kho Sol cc nt t Do1 n Mi2, vi trng l
nt en.
- lm bi tp ny, ngi hc cn nm c v tr cc nt t Do1 n Mi2 trn
khung nhc dng kho Sol.
- Lu khi ui nt nhc quay ln, ui nt chm vo bn phi thn nt. Khi ui nt
nhc quay xung, ui nt chm vo bn tri thn nt.
1b3. Vit trn khung nhc dng kho Fa cc nt t Sol qung tm ln n Do1, vi
trng l nt mc n.
- lm bi tp ny, ngi hc cn nm c v tr cc nt t Sol qung tm ln n
Do1 trn khung nhc dng kho Fa.
- Lu vit ng ui v mc n.
Ban hy t thc hin nhng bi tp tip theo.

32
c) Bi tp trn n
1c1 v 1c2.
- Mc tiu ca bi tp khng phi luyn k thut m ngi hc hiu v cch th
hin cao v trng trong m nhc.
- thc hin 2 bi tp ny, ngi hc cn c tn cc nt trn khung nhc.
- n giai iu tng chui m ngn, thc hin chm kt hp c tn nt nhc.
- D khng nhm luyn tp k thut nhng cn bm ngn tay hp l, ngi hc c th
vit th t ngn tay di cc nt nhc.
- n giai iu c nt nhc.
- Tp giai iu vi tc hi nhanh.

33
 CHNG 2. NHP IU - NHP - NHP

2.1. Nhp iu, trng c bn v trng t do.

2.1.1. Nhp iu - cn gi l tit tu (rhythm)
Theo sch "Nhc l c bn" ca tc gi ngi Nga V.A.Khromepbn
in ln th su c chnh sa b sung pht hnh nm 1985 ti Nhc vin H
Ni do Nguyn Xinh dch v ch gii th gi l nhp iu (rhythm). Theo cch
dch t ting Anh sang ting Vit th t rhythm cng u c dch l nhp,
vi m nhc l nhp iu hay tit iu.
Khi nim v nhp iu: l s chuyn tip nhng di ca cc m thanh.
Nhng m thanh ny ni tip nhau bi cc di ca m thanh c tng quan thi
gian khc nhau. Khi hp li vi nhau theo mt trt t nht nh, di ca cc m
thanh to ra cc nhm nhp iu. Cc nhm ny ghp li hnh thnh nhp iu chung
ca tc phm. Trong m nhc, nhp iu kt hp cht ch vi cao ca m thanh
v c tm quan trng c bit khng th tch ri.
Tuy nhin, trong mt s sch l thuyt m nhc gn y nh: "L thuyt m
nhc c bn" ca Phm T Hng, gio trnh Cao ng s phm, Nxb i hc s
phm, nm 2007; "Gio trnh m nhc tp 1-L thuyt m nhc" ca L Anh Tun
(ch bin), L c Sang, Trn Vn Minh, Nxb Gio dc, nm 2006; "Thut ng m
nhc Anh-c-Vit" ca Nguyn Bch, Tin Lc, Hnh Thy, Nxb m nhc, nm
2000;... th gi rhythm l tit tu.
Khi nim v tit tu (rhythm): Ch s ni tip c t chc cc trng ging
nhau v khc nhau ca m thanh. Khi lin kt vi nhau theo mt th t nht nh,
trng ca m thanh to ra nhm tit tu (cn gi l hnh tit tu). Hnh tit tu l
ng nt tiu biu v trng ca tc phm m nhc.
C th thy, c hai khi nim trn u c mt im chung khi gii thch v
rhythm l ch s ni tip nhau cc di ca m thanh mt cch c t chc. Qua
thc t dy hc m nhc trong cc trng nhc chuyn nghip hin nay, chng ti
thy cch gi rhythm l tit tu c dng thng dng hn vi cch gi l nhp iu.
V d 40:

34
 Ca khc ny c xy dng v pht trin t m hnh tit tu:

Tng t c cc bi nh: Tht l hay, Lp chng ta on kt...

