Path Loss

Multipath Fading Multipath fading

Instructor: M.A. Ingram

ECE4823
Interference
Shadowing

Excess Delay Strength Variation

The propagation delay relative to that of the As the vehicle moves over a short distance, the
shortest path strength of each path varies because the surfaces are
complex

=8s

=0
=47s

Measured Data from

The Channel is a Filter Darmstadt, Germany [Molisch, 01]

The multipath channel can be

represented as linear, time-varying
bandpass filter
Transmitted Received
Signal Signal
x(t) h(t , ) y(t)
+
y (t ) = x(t )h(t , )d

1
 Baseband Impulse Response Path Model
More convenient to work with baseband The channel is assumed to comprise N
signals discrete paths of propagation (rays)
Each path has an amplitude (t), a phase (t)
{ }

h(t , ) = Re hb (t , )e j ct and a propagation delay

x(t ) = Re{ c(t )e } j c t hb (t , )

N =5
y (t ) = Re{ r (t )e } j c t 0 ( t ) e j ( t )
0

The factor of
1 (t )e j ( t ) (t )e j
1
2 (t )
+ ensures that baseband 2
3 (t )e j ( t) 4 (t )e j
1 4 (t )
3

average power
r (t ) = c(t )hb (t , )d equals passband
0 3 4
delay
2 average power 1 2

Probing the Channel Pulse Width >> max

The channel may be probed or sounded by Suppose a pulse much wider than the length
transmitting a pulse p(t) and recording the of the impulse response is transmitted at time
response at the receiver t=0
p(t)
The response is the convolution of p(t) with
the channel impulse response
t
1 N 1 hb ( t , )
Tp
r (t ) = i (t )e ji (t ) p(t i )
2 i =0
0 1 2 3 4 delay

Time Variation of the Probe

Instantaneous Power Response
The magnitude squared of any sample in the interval 4 and If one or both of the terminals moves, the path
0 + Tp will equal 2 phases change because the path lengths change
2 N 1

(t )e
2 j i ( t )
r (t ) = i The path amplitudes do not change much
4 i =0 These changes yield large changes in the magnitude
r(t)
of the received waveform

t |r(t)| in dBm [not real data]

hb ( t , )
We say, the multipath is not resolved

0 1 2 3 4 delay t

2
 Average Power for
Narrowband Fading Narrowband Signals
This same type of fading happens to a Assuming the channel is ergodic, the
digital waveform if the symbol period is ensemble average may be approximated by a
much larger than (>10 times) the time average:
T
t+

{ }
2
channel length 1 2
2 N

( s )e
2 j i ( s )
E r (t ) ds
Such long symbol periods correspond to T T 4 i =0
i
t
narrowband signals 2
where the interval [t-T/2,t+T/2] corresponds
to a local area

Uncorrelated Scattering Pulse Width << max

Assume that the phases of different paths are Now consider a small pulse width
uncorrelated p(t)
Then the time average simplifies to

{ }
N
2 2
E r (t ) i Tp
t
i =0
hb (t , )
where
T
t+
2
1

2 2
i i ( s )ds
T T delay
t 0 1 2 3 4
2

Multipath Resolved Wideband Signal

Pulses do not overlap The Fourier Transform of such a narrow
pulse has a wide spectrum
r (t , ) P(f)
p(t)
0 (t )e j ( t )
0

1 (t )e j (
t)
1

2 (t )e
j 2 (t )
3 (t )e j (
3t)
j 4 (t )
4 (t )e F.T.
Tp
t
0 1 2 3 4

3
 Average Power for Wideband
Power Delay Profile (PDP) Signals
The PDP is a time-average of |r(t,)|2 over a The average power is the integral of the
small interval (assuming the terminal is PDP
moving) t+
T
+
2
1
P ( ) r (s, ) ds
2 PAVG = P( )d
T T 0
P( ) t
N 1
2 02 2
212
2 22
= i2
2 32 2 2
i =0
4

0 1 3 4

2

Local Average Powers Are The

Same Moments of the PDP
Narrowband and Wideband averaged Channels are often described by their
powers are equal rms delay spread
To compute rms delay spread,
normalize the PDP to make it like a PDF
for a random variable (unit area) and
then find its standard deviation
Must you use excess delay to compute
rms delay spread?

Mean Delay Second Moment

Must first compute the mean delay Next need the second moment of this
+
PDF
P( )d +

0 P( )d
2
= 0
+
= +
2

P( )d
0
0
P( )d
For this to be mean excess delay, the origin
of the axis needs to be the time of the first
arriving path

4
RMS Delay Spread Example Data [Rappaport, 02]

Recall that standard deviation is the

square root of variance and variance is
the second moment minus the first
moment squared

Variance ()
2 = 2
2

( )
2
rms delay spread = 2

How RMS Delay Spread Can

Be Used
If <<symbol period, assume
narrowband fading effects
If >>symbol period, assume
wideband fading effects (will need an
equalizer, CDMA or OFDM)
The Frequency Domain View
<<symbol period implies that the
frequency response of the channel,
+
H (t , f ) = h(t , ) exp( j 2f )d ,
doesnt vary much with frequency over
the bandwidth of the transmitted signal

Narrowband Case Flat Fading

The channel appears flat to the signal When <<symbol period, we say the
H (t , f ) Transmitted signal undergoes flat fading
Signal Spectrum
The channel frequency response is
approximately flat over the signal
bandwidth

f
900z

5
Wideband Case Frequency Selective Fading
>> symbol period implies that the When >> symbol period, we say the
frequency response of the channel varies signal undergoes frequency selective
significantly with frequency over the fading
bandwidth of the transmitted signal
The channel frequency response is
H (t , f ) Transmitted
Signal Spectrum strong for some frequencies and not for
others within the signal bandwidth

f
900z

Summary References
The multipath channel model has a discrete number

of propagation paths [Rapp, 02] T.S. Rappaport, Wireless

Each path has amplitude, phase and delay Communications, Prentice Hall, 2002
The PDP is the local average of the magnitude
[Molisch, 01] Andreas F. Molisch (ed),

squared of the impulse response of the channel

Average power of the channel is the integral of the Wideband Wireless Digital
PDP
Average power is same for narrowband and Communications, Prentice Hall PTR,
wideband channels 2001.
The fading is flat or frequency selective
depending on the comparison between rms delay
spread and the symbol period