After the aforementioned carbonization step, the

mass ratio of char/shell is equal to 0.32. The chars of pistachio

shells were removed, crushed, and sieved to a uniform
size ranging from 0.833 to 1.65 mm. These
powders were well dispersed in KOH solutions in a
stainless steel beaker with water:KOH:char equal to
1:1:2; 1:1:1; 2:2:1; and 3:3:1 by mass, denoted as the
KOH/char ratio = 0.5, 1, 2, and 3, respectively. After
drying at 130 C for 24 h, the chars were placed in a
sealed ceramic oven, heated at a rate of 10 C/min to
780 C, and kept at this temperature for 1 h. In the
meantime, nitrogen gas was flowed into the oven at a
rate of 4 dm3/min. The activated products were cooled
to room temperature and washed with deionized water.
These samples were poured to a beaker containing
0.1 mol/dm3 HCl (250 cm3) and stirred for 1 h. These
samples finally were washed with hot water until pH
of the washing solution reached 67 [21].

KOH in the form of pellets was mixed with the resulting

char in a glass beaker at a ratio of KOH to original
shell masses of 0.50. Then 100 ml of water was added until
all the KOH pellets were dissolved. The mixtures were
dried overnight at 120 C in an oven. The resulting samples
were then placed in the same furnace used for the carbonization
process, heated from room temperature to 300 C at
10 C/min, and then held for 1 h. This step was introduced to
prevent carbon loss through the direct attack of steam [11].
Subsequently, the temperaturewas further increased to a predetermined
final temperature ranging from 500 to 900 C at
the same heating rate and held for 2 h before cooling down.
The whole activation process was carried out under a nitrogen
flow rate of 150 cm3/min.

Dissolve KOH in water forming aqueous solution, add in biomass according to impregnation ratio,
dehydration at 110C for 24 hrs, pyrolysis under what condition