2.1.2. Trng c bn v trng t do.

2.1.2.1. Trng c bn.
Trong m nhc, cc di (trng ) chia chn c gi l trng c
bn nh: nt trn, nt trng, nt en, nt mc n, nt mc kp.... Ni cch khc,
l di (trng ) c to nn bi cch chia 2.
V d 41:

= = = =

...
2.1.2.2. Trng t do.
Cc di (trng ) c to nn do s phn chia cc trng c bn
thnh nhng phn bng nhau vi bt c s lng no (khc 2) th gi l trng
t do.
Nhng cch phn chia t do thng gp l:
35
 Chm ba: c to nn do s phn chia trng c bn lm ba phn thay
cho chia lm hai phn.

V d 42: = ; = ; = ; = ; ...
Chm nm: c to nn do s phn chia trng c bn lm nm phn
thay cho chia lm bn phn.

V d 43: = ; = ; = ;

= ;...
Nhng cch phn chia trng t do t gp hn nh: chm su, chm by,
chm tm... Trng c chm di phn chia t do thnh chm hai, chm bn...
Chm su c to nn do s phn chia trng lm su phn thay cho cho
chia lm bn phn. Vi chm su, ta c th coi l hai chm ba lin kt.
V d 44:

= ; = ; = ;

= ;...
Chm hai c to nn do s phn chia trng c chm di lm hai phn
thay cho ba phn.

V d 45: = ; = ; = ; = ;...
Chm bn c to nn do s phn chia trng c chm di lm bn phn
thay cho lm ba phn.

V d 46: = ; = ; = ; = ;...
Ngoi ra, cc chm nhm trng phn chia t do c th s dng c du lng.

36
V d 47: Chm hai chm ba chm su

2.2. Nhp.
2.2.1. Trng m, tit nhp, loi nhp, nhp ly , o phch v nghch phch.
m nhc l s ni tip cc m thanh c tnh t chc v thi gian. Trong s
chuyn ng u n c mt s m thanh c vang ln mnh hn nn c ni
bt theo chu k. Nhng m thanh ny gi l trng m (accent hay accentuted beat -
cn gi l m nhn hay phch nhn), thng c k hiu l: > t trn hoc di
nt nhc.
S ni tip u n nhng trng thi gian bng nhau c trng m v
khng c trng m c gi l tit nhp (measure - c sch gi l lut nhp hay nhp).
Nhng trng thi gian bng nhau c trng m v khng c trng m trong tit
nhp gi l phch (beat). Phch c trng m gi l phch mnh (strong-beat).
Phch khng c trng m gi l phch nh (off-beat).
V d 48:

Phch trong tit nhp c th hin bng cc di khc nhau. S th hin

cc phch ca tit nhp bng mt di nht nh gi l loi nhp.
Loi nhp c k hiu bng s ch nhp (time signature). S ch nhp l mt
phn s c t sau kha nhc v ha biu (nu c). S ch nhp gm hai ch s:
ch s bn trn ch s lng phch c trong mi tit nhp; ch s bn di ch gi tr
trng ca mi phch bng my phn ca nt trn.
- Loi nhp 2:
4
L nhp c hai phch, mi phch c gi tr trng bng mt nt en (mt
phn t nt trn). Phch th nht l phch mnh, phch th hai l phch nh.
V d 49:

37
 Loi nhp 3.
8
L nhp c ba phch, mi phch c gi tr trng bng mt nt mc n
(mt phn tm nt trn). Phch th nht l phch mnh,phch th hai v th ba l
phch nh.
V d 50:

Khong cch thi gian t phch mnh ny n phch mnh k tip c gi l

nhp (measure). Hin nay cc trng nhc chuyn nghip ca Vit Nam kh quen
thuc vi t nhp. Tn gi nhp l gip ngi hc nhc d hiu khi vit nhc v
m s nhp c trong tc phm, cn thc t th nhp cng chnh l nhp hay l tit
nhp (vn l measure theo ting Anh). Trong li vit nhc, cc nhp c phn cch
bng vch thng ng ct ngang khung nhc. Vch c gi l vch nhp (barline
- cn gi l gch nhp). Nt nhc nm st ngay sau vch nhp bao gi cng phch
mnh.
Trong bn nhc cn s dng hai vch nhp ng st nhau, c gi l vch nhp
i hay vch nhp kp. Vch nhp kp c hai loi:

38
 Vch nhp kp gm hai nt nh nhau khng t m thng c s dng khi
tc phm c s thay i nh: thay i loi nhp; thay i kha nhc; kt on nhc
hay mt phn tc phm chuyn sang on mi hoc phn mi ca tc phm .
V d 51: Thay i loi nhp.
(Trch giai iu bi ht Anh vn hnh qun ca Huy Du).

