EMFT Electronics GATE IES PSU Study Materials

EMFT-EC Postal Correspondence Course 1
SAMPLE STUDY MATERIAL
Electronics Engineering
EC / E & T
Postal Correspondence Course

GATE, IES & PSUs
Electromagnetic Theory
Postal Course ( GATE & PSUs) 2015 ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA . All Rights Reserved
28-B/7, Jia Sarai, Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016. Ph. 011-26514888. www.engineersinstitute.com
CONTENT
1. COORDINATE SYSTEM .. 03-17
2. ELECTROSTATICS . 18-51
ELECTRIC FIELDS IN MATERIAL SPACE
ELECTROSTATIC BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS
3. MAGNETROSTATIC FIELDS 52-65
4. MAXWELLS EQUATION .. 66-73
5. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION ... 74-89
6. TRANSMISSION LINE 90-105
7. WAVEGUIDES . 106-122
8. ANTENNAS ... 123-139
9. PRACTICE SET-I [IES] ELECTRONICS 140-179
10. PRACTICE SET-I [GATE] 180-198
CHAPTER-1
COORDINATE SYSTEM
The physical quantity we dealing in electromagnetic are function of space and time, to describe the spatial
variations of these quantities we have to define all points uniquely in space in a suitable manner, and this
require an appropriate co ordinate system.
We deal with orthogonal system. The orthogonal system is one in which the coordinates are mutually
perpendicular.
Example: Cartesian (or Rectangular), circular cylindrical, spherical.
1. CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM OR RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
A point P in Cartesian co-ordinate system is represented as, P (X, Y, Z) and ranges of the coordinate
variable X, Y and Z are:
< X <
< Y <
< Z <

A vector A in Cartesian coordinate system, can be written as, unit vector is also re

A Ax a x Ay a y Az az
Where, a x , a y , a z unit vector along the X, Y and Z directions.
Differential Length, Area, and Volume:
1. Differential length : dl
dl dxa x dya y dza z
2. Differential Area: ds
ds dydza x dxdza y dxdya z
ds is a vector quantity.
Example : If we move P to Q , dl dya y
If we move D to Q , dl dxa x dya y dza z
3. Differential volume: dv
dv dxdydz
dv is a vector quantity.
For surface ABCD. ds dydza x
For surface PQRS. ds dydz (a x )
2. CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
This coordinate system is used when we have problem having cylindrical symmetry.
A point P in this coordinate system is represented as, P ( , , Z), and range of values of coordinate
variable , , Z are
O < ; is the radius of cylinder passing through P.
O < 2 ; is called the azimuthal angle is measured from the X-axis in
the XY plane
< Z < ; Z is same as in Cartesian system.

A vector A in cylindrical co ordinates is written as,

A A a A a Az a z
Where a , a and a z are unit vector in the , , and Z direction.
Note : a is not in degrees, it assumes the units of A.
a , a , a z are mutually perpendicular, and
a Points in the direction of increasing .
a Points in the direction of increasing .
az Points in the direction of positive Z direction.
a .a a .a a z .a z 1 a .a a .a z a z .a 0
a .a a z a .a z a a z .a a
Relation between Cartesian coordinate System Variable and Cylindrical Coordinate System Variable
x y
cos ; sin

x cos ; y sin
x2 y 2 2 x2 y2
y y
tan ; tan 1
x x
a x cos a sin a ; a cos a x sin a y

a y sin a cos a ; a sin a x cos a y
a z a z ; a z a z
A Ax cos Ay sin
A Ax sin Ay cos
Az Az
A cos sin 0 Ax
sin cos 0
A Ay
A 0 0 1 A
z z
Ax cos sin 0 A

Ay sin cos 0 A
A 0 0 1 A
z z
Differential displacement, surface area and volume
a. Differential displacement:
dl d a d a dz a z
b. Differential normal surface area:
ds d dz a d dz a d d az
c. Differential volume:
dv d d dz
3. SPHERICAL CO-ORDINATES:
This co ordinate system is used when we have problem having spherical symmetry.
A point P in this co ordinate system is represented as, P (r, , ), and range of values of co ordinate
variable r, , are
0 r 0 0 2
r is defined as the distance from the origin to point P

OR
the radius of a sphere centered at the origin & passing through P.
is called the colatitude.
It is the angle between the z axis and the position vector of P.
It is measured from the X - axis.
It is same as azimuthally angle in cylindrical coordinates.

Vector A in this co ordinate system is represented as

A Ar ar A a A a ; Where
ar , a and a are unit vector, and ar directed along the radius or in the direction of increasing r , a in the
direction of increasing , and a in the direction of increasing .
ar . ar a . a a . a 1
ar .a a . a a . ar 0
ar a a ; a a ar ; a ar a
Relationship between cylindrical co ordinates variables and spherical co ordinates variables:
z
sin ; cos
r r
r sin ; z r cos
r 2 2 z2 x2 y2 z2 r x2 y 2 z 2
sin x2 y 2
tan tan 1
cos z x z
y
tan 1 ; y sin r sin sin
x
; x cos r sin cos
; z r cos
Ar sin cos sin sin cos Ax

A cos cos cos sin sin Ay
A sin cos 0 A
z
Ax sin cos cos cos sin Ar

Ay sin sin cos sin cos A
A cos sin 0 A
z
Differential displacement, surface area, and volume:
1. Differential displacement:
dl drar rd a r sin d a
2. Differential & normal surface area:
ds r 2 sin d d a r r sin drd a r drd a
3. Differential volume:
dv r 2 sin dr d d
Note: distance between two points in different co ordinate system.
d 2 x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1 ; cartesian
2 2 2
d 2 2 2 12 2 1 2 cos 2 1 z2 z1 ; cylindrical
2
d 2 r2 2 r12 2 r1 r2 cos 2 cos 1 r1r2 sin 2 sin 1 cos 2 1 ; spherical
Line integral, surface integral, volume integral:
1. Line integral:

It is integral of the tangential component of vector A along curve L. and defined as
A. dl
L
A dl cos
a
If path of integration is closed curve then it becomes a closed contour integral, which is called the
circulation of A around L. and defined as

A.dl
L
Note: Closed path defines an open surface.
2. Surface integral or flux :

If a vector field A , is continuous in a region containing the smooth surface S, then flux or surface
integral of A through S is given by.

