The

Steel Construction
Institute

S
Design of Structural Steelwork
Lattice Framed
Industrial Building
(Revised Edition)

mit deutscher Zusammenfassung

_______________________
avec rsum franais
___________ This document
=
con resumen espaol ___________ contains 100 pages

con sommario italiano -

Institut de a Construction Mtallique Institut fr Stahlbau Istituto di Costruzioni in Acciaio Instituto de Ia ConstrucciOnMetlica
 is The Steel ConstructionInstitute. Its aim is to promote the

== proper and effectiveuse of steel in construction.

Membership is open to all organisations and individuals that are concernedwith the use
of steel in construction, and members include designers, contractors, suppliers,
fabricators, academicsandgovernmentdepartmentsin the UnitedKingdom, elsewhere
in Europe and in countriesaround the world. SC! is financedby subscriptions from its
members, by revenue from research contracts and consultancy servicesandby the sales
of publications.
SCI's work is initiated and guided through the involvement of its members on advisory
groups and technical committees. A specialist advisory and consultancy service is
available free to members on the use of steel in construction.

SC!'s research and development activities cover many aspects of steel construction
including multi-storey construction, industrial buildings, use of steel in housing,
development of design guidance on the use of stainless steel and cold formed steel,
behaviour of steel in fire, fire engineering,use of steel in barrage and tunnel schemes,
bridge engineering, offshore engineering, and development of structural analysis
systems.

Further information is given in the SC! prospectus available free on request from:
The Membership Secretary, The Steel Construction Institute, Silwood Park, Ascot,
Berkshire, SL5 7QN.
Telephone: (0344) 23345, Fax: (0344) 22944.

Although care has been taken to ensure, to the best of our knowledge,
that all data and informationcontainedherein are accurate to the extent
that they relate to either matters of fact or accepted practice or matters
ofopinionat the time of publication, the Steel ConstructionInstitute, the
authors and the reviewersassume no responsibility for any errors in or
misinterpretations ofsuch data and/or informationor any loss or damage
arising from or related to their use.

Publications supplied to the Members ofthe Institute at a discount are notforresale by them.

The Steel Construction!nstitute 1993

Instituut voor Staalbouwconstructie Institut de la ConstructionMtallique

Staalkonstruktion !nstitut Institut fr Stahlbau
Instituto da Construcao Metlica !stituto di Costruzioni in Acciaio
!voriroisro Yuip.v iccxraaicev.v Instituto de Ia ConstruccinMetlica
 SCI PUBLICATION 028

Design of Structural Steelwork

Lattice Framed Industrial Building
(Revised Edition)

Entwurf elnes Stah/bau-Gebudes - G/tterahmen /ndustriegebude

Dimensionnementd'/mmeubles a structure meta/llque - btiment

industriel en cadre et treI/I/s

Progettazionedl Ed/f/cl in Accialo: Ed/f/cl Industrial! Inte/alat/ a

Tra/lcclo

Proyecto de Ed/f/c/os con Estructura de Acero. Ed/f/do /ndustr/al

en Ce/os/a

C SOUTHCOMBE BSc(Eng), MSc(Eng), CEng, MICE

ISBN 1 870004 83 3

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

The Steel Construction Institute 1993

The Steel Construction Institute

Silwood Park
Ascot
Berkshire SL5 7QN
Telephone: 0344 23345
Fax: 0344 22944
FOREWORD
This publication is a revised edition of the original text written by Mr W Bates and first
published in 1983.

Its purpose is to aid the education of undergraduate students in Engineeringby providing

sample calculations for a typical industrial building capable of future extension.
The revisionwas made necessary by changes in design Codes and current practice over the
past decade.