V d 52: Thay i kha nhc

V d 53: Chuyn sang on nhc mi (phn mi)

(trch t nhp 64 n 66 ni tip t phn pht trin sang ti hin bn sonata s 13
chng 1 ca L.V.Beethoven).

39
 Ngoi ra, vch nhp kp cn c s dng ngn cch gia cc hp m hay
chng m v.v.
Vch nhp kp c mt nt t m thng dng kt thc tc phm; i cng
du segno v.v.
V d 54:

Nhp ly (up-beat): Bn nhc bt u vi nhp khng s phch theo yu

cu ca s ch nhp gi l nhp ly . Ni cch khc, nhp ly l nhp u tin ca
bn nhc khng y . Khi tc phm c nhp ly th li ghi nhc ca nhp cui
cng cng khng y . Tng s phch ca nhp ly v nhp cui cng cng li
bng ng s phch qui nh ca s ch nhp. (Tuy nhin, trong nhiu tc phm, ngi
ta vn ghi nhp cui cng s phch ca loi nhp, ch c nhp u tin l nhp
thiu. Trng hp khc, ngi ta s dng du lng nhp u v cui cho s
phch ca loi nhp. Do , cch ghi nhp ly y ch mang tnh tng i).
V d 55:

40
2.2.2. Cc loi nhp (time signatures)
2.2.2.1. Loi nhp n v cch phn nhm trng .
Loi nhp n l nhng loi nhp c mt, hai hoc ba phch trong mt nhp
nhp v ch c mt trng m.
Nhng nhp c mt phch nh: 1; 1; 1...
2 4 8...
Nhng nhp c hai phch nh: 2; 2; 2...
2 4 8...
Nhng nhp c ba phch nh: 3; 3; 3...
2 4 8
Trng ca cc nt nhc trong mi nhp c lin kt vi nhau to thnh
nhm, gi l phn nhm trng (hay kt nhm trng ). Phn nhm trng l
s phn chia cc nt trong nhp thnh tng nhm ph hp vi c cu ca loi nhp. N
c th hin bng vic lin kt ui nt nhc. Phn nhm trng c tc dng gip
cho ngi biu din d dng th hin tc phm.
Vi loi nhp n, cc nt thuc tng phch ca tit nhp c tp hp thnh
tng nhm v tch ri nhau. Do , trong mt nhp c bao nhiu phch s c tng y
nhm trng .
V d 56:

...
Ngoi ra, cn c cc trng hp phn nhm khc nh:
Khi mt nhp c cc trng ging nhau v nh hn nt en (nh nt mc
n, nt mc kp...) th ta c th lin kt tt c ch bng mt vch ni ui nt nhc.

41
V d 57:

Cc du lng cng c lin kt nh nhng cch trn.

2.2.2.2. Loi nhp phc v cch phn nhm trng .
Nhp phc c hnh thnh nh s kt hp t hai hay nhiu nhp n ging
nhau. V vy, trong loi nhp phc c s lng phch mnh tng ng vi s lng
loi nhp n c trong thnh phn ca n. Tuy nhin, trng m nhp n th nht
trong tit nhp phc mnh hn c nn l phch mnh, cn trng m cc nhp n tip
theo trong tit nhp phc khng mnh bng nn gi l phch mnh va (hi mnh).
Cc loi nhp phc thng gp l:

4 2 2

4 4 4
Nhp 4/4 l loi nhp c 4 phch, mi phch c gi tr trng bng mt nt
en. Phch th nht l phch mnh, phch th hai l phch nh, phch th ba l phch
mnh va, phch th t l phch nh.

