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F = m ue + ( Pe − Pa ) Ae
F
CF ≡
Pc At
Optimum expansion: Pe = Pa
Ae
- For less , Pe > Pa , could derive more forward push by additional
At
expansion
1 γ +1
⎛ 2 ⎞ γ −1 ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ 2 (γ −1) Pc At R
m = ρc ⎜ ⎟ γ RgTc ⎜ ⎟ At = g⎜ ⎟ ; Rg =
⎝ γ + 1⎠ ⎝ γ + 1⎠ ⎝ γ + 1⎠ RgTc M
call Γ 2
3
RgTc Pc At
call c* = (“characteristic velocity”) → m =
Γ (γ ) c*
⎛P ⎞ A
Can express ue , Pe , Ae , etc in terms of either Me or ⎜⎜ e ⎟⎟ or e :
⎝ Pc ⎠ At
Pe 1
= γ
; γ +1
Pc 2 ( γ −1)
⎛ γ −1 2⎞ γ −1
⎜ 1 + 2 Me ⎟
⎝ ⎠
1+ 1
⎛ γ −1 2 ⎞2 γ −1
1+ Me
Ae ⎛ Pt ⎞ ⎛ ut ⎞ ⎛ Pt ⎞ 1 Tt 1 ⎜ 2 ⎟
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
At ⎝ Pe ⎠ ⎝ ue ⎠ ⎝ Pe ⎠ Me Te Me ⎜ γ +1 ⎟⎟
⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠
γ
Pe ⎛ Te ⎞ γ −1
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ,
Pc ⎝ Tc ⎠
Te 1
and = ,
Tc γ −1
1+ Me2
2
ue2 γ M2 γ
Because c pTe + = c pTc → RgTe + e γ RTe = RT
2 γ −1 2 γ −1 g c
Tc
Me γ Rg
γ −1 γ +1
1+ Me2
ue 2 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 2 (γ −1) Me
= =γ⎜ ⎟
⎝ γ + 1⎠
*
c RgTc γ −1
1+ Me2
Γ 2
In vacuum,
( Pa = 0)
γ +1 γ 1
−
γ +1 ⎛ γ − 1 2 ⎞ 2 (γ −1) γ −1 −
2
⎜ 1+ Me ⎟
ue Pe Ae ⎛ 2 ⎞ 2 (γ −1) γ Me 1 ⎝ 2 ⎠
CFv = + =⎜ ⎟ + γ +1
⎝ γ + 1⎠
* Pc At Me
c γ −1
1+ Me2 ⎛ γ + 1 ⎞ 2 (γ −1)
2 Me ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
1
γ +1 γ Me +
⎛ 2 ⎞ 2 (γ −1) Me
(CF )v =⎜ ⎟
⎝ γ + 1⎠ γ −1
1+ Me2
2
and otherwise,
Note:
For Pe = Pa ,
γ +1
ue ⎛ 2 ⎞ 2 (γ −1) γ Me
(CF )Matched = =⎜ ⎟
⎝ γ + 1⎠
*
c γ −1
1+ Me2
2
γ +1
2 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 2 (γ −1)
For Pe = Pa = 0 (CF )Max,Vac =γ
γ −1
⎜ ⎟
⎝γ + 1⎠
F
The thrust coefficient CF = was derived in class in the form
Pc At
Pa ⎛ Ae ⎞
CF = CFvac − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (1)
Pc ⎝ At ⎠
γ +1
γ Me + 1
⎛ 2 ⎞ 2 (γ −1) Me
CFvac =⎜ ⎟ (2)
⎝ γ + 1⎠ γ −1
1+ Me2
2
and we also found
γ +1
⎛ γ −1 2 ⎞ 2 (γ −1)
1+ Me
Ae 1 ⎜ 2 ⎟
= ⎜ ⎟ (3)
At Me ⎜ γ +1 ⎟⎟
⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠
tb F tb CF
ΔVF = ∫0 m
dt = Pc At ∫0 m
dt (4)
⎡ tb dt ⎛ Ae ⎞ tb Pa dt ⎤
ΔVF = Pc At ⎢CFvac
⎣⎢
∫0
−⎜ ⎟
m ⎜⎝ At ⎟⎠ ∫ 0
⎥
Pc m ⎦⎥
or
tbPa dt
ΔVF ∫0 Pc m Ae
= CFvac − (5)
tb dt tb dt At
Pc At ∫
0 m ∫0 m
We now make the approximation that the trajectory will change little when we vary
A