For their helpful contributions regardingdesign, fabricationand the erectionprocess, the

author is indebted to:

Mr. A. Curnow (Blight and White Limited, Plymouth)

Mr. R. Fox (F. Parkin and Son Ltd., Exeter)
Mr. P. Marozinski(Conder Limited, Winchester)

11
 CONTENTS
Page

FOREWORD U

SUMMARY v

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. SCOPE 2

3. STANDARDS AND CODES OF PRACTICE 4

3.1 British Standard 5950 - Structural use of steelwork in building 4

3.2 BS 5502 - Buildings and structures for agriculture 4
3.3 BS 6399: Part 1: 1 984 - Design Loading for Buildings 4
3.4 BS 6399: Part 3: 1 988 - Code of practice for imposed roof loads 4
3.5 CP3: Chapter V: Part 2: 1972- Wind Loads 4
3.6 Statutory regulations 5
3.7 National structural steelwork specification for building construction
(2nd Edition) 5
3.8 Quality assurance 5

4. BUILDING FORM 6
4.1 General 6
4.2 Low pitch roofs 6

5. LATTICE FRAMED ROOFS 8

5.1 Simpleforms 8
5.2 More complex forms 10
5.3 Cladding 12
5.4 Purlins 13
5.5 Side rails 14

6. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN 16

7. PRINCIPLESOF DESIGN 19

7.1 Purlins and side rails 19

7.2 Lattice framed roof girders 19
7.3 Stanchions 19
7.4 Bracing 21
7.5 Connections 21

111
 CONTENTS - Continued
Page

8. EXAMPLE - DESIGN BRIEF AND APPROACH 24

8.1 Brief 24
8.2 Cladding 24

9. DESIGN OF STEELWORK 27

9.1 Loading 27
9.2 Assessment of roof load 27
9.3 Assessment of wind load on structure 28
9.4 Design of purlins 31
9.5 Design of main roof frame 36
9.6 Preliminary calculations 37
9.7 Loading Cases (for characteristic loads) 40
9.8 Analyses 40

10. FINAL DESIGN 49

10.1 Top boom 49

10.2 Bottom boom 51
10.3 Internal members 53
10.4 Comparison of member sizes 54
10.5 Column design - members 1 to 4 and 5 55
10.6 Gable steelwork 61
10.7 Bracing 67
10.8 Column Base (Reference 1. Clause 4.13) 70
10.9 Foundation 73

11. ALTERNATIVE FRAME ANALYSIS 75

12. JOINT DESIGN 78

1 2.1Application limit check list 78

12.2 Joint welds 81

13. FINAL FRAME LAYOUT 84

REFERENCES 87

BIBLIOGRAPHY 89

iv
SUMMARY
-
Design of structural steelwork Lattice framed industrial building

Thedesignerof singlestorey buildings for commercial and industrial use will consider a
numberof possible solutions. A decisionhas to be made regardingcladding, structural form
and material. This publication illustrates for the benefit of students, the many factors which
influence the final choiceof a suitable design.

Consideration is given to a variety of building forms as well as to the choice of cladding and
its supportingelement at the conceptual design stage; other factors influencing the design are
related to fabrication, transport and erection.

A structural steelwork frame incorporating solid web beams for columns and a latticed
structurefor the roof, is chosen and full design details worked out.

The detailed design of a building 30 m wide, 48 m long x 6 m to eaves is providedas an

illustration.

The solutionconsiders the main loading calculations and members initially. A detailed
analysis is carried out and checks are made of all members, the latticed roof being formed of
rectangular hollow section. Typical joints and the foundation are designed.

Entwurf eines Stahlbau-Gebudes - Gitterahmen Industriegebude

Zusammenfassung
Der Konstrukteuer eines eingeschossigen Handels - oder Industrie-Gebaudeswird eine Reihe
moglicherLOsungen in Berrachtziehen. Entscheidungen mQssen getroffenwerden hinsichteich
Verkleidung, Formgebung und zu verwendender Werkstoffe. Diese Veroffentlichungillustriert
zum Nutzen von Studenten die vielen Faktoren, die die endgtlltige Wahi eines geeigneten
Entwurfsbeeinflussen.