6 2 2 2

4 4 4 4

6 3 3

8 8 8

9 3 3 3

8 8 8 8

42
12 3 3 3 3

8 8 8 8 8
2.2.2.3. Loi nhp hn hp v cch phn nhm trng .
Nhp hn hp c hnh thnh nh s kt hp ca hai hay nhiu nhp n khc
nhau. Trng m trong loi nhp hn hp ph thuc vo trng m ca tng loi nhp
n c trong n. Do , ph thuc vo s th hin ca mi tc phm m ngi ta s
dng nhn trng m (phn nhm nhp n) trong loi nhp hn hp khc nhau.
Cc loi nhp hn hp thng gp l:

5 2 3

4 4 4

5 3 2
Hay l:
4 4 4

7 3 4

4 4 4

7 4 3 7 3 2 2
Hay l: ;
4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5 2 3

8 8 8

53 2
Hay l:
8 8 8

7 3 4 7 2 2 3
;
8 8 8 8 8 8 8

7 4 3
Hay l:
8 8 8

43
2.2.2.4. Loi nhp bin i.
Trong m nhc, i khi ta gp trng hp mt tc phm s dng t hai loi
nhp tr ln. Loi nhp nh vy gi l nhp bin i (hay nhp i). S chuyn i cc
loi nhp c th din ra theo chu k hoc khng theo chu k.
Vi loi nhp bin i theo chu k, u bn nhc thng ghi lun hai s ch
nhp theo trt t ni tip cc loi nhp.
V d 58:

Vi loi nhp bin i khng theo chu k, u bn nhc ghi s ch nhp xut
hin trc tin. Sau , khi c s chuyn i, ngi ta ghi s ch nhp ca loi nhp i
vo ngay trc ch cn thay.
V d 59:

44
2.2.3. o phch v nghch phch (syncopation - ting Anh; syncope - ting Php).
o phch v nghch c hiu c ngha l nhn lch (hay l ngc trng m).
o phch l hin tng mt m c vang ln phch nh hay phn nh ca
phch v ngn sang phch mnh hay phn mnh ca phch tip theo. y l hin
tng thay i khin cho trng m ca tit tu (nhp iu) khng trng vi trng m
ca tit nhp. Nhng dng o phch thng gp nh: o phch gia cc nhp; o
phch trong mt nhp...

V d 60a: o phch gia cc nhp.

V d 60b: o phch trong mt nhp.

Nghch phch ging o phch ch c trng m ri vo phch nh hay phn

nh ca phch nhng khc ch trng m ca phch mnh hay phn mnh ca phch
c thay th bng du lng.

V d 61:

V d 62:

45
2.3. Nhp (speed/time/pace/metre/tempo), cch nh nhp.
2.3.1. Nhp .
Nhp l tc chuyn ng ca m nhc (c th l ch s chuyn ng
ca tit tu). Nhp cn c gi l nhanh ch s chuyn ng nhanh hay
chm ca bn nhc.
Nhp c k hiu bng ch, thng c vit trn khung nhc u bn
nhc hay on nhc, chng nhc. Nhng k hiu ch nhp thng dng thng
l ting Italia. Tuy nhin, mi quc gia, ngi ta c th dng c ngn ng ring
ca t nc mnh k hiu nhp .
Mt s thut ng c bn ch nhp ( nhanh).
Nhm chm: Nhm va: Nhm nhanh:
Largo - cc chm Andante - chm va Allegro - nhanh
Larghetto - rt chm Andantino - hi chm Vivo - nhn nhp
Lento - thong th Moderato - va phi Vivace - rt nhn nhp
Adagio - chm Sostenuto - km nhp Presto - rt nhanh
Grave - nng n Allegretto - hi nhanh Prestissimo - cc nhanh
Allegro moderato -
nhanh va
46
V d 63:

Ngoi ra, trn nhiu bn nhc cn s dng k hiu nhp theo cch m ca

my m nhp. V d nh: = 72, c ngha l tc chuyn ng ca tc phm bng

72 phch/1 pht; mi phch c gi tr trng bng 01 nt en.
V d 64:

47
 ch r sc thi v tc chuyn ng ca bn nhc, ngi ta cn s dng
mt s k hiu b sung nh:
TT Cch vit ngha ting Vit
1 Molto rt
2 Assai kh
3 Con molto vi s hot bt
4 Comodo va mc
5 Non troppo khng gp
6 Non tanto khng n mc th
7 Sempre lun lun
8 Meno mosso bt linh hot
9 Pu mosso linh hot hn
10 Ritenuto (rit/riten) hm li
11 Ritardando (ritar) chm dn
12 Allargando (all/allarg) ngng dn
13 Rallentando (rall/rallent) ri dn
14 Accelerando (accel/acceller) nhanh dn
15 Stringendo vi dn
16 A tempo v nhanh nh c
17 Tempo primo nhanh ban u

V d 65:
Bi xng m s 175 (sch xng m tp I - Nguyn c Qunh).

2.3.2. Cch nh nhp.

nh nhp l cng vic iu khin biu din tc phm m nhc cho mt nhm
hay mt tp th ngi din tu (thanh nhc hoc kh nhc). chnh l cch ch ra
thi gian chuyn ng ca nhp bng s iu khin (ng vung tay). Mi loi nhp
c mt cch iu khin khc nhau.

48
 Mt s cch nh nhp c bn:
2 2 2
Vi loi nhp c hai phch thuc loi nhp n nh: ; ; ; hoc loi nhp kp
2 4 8
6 6
khi nh tc nhanh nh: ; , cch nh nhp thng bng hai ng vung tay:
4 8

vung tay xung cho phch mnh v vung tay ln cho phch nh. S l:

3 3 3
Vi loi nhp c ba phch thuc loi nhp n nh: ; ; ; hoc loi nhp kp
4 8 2
9 9
khi nh tc chm nh: ; ' cch nh nhp thng bng ba ng vung tay.
4 8

Khi nh nhp bng tay phi, thc hin nh sau: Phch th nht vung tay xung,
phch th hai vung tay sang phi v phch th ba vung tay ln. S l:

(Khi nh nhp bng tay tri th phch th hai thay i: vung tay sang tri).
4 4 4 12 4
Vi loi nhp c bn phch nh: ; ; ; ; hoc nhp tc rt chm,
2 4 8 8 2

cch nh nhp thng bng bn ng vung tay. Khi nh nhp bng tay phi, thc
hin nh sau: phch th nht vung tay xung; phch th hai vung tay sang tri, phch
th ba vung tay sang phi, phch th t vung tay ln.

(Khi nh nhp bng tay tri th phch th hai vung sang phi, phch th ba vung
sang tri).
49
 Bng 1: K hiu m nhc bng ch ci

TT K hiu ngha
1 A (a) nt La
2 As (as) nt La ging
3 B (b) nt Si, du ging (t u khung nhc l k hiu ch
du ging)
4 Bb nt Si ging
5 C (c) nt Do

6 Cis (cis) nt Do thng

7 D (d) nt Re
8 Des (des) nt Re ging
9 Dis (dis) nt Re thng
10 E (e) nt Mi
11 Es (es) nt Mi ging
12 F (f) nt Fa
13 Fis (fis) nt Fa thng
14 G (g) nt Sol
15 Gis (gis) nt Sol thng
16 H (h) nt Si (theo h thng ca c, Nga)
17 is nt thng
18 qung qung ng

19 qung T qung trng

20 qung t qung th

50
 Bng 2: mt s thut ng m nhc thng dng trong c v ghi nhc

2a. V l thuyt m nhc

TT Cch vit ting Anh ngha ting Vit

1 Accidental du ho bt thng
2 Accentuated beat phch nhn
3 Agogic nhp t do
4 Alteration du ho
5 Alto clef kho Do alto
6 Anticipation m sm
7 Atonal v iu tnh
8 Arpeggio ri hp m
9 Arsis phch ln
10 Ascending i ln (tng, nng ln)
11 Augmentation tng ln, thm ln v trng
12 Bar-line/beam vch nhp
13 Bar/measure/mensuration nhp/ tit nhp, ch nhp
14 Bass clef kho Fa
15 Beat/bar nhp
16 Brace du ngoc lin kt cc khung nhc
17 By step lin bc/bc ln
18 Caesura ch ngt hi trong cu nhc
19 Cantus firmus giai iu c nh, b ht c nh
20 Change of time/ change of i nhp
meter
21 Chord hp m
22 Chromatic na cung
23 Church mode iu thc gio ng
24 Clef kho
25 Compound time nhp kp, nhp phc
26 Conclusion cu nhc kt
27 Consonance thun
28 Crotchet/quarter note nt en
29 Crotchet rest lng en
30 Cue note nt nh
31 Counterpoint i v
32 Degree bc (trong thang m)
33 Descending h xung, i xung
34 Diatonic mt cung
35 Diminished gim gi tr ca nt
36 Dissonace nghch
37 Domiant t
38 Double bar vch i (vch kp)
39 Double flat du ging kp
40 Double sharp du thng kp
41 Down beat nh xung