Me (and hence CFvac , e ). We can then regard the time integrals in (5) as fixed
At
quantities while we optimize Me . Define the non-dimensional variables
tbPa dt
ΔVF ∫
0 Pc m
v = ; p= (6)
tb dt tb dt
Pc At ∫0 m ∫0 m
⎛A ⎞
v = CFvac ( Me ) − p ⎜⎜ e ⎟⎟ ( Me ) (7)
⎝ At ⎠
⎛A ⎞
∂CFvac ∂⎜ e ⎟
∂v A
−p ⎝ ⎠ =0
t
= (8)
∂Me ∂Me ∂Me
γ +1
⎛ 2 ⎞ 2 (γ −1)
From (2) and (3), the factor ⎜ ⎟ appears in both terms of (8) and can be
⎝ γ + 1⎠
ignored. We then have
γ +1
γ −1 ⎛ γ − 1 2 ⎞2(γ −1) ⎡ γ −1 ⎤
γ− 1 2Me ⎜1 + 2 Me ⎟ 2Me
Me2⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 ⎢ γ +1 1 ⎥
− ⎜⎜ γ Me + ⎟⎟
2 = p⎝ ⎠
⎢
2 − ⎥
⎢ 2 ( γ − 1) 1 + γ − 1 M2 Me ⎥
Me ⎠ 2 ⎛ 3 Me
γ −1 2 ⎝ γ −1 2 ⎞ 2
1+ Me
⎜1 + 2 Me ⎟
e
2 ⎣⎢ 2 ⎥⎦
⎝ ⎠
3
⎛ γ −1 2⎞ 2 γ +1 1 γ
Multiply times ⎜1 + Me ⎟ , and note that + =
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ( γ − 1) 2 γ − 1
γ
⎛ γ −1 2⎞ γ −1
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ γ −1 2⎞ γ −1 ⎜1 + 2 Me ⎟ ⎡ γ − 1 2 ⎞⎤
⎜ γ − 2 ⎟ ⎜1 +
⎜ M ⎟⎝ 2
Me ⎟ −
⎠ 2
γ Me2 + 1 = p ⎝ ( M 2
⎠
) ⎣
⎛
⎢( γ + 1) Me − ⎜1 +
2
⎝ 2
Me ⎟ ⎥
⎠⎦
⎝ e ⎠ e
γ
⎛ γ −1 2⎞ γ −1
γ ( γ − 1) 2 γ − 1 γ ( γ − 1) 2 γ − 1 ⎜1 + 2 Me ⎟
γ +
2
1
Me − 2 −
Me 2
−
2
Me −
2
= p ⎝
Me2
⎠
(M2
e −1)
1444444444442444444444443
1 Me2 − 1
1− =
Me2 Me2
Me2 − 1
Cancel the factor ( Me = 1 is clearly not an optimum!)
Me2
γ γ −1
⎛ γ −1 2⎞
1 = p ⎜1 + Me ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
or
Pe 1
= γ
(10)
Pc
⎛ γ −1 2⎞ γ −1
⎜ 1 + 2 Me ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ Pe ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =p (11)
⎝ Pc ⎠OPT
Pao
However, if p < 0.4 , this would imply Pe < 0.4Pao , and there would be flow
Pc
separation at the highest Pa (on the ground). To avoid this, the optimality condition
must be amended to
⎛ Pe ⎞ ⎪⎧ Pa ⎪⎫
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = Greater of ⎨ ρ , 0.4 o ⎬ (12)
⎝ Pc ⎠OPT ⎪⎩ Pc ⎪⎭
⎧ ⎡ γ −1 ⎤⎫
⎪ ⎡ γ −1 ⎤
⎪ 2 ⎢⎛ 1 ⎞ γ ⎥ 2 ⎢⎛ Pc ⎞ γ ⎥ ⎪⎪
Me = Least of ⎨ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ − 1⎥ , ⎢⎜ 2.5 ⎟ − 1⎥ ⎬ (13)
OPT
⎪ γ − 1 ⎢⎝ p ⎠ γ − 1 ⎢⎝ ⎜ Pao ⎟ ⎥⎪
⎥⎦ ⎠
⎪⎩ ⎣ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎪⎭
We then obtain
tb Pao dt
∫0 Pc m Pao
p= tb dt
= (14)
Pc
∫ 0 m
So,
Pe (full nozzle)
(a) Pa < ,
0.4
Pa Ae
CF = CFvac −
Po At
f ( Me ) g ( Me )
⎪⎪ e (
⎧M ' = M P ' = 0.4 P
e a )
calculate ⎨ A' A'
⎪ e = e Me'
⎪⎩ At At
( )
Pa Ae'
( )
then CF = CFvac Me' −
Po At