CHAPTER

5 States of Matter

Gas’s Law R = 8.314 J K–1 mol–1

R = 2cal K–1 mol–1, R = 8.314 × 107erg K–1 mol–1
Boyle’s law:
1 Graham’s Diffusion Law
V∝ = const) P1=
(n,T V1 P2 V2
P It is applicable for non reacting gases
Charle’s law: 1 1 1
r∝ ;r∝ ;r∝ (P,T =
constant)
V2 T2 d VD Mw
V ∝ T(n,=
P const) =
V1 T1 d gas M w
Gay lussac’s law: =
VD =
dH 2 2
P T
P ∝ T(n, V= const) 2= 2 Rate of diffusion
P1 T1
ldiffused gas Vdiffused gas n diffused gas
Avogadro’s law: =r = ;r = ;r
t time taken t time taken t time taken
V ∝ moles ∝ number of molecules (P,T = const)
Ideal gas equation PV = nRT (When, l = distance traveled by diffused gas)
R = 0.0821L atm mol–1 K–1

Kinetic Gas Equation : PV = 1/3 mN V2rms

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure Average Kinetic Energy (KEav)
Pmixture= P1 + P2 + P3.....(T & V const.) 3
K.Eav = nRT (n moles)
2
Partial pressure
3
Pmoist gas= Pdry gas + Pwater vapours K.Eav = RT (1 mol or NA molecules)
2
It is applicable for non reacting gases. 3
K.Eav = KT (1 molecule)
Methods of determination of partial pressure 2
KB = 1.38 × 10–23 JK–1 molecule–1
(PA & PB are partial pressure) KB is called Boltzmann constant
™ From ideal gas equation vüü + v + ...v
uü =
PAV = nA RT & PBV = nB RT N
™ In the form of mole fraction. v1 + v 2 + v3...v n
u av =
nA N
PA = XAPT = P;
nT T 3RT 8 RT 2RT
=u rms = ; u av = ; u mp
Mw π Mw Mw
nB
PB = XBPT = P 3PV 8 PV 2PV
nT T =u rms = ; u av = ; u mp
Mw π Mw Mw
[XA + XB = 1]
3P 8P 2P
PT = sum of partial pressure of all gases =u rms = ; u av = ; u mp
d πd d
™ In the form of volume fraction. 8
VA V urms: uav: ump = 3 : : 2
PA = P & PB = B PT π
V T V =1 : 0.92 : 0.82
™ If individual pressure and individual volume are given
8
V V ump: uav: urms = 2: : 3
PA = A P1 and PB = B P2 π
V V =1 : 1.128 : 1.224
P1, P2 = pressure of gases before mixing Compressibility factor
PA, PB = pressure of gases after mixing (Vm )obs P(Vm )obs
=(z) =
V1 RT
IF z = 1, the gas show ideal gas behaviour.
IF z > 1, the gas show positive deviation.
IF z < 1, the gas show negative deviation.

Vanderwaal’s Equation
Vanderwaal’s Equation

 ™ At high pressure, Vanderwaal’s eqn is

an 2 
 P + 2  (V – nb) =
nRT
PVm – Pb = RT
 V 

an 2 ™ At low pressure or Moderate pressure vanderwaal’s eqn is

Pi = PR + ⇒ Pi > PR
V2 a
PVm + =
RT
Vm
a increases force of attraction increases
liquification increases; ™ At very low pressure, high temp. Vanderwaal’s Equation is
b increases effective size of molecule increases, VP = nRT
incompressible volume increases,
Ideal gas behaviour.
compressible vol. decreases ™ Gases having higher value of a; will have higher TC; higher rate of liquefaction.

P
W States of Matter 13