51
42 Duplet chm hai, lin hai
43 Enharmonic ng m, trng m
44 Entry on m u
45 Episode on chen
46 Flat ging (ch du)
47 Grace-note nt ly
48 Ground bass b trm tr tc
49 Harmony ho m
50 Homophony ch iu
51 Imitation m phng
52 In fugal style theo phong cch fuga
53 Interval qung
54 Intonation/pitch bt ging
55 Inversion o, th o
56 Key change i kho nhc, i iu tnh
57 Key signature ho biu (b kho)
58 Leger line dng k ph
59 Line dng k
60 Ligature nhm nhp
61 Lower part b thp
62 Main theme ch chnh
63 Major trng
64 Mediant m bc III ca iu thc
65 Melody giai iu
66 Melody part b giai iu
67 Minim/haft note nt trng
68 Minim rest lng trng
69 Minor th
70 Middle part b gia
71 Modal/mode/modus iu thc, ging
72 Modulation chuyn iu
73 Monody n iu
74 Monophonic/one part n m
75 Natural bnh, hon (ch du)
76 Note nt nhc
77 Notation ghi m, k m
78 Note cluster/tone cluster chm nt, nhm nt
79 Off-beat phch yu
80 Ornament hoa m, t im
81 Outer part b ngoi cng
82 Pause/femata chm ngn, chm lu, du min
nhp
83 Pedal point m nn, m tr tc
84 Pentatonic ng cung
85 Period on nhc
86 Phrase cu nhc
87 Phrasing phn cu
52
88 Phrase mark du vng cung phn cu
89 Pitch/pitch level cao , cao ca m thanh
90 Polyphony phc iu
91 Polytonality a iu
92 Quadruplet lin bn, chm bn
93 Quaver/eighth note nt n
94 Quaver rest lng n
95 Quintuplet lin nm, chm nm
96 Refrain ip khc
97 Relative song song
98 Repeat sign du hi
99 Rest du lng
100 Rhythm tit tu, tit iu
101 Scale thang m, m giai
102 Second theme ch ph
103 Semibrave rest lng trn
104 Semibrave/Whole tone nt trn
105 Semiquaver/sixteenth note nt kp
106 Semiquaver rest lng kp
107 Sharp du thng
108 Simple time nhp n
109 Slur du luyn (ni hai nt nhc)
110 Sound duration trng , di ca m thanh
111 Speed/time/pace/metre/tempo nhp/ nhp
112 Staff khung nhc
113 Stem ui nt nhc
114 Stretto m phng dn
115 Strong beat phch mnh
116 Subdominant h t
117 Subject ch
118 Syncopation o phch
119 Up - beat phch ly (nhp ly )
120 Upbeat nh ln
121 Upper part b trn cng
122 Tail mc, ui ca nt nhc
123 Temporary modulation chuyn tm, ly iu
124 Tenor clef kho Do tenor
125 Through bass b trm lin tc
126 Tonality iu tnh
127 Tone/key ging iu
128 Tonic/key note m ch, ch m
129 Tonic sol-fa xng m
130 Transposition dch ging
131 Treble clef kho Sol
132 Triple time nhp chia ba

53
133 Triplet chm ba, lin ba
134 Turn ly chm
135 Whole-tone scale m giai ton cung, nguyn cung