A. ds A. an ds
S S
Where,
a n = unit normal to S.

If surface is closed, then closed surface defines a volume, which is referred as the net outward flux of A
from, surface S. and defined as,

A.ds
S
3. Volume integral:
Volume integral is defined as

V
dv
v
Del operator:
The Del operator is written as .
It is the vector differential operator.
It is also known as gradient operator.
Usefulness of :
1. The gradient of a scalar V, written as V
2. The divergence of a vector A, written as . A
3. The curl of a vector A, written as A
4. The Laplacian of a scalar V, written as V

2
In Cartesian co ordinate system:

a x a y a z
x y z
In cylindrical co ordinate system:
1
a a a z
z
In spherical co ordinate system:
1 1
ar a a
r r r sin
1. Gradient of a scalar: G
The gradient of a scalar field V, is a vector that represents both the magnitude and the direction of the maximum
space rate of increase of V.
V V V
dV dx dy dz
x y z
V V V
a x a y a z . a x dx a y dy a z dz
x y z
dV G. dl G dl cos
dV V V V
G cos ; where G a x a y a z
dl x y z
Maximum space rate of change of V occurs when =0
dV
G grad V
dl max
V V V
V ax ay a z ; In Cartesian coordinate
x y z
V 1 V .
V
V a a az ; In cylindrical coordinates.
z
V 1 V 1 V
V ar a a ; In spherical coordinate.
r r r sin
Computation formulas on gradient:
1. V U V U
2. VU V U U V
V U V V U
3.
U U2
4. V n nV n 1 V Where U & V are scalar field and n is an integer.
Properties of gradient of a scalar field V:
(a) The magnitude of V equals the maximum rates of change in V per unit distance.
(b) V Points in the direction of the maximum rate of change in V.
(c) V At any point is perpendicular to the constant V surface that passes through that point.
(d) The component (projection ) of V in the direction of a unit vector a is V . a and is called
directional derivatives of V along a .
(e) V . a Is the rate of change of V in the direction of a.

(f) If A = V ; then V is said to be the scalar potential of A.
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EMFT-EC Postal Correspondence Course 1

SAMPLE STUDY MATERIAL

Postal Correspondence Course

1. COORDINATE SYSTEM .. 03-17

3. MAGNETROSTATIC FIELDS 52-65

4. MAXWELLS EQUATION .. 66-73

5. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION ... 74-89

6. TRANSMISSION LINE 90-105

8. ANTENNAS ... 123-139

9. PRACTICE SET-I [IES] ELECTRONICS 140-179

10. PRACTICE SET-I [GATE] 180-198

require an appropriate co ordinate system.

Example: Cartesian (or Rectangular), circular cylindrical, spherical.

1. CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM OR RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM

variable X, Y and Z are:

Where, a x , a y , a z unit vector along the X, Y and Z directions.

Differential Length, Area, and Volume:

dl dxa x dya y dza z

ds dydza x dxdza y dxdya z

Example : If we move P to Q , dl dya y

If we move D to Q , dl dxa x dya y dza z

For surface ABCD. ds dydza x

For surface PQRS. ds dydz (a x )

2. CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

O < ; is the radius of cylinder passing through P.

O < 2 ; is called the azimuthal angle is measured from the X-axis in

< Z < ; Z is same as in Cartesian system.

Where a , a and a z are unit vector in the , , and Z direction.

Note : a is not in degrees, it assumes the units of A.

a , a , a z are mutually perpendicular, and

a Points in the direction of increasing .

a Points in the direction of increasing .

az Points in the direction of positive Z direction.

a x cos a sin a ; a cos a x sin a y

Differential displacement, surface area and volume

b. Differential normal surface area:

r is defined as the distance from the origin to point P

the radius of a sphere centered at the origin & passing through P.

is called the colatitude.

It is the angle between the z axis and the position vector of P.

It is measured from the X - axis.

It is same as azimuthally angle in cylindrical coordinates.

direction of increasing , and a in the direction of increasing .

Relationship between cylindrical co ordinates variables and spherical co ordinates variables:

; x cos r sin cos

Ar sin cos sin sin cos Ax

Ax sin cos cos cos sin Ar

Differential displacement, surface area, and volume:

2. Differential & normal surface area:

ds r 2 sin d d a r r sin drd a r drd a

Note: distance between two points in different co ordinate system.

d 2 r2 2 r12 2 r1 r2 cos 2 cos 1 r1r2 sin 2 sin 1 cos 2 1 ; spherical

Line integral, surface integral, volume integral:

circulation of A around L. and defined as

Note: Closed path defines an open surface.

2. Surface integral or flux :

integral of A through S is given by.

from, surface S. and defined as,

Volume integral is defined as

The Del operator is written as .

It is the vector differential operator.

It is also known as gradient operator.

1. The gradient of a scalar V, written as V

2. The divergence of a vector A, written as . A