Technical University of Munich

TUM Department of Aerospace and Geodesy

Institute for Turbomachinery and Flight Propulsion

Formulary - Aerodynamic Design of Turbomachinery

Ideal Gas Equation Rothalpy

2 w2 u2
p V = n R T, R = 8.315 molJ K hrot = ht,rel − u2 = h + 2
− 2
2
Enthalpy Difference hrot = h + c2 − u cu
∆h = cp ∆T Degree of Reaction
c2 2
1 − c2
Entropy Difference ∆h00 ∆ht +
    %h = ∆h
= 2
c2
2
c2
∆ht + 21 − 23
∆s = cp ln TT21 − R ln pp12
Flow Coefficient
Specific Heat Capacities
ϕi = cum,i
κ = ccvp , R = cp − cv 2

Load Coefficient
IsentropicκRelations
p2  T2  κ−1 ψh,t = ∆hu22
t

= T1
p1 Ideal Characteristic
Polytropic Relation  
ψh,t = 1 + ϕ2 cot β2 − uu21 ϕϕ12 cot α1
n−1
= ηpol1
· κ−1
n κ Dimensionsless
√ Quantities
Gibb’s Equation ṁ R Tt,1
Q1 = pt,1 A1
T ds = dh − v dp
Q2 = ppt,1
t,2

Total Temperature Definition

2

2
 Q3 = √ u
Tt = T + 2ccp = T 1 + κ−1 2
Ma √R Tt,1 √
R Tt,1 A1 pt,1
Speed of Sound (ideal Gas) Q4 = µ R Tt,1
√
a = κRT Compressor √ Variables
ṁ Tt,1
Continuity Equation ṁred = pt,1 A1
ṁ = ρ c⊥ A Πt = ppt,3
t,1

Compressor Efficiency (ideal Gas) nred = √n

Tt,1
ηis,C = ∆h t,is
∆ht Channel Flow

p2
 √
ṁ R Tt 1 √ 
κ−1
 1 κ+1
2 − 2 κ−1
κ−1
ln p1
pt A sin α
= κ Ma 1 + 2
Ma
ηpoly,C = κ

T2

ln T1 de Haller

Coefficient 
Total Pressure Loss DH  =w 2
DH 
= cc32
w1

−pt,3 Rotor Stator
ω Stator = ppt,2
t,2 −p2 Lieblein’s Diffusion Factor

D =1− w w2
+ |wu,1 −wu,2 |

2 c w1
p −p Rotor 1 s
ω Rotor = t,rel,is,2 t,rel,2
pt,rel,1 −p1 D =1− c3
+ |cu,2 −cu,3 |
Stator c2 2 sc c2
Euler Equation
∆ht = cu,2 u2 − cu,1 u1
c2 −c2 u2 −u2 w12 −w22
∆ht = 2 2 1 + 2 2 1 + 2

Aerodynamic Design of Turbomachinery 1

 Technical University of Munich
TUM Department of Aerospace and Geodesy
Institute for Turbomachinery and Flight Propulsion

Kinematic Relations Simple Radial Equilibrium

2
q
cm = c2z + c2r 0 = cru + cz dc
dr
z
+ cu dc
dr
u

cos ε = ccmz sin ε = ccmr Blade Torsion Laws

u = ω · r = 2πrn General cu = k r n
Hub-to-Tip-Ratio n = −1 → cz = const.
ν = rrHT cu r = const., tan(α) = tan(αM ) · r
rM
Mid-Span Radius (equal areas) √
s
2 2
n = −0,5 → cu r = const.
rT + rH
rM = c2z = c2z,M + c2u − c2u,M
2
Blockage Factors
n=0 → cu = const.
A
= 1 − BH − BT  
r
Ageo s cz = cz,M − 2 c2u,M ln rM
2 2

(1 − BH ) rT2 − BT rH
2
rT,geo = n = 0,5 → cu
√ = const.
v 1 − BH − BT  r 
2
u (1 − BH − BT ) rH,geo
u
+ ṁ c2z = c2z,M − 3 c2u − c2u,M
π ρ cm
rT,geo = t
1 − BH − BT n=1 → cru = const.
s
2
(1 − BT ) rH − BH rT2
 
rH,geo = c2z = c2z,M − 2 c2u − c2u,M
v 1 − BH − BT
2
u (1 − BH − BT ) rT,geo
u
− ṁ Untwisted Guide Vane α = const.
π ρ cm cos2 α
rH,geo =t 
rM
1 − BH − BT cu = cu,M r
r  cos2 α
rM
 
rT = 2
rT,geo − BT 2
rT,geo − 2
rH,geo cz = cz,M r
r  
rH = 2
rH,geo 2
+ BH rT,geo 2
− rH,geo Konst. Degree of Reaction ρh = const.
r
c21 −c23
 h i
c2 = c21 + 2 ∆ht 1 − ρh 1 + 2 ∆ht
∆ht +cu,1 u1
cu,2 = u2

Aerodynamic Design of Turbomachinery 2