2b.V mt s loi nhc ht thng dng

TT Th loi ngha ting Vit

1 Antiphon i ca
2 Aubade (song at down - bi ca bnh minh
morning song)
3 Barcarolle bi ht cho thuyn
4 Bridal song (wedding song) bi ht m ci
5 Carnival song bi ht l hi
6 Christmas song bi ht Ging sinh
7 Court song bi ht cung nh
8 Folk song dn ca
9 Funaral murch hnh khc tang l
10 Lament bi ca ai on
11 Lullaby bi ht ru con
12 March hnh khc
13 National anthem quc ca
14 Nocturn khc nhc m
15 Pastoral nhc ng qu
16 Plainsong bnh ca
17 Psalmody tng ca
18 Romance song tnh ca
19 Serenade khc nhc chiu
20 Work song bi ht lao ng

2c. V cch din t

TT Cch vit ngha ting Vit

1 Affettuoso du dng, tru mn
2 Agitato si ni
3 Alla marcia nh hnh khc
4 Anima tm hn
5 Animado ho hng
6 A piacere khng g b
7 Apasionata si sc
8 Brillant chi li
9 Briosso si ng
10 Burlesco vui a
11 Calando du dn
12 Catabile du dng
13 Con affetto c tnh cm
14 Con amore vi nim yu thng
54
15 Con anima c tm hn
16 Con fuoco vi s nng chy
17 Con grazia vi v duyn dng
18 Con gusto c thm m
19 Con ira vi lng phn n
20 Con spirito vi s phn chn
21 Dolce u ym
22 Doloroso au thng
23 Energico cng ngh
24 Eroico hng dng
25 Espressivo din cm
26 Fantastico huyn o
27 Flautando nh ting so
28 Furioso cung lon
29 Giocoso nh nhnh
30 Grave trang nghim, nng n
31 Grazzioso duyn dng
32 Grotesque ng nh
33 Innocente ngy th
34 Lacrimosa m l
35 Lamentabile than vn
36 Lugubre m m
37 Lusingando l li
38 Maestoso uy nghi, honh trng
39 Marcato nhn ting
40 Misterioso huyn b
41 Mornorando r rm
42 Nobile cao thng
43 Pesante su no, nng n
44 Rispluto qu quyt
45 Rubato nhanh khng g b
46 Scherzo/scherzando a ct, bng a
47 Simile c th, ging th
48 Tragico bi thm
49 Tranquillo thanh thn
50 Vibrato rung

2d. V tc chuyn ng ca m nhc ( nhanh)

TT Cch vit ngha ting Vit

1 Largo cc chm
2 Larghetto rt chm
3 Lento thong th
4 Adagio chm
5 Andante chm va
6 Andantino hi chm
7 Moderato va phi
55
8 Sostenuto km nhp
9 Allegretto hi nhanh
10 Allegro moderato nhanh va
11 Allegro nhanh
12 Vivo nhn nhp
13 Vivace rt nhn nhp
14 Presto rt nhanh
15 Pretissimo cc nhanh

2. Mt s k hiu b sung cho nhanh

TT Cch vit ngha ting Vit

1 Molto rt
2 Assai kh
3 Con molto vi s hot bt
4 Comodo va mc
5 Non troppo khng gp
6 Non tanto khng n mc th
7 Sempre lun lun
8 Meno mosso bt linh hot
9 Pu mosso linh hot hn
10 Ritenuto (rit/riten) hm li
11 Ritardando (ritar) chm dn
12 Allargando (all/allarg) ngng dn
13 Rallentando (rall/rallent) ri dn
14 Accelerando (accel/acceller) nhanh dn
15 Stringendo vi dn
16 A tempo v nhanh nh c
17 Tempo primo nhanh ban u

56
 TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH

Ti liu trong nc.