Bei der Konzeptentwickiungwerden verschiedene Gebude-Formen als auch eine Auswahl von
Verkleidungen und ihre Befestigungs - Elemente betrachiet; andere Fakioren, die den Entwuif
beeinflussen, betreffen ilerstellung, Transport und Errichtung.

Em Stahlbaurahmen mit soliden Stegtrgernfir die Stlitzen und etne GitterstrukiurftJrdas

Dach wird gewahit, wozu alle Entwurfs-Einzelheiten ausgearbeiterwurden.

Als illustration1st der detaillierteEnlwurfeines Gebudes mit 30 m Breite und 48 m Lange,

sowie 6 m bis zur Unterkante des Daches dargesteilt.

Bel der LOsung wurden die wesentlichen Lastberechnungen der Glieder im Ausgangszustand
beracksichtigt. Eine deraillicerteAnalyse wurde durchgefilhrr sowie alle Glieder aberprtlft;
das Rahmendach wird aus rechteckigen Hohlquerschnirren gebildet. Typische Verbindungen
und die Grtindung sind dargesrelir.

V
Dimensionnement d'immeubles a structure mtallique - btiment industriel en cadre et
treitlis
Rsum
Le projeteur d'immeubles, a un seul niveau, pour usage industrielet commercial peut
envisagerde nombreuses solutions constructives, unedecisiondoit tre prise concernantla
forme structurale, les parios et le matriau.
Cette publication discute, a 1'intention des tudiants, les nombreuxfacteursqui influencent le
choix d'un bon dimensionnement.

On considreune grande varitE deformes de btiments ainsi que le choix des parois et des
lments qui les supportent, dansle cadre de I'etape de conception du btiment. D'autres
facteurs qui influencent le dimensionnement et qui sont relatfs a lafabrication, au transport et
au montage, sont egalement discuts.

Une structure en acier comportantdes colonnes en prof/set une toiture en treillis, est choisie
et tudieen detail.
Le dimensionnement dtaillC d'un btimentde 30 m de large, 48 m de long et 6 m sous la
toiture est donnC comme illustration.

La solutioncomporte une analyse dtai!le et une verfication de tous les Clments, le treillis
de toiture tant rCalisC en profils creux rectangulaires;certains assemblagesainsi que les
fondations sontegalementtudis.

Progettazione di Edilici in Acciaio: Edifici Industriali Intelaiati a Traliccio

Sommario
Nellaprogettazionedi edfici monopiano ad uso commerciale e industrialedevono essere
esaminatedirvesepossibili so!uzioni. E' necessariooperare Ia scelta del rivestimento, della
struttura portante e del materiale. Questapubblicazionepresenta, a beneficio degli studenti,
tutti queifattori che infiuenzano la sceltafinale in vista di una adeguataprogettazione.

Perlafase preliminare di progettazioneviene presa in considerazione la varieta'delle

tipologiestrutturali, !a scelta del rivestimento e dci suoi elementi di collegamento, a/tn fattori
che influenzano ii progetto sono que/li relativialla lavorazione, a! trasporto ed al montaggio.

Si il/ustra in particolare, sviluppando tutti i dettagli relativi al progetto, un edfici intelaiato in

acciaio,formato da colonne ad animapiena e da elementi di copertura realizzati con una
struttura a traliccio.

A titolo di esempioviene presentata la progettazione dettagliata di un edficio alto 6 metri con

dimensioni in piantadi 30 metri di larghezzae 48 metni di lunghezza. Sonopresentati I
principali calcoli relativi ai carichi ed al predimensionamento. L'analisi dettagliata e' seguita
dalla verfica di tutti gli elementi portanti. In particolare Ia struttura a traliccio onizzontale e'
formatada sezioni rettangolari cave. Vengono inollreprogettati alcuni giunti tipici e le
fondazioni.

vi
Proyecto de Edificios con Estructura de Acero. Edificlo Industrialen Celosia
Resumen
Elproyectista de edficios de una plantapara usos comerciales o industrialesdisponede
dferentes posibles soluciones. Para la selecciOn deben tomarse decisionessobre
revestimientos