1. Nguyn Bnh nh (2004), Gio trnh lch s m nhc phng ng phn
ng Nam , Nhc vin H Ni.
2. Hong Hoa (2007), Gio trnh ha m ng dng, NXB i hc s phm.
3. Phm T Hng (2007), L thuyt m nhc c bn, NXB i hc s phm.
4. Phm T Hng (2008), L thuyt m nhc c bn 2, NXB i hc s phm.
5. Phm T Hng- V Nht Thng (1993), Sch gio khoa ho thanh, NXB m nhc.
6. Phm T Hng (2004), L thuyt m nhc c bn, NXB i hc S phm.
7. Phm Minh Khang, Sch gio khoa ho thanh, Nhc vin H Ni, 2001.
8. V T Ln- L Th Ho (1998), Phng php ht v ch huy dn dng ht tp
th, NXB Gio dc.
9. Hi L (2003), L thuyt c bn v m nhc, Trng Cao ng S phm
Nhc Ho Trung ng.
10. Nguyn Thy Loan (2007), Gio trnh lch s m nhc th gii v Vit Nam,
Nh xut bn i hc s phm.
11. Hong Long- Hong Ln (2003), Tuyn tp m nhc tui th, NXB Gio dc,.
12. Hong Long (ch bin phn m nhc), (2002, 2003, 2004), Ngh thut 1, 2, 3,
NXB Gio dc.
13. Hong Long (ch bin), (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006), m nhc 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, NXB Gio dc.
14. Phm Phc Minh (1994), Tm hiu dn ca Vit Nam, NXB m nhc, H Ni.
15. Nguyn Th Nhung (ch bin), Phm Phng Hoa (2009), Gio trnh lch s
m nhc th gii th k XX, NXB Qun i nhn dn.
16. L c Sang, Trnh Hoi Thu (2006), Gio trnh m nhc phn K xng
m, NXB Gio dc.
17. Trnh Cng Sn (1995), Tuyn tp nhng bi ca khng nm thng, NXB m nhc.
18. V Nht Thng (1998), Thang m nhc ti t ci lng, Vin m nhc, NXB
m nhc, H Ni.
19. Trnh Hoi Thu (ch bin) (2011), Phng php dy hc k xng m trong
o to gio vin m nhc ph thng, NXB m nhc.

57
20. Trnh Hoi Thu (2010), Lun n Tin S Vn ha hc Nghin cu nh hng
ca m nhc dn gian tc phm kh nhc mi Vit Nam th k XX.
21. L Anh Tun (Ch bin) (2006), Gio trnh m nhc tp 1-L thuyt m
nhc, NXB Gio dc.
22. Trnh Tun, L thuyt m nhc c bn, Trng Cao ng S phm Nhc Ho
Trung ng, 1986.
23. Nguyn Xun T (2007), Gio trnh m n phm in t, NXB i hc s phm.
24. Lng Bng Vinh (2003), Nhc l c bn v nng cao, NXB m nhc.
25. T V (2002), m nhc Vit Nam truyn thng v hin i, Vin m nhc, H Ni.
26. Hong Vn Yn (2002), Tr mm non ca ht, NXB Gio dc.
27. Nhiu tc gi (2000), 50 bi ht thiu nhi hay nht th k 20, c san bo
Thiu nin Tin phong.
28. Nhiu tc gi (2002), Ca khc thiu nhi 1945- 2000, NXB m nhc.
29. Nhiu tc gi (1993), Thang m iu thc trong m nhc truyn thng mt s dn
tc Min Nam Vit Nam, Vin Vn ha ngh thut, thnh ph H Ch Minh.
Ti liu nc ngoi.
1. Chiulin, Privano (1987),Sch gio khoa ho thanh, Nhc vin Thnh ph HCM.
2. Eric Taylor, The AB Guide to Music Theory, The Associatet Board of the
Royal School of Misic.
3. Spasobine, L thuyt m nhc, NXB m nhc.
4. Spasobine - Doubovski - EBceev, Sokolov (1966), Sch gio khoa ho
thanh, NXB m nhc.
5. Stefan Kostka - Dorothy Payne (2004), Tonal Harmony with an introdution to
twentieth-century music, fifth edition, Published by Mc Graw Hill.
6. Walter Piston (1989), Harmony - London Victor Gollancz LTD.
7. Willi Apel (1977), Harvard Dictionary of Music (I,II,III), Second Edition,
Revised and Enlarged, The Belknap Press of Harvard Univesity Press,
Cambridge, Massachusetts.
8. V.A. Vakhrameev (1993), L thuyt m nhc c bn, Nguyn Xinh dch, NXB m nhc.
9. Cc trang web:
- en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues
- vianhem.com/forum/showthread.php?t=24&page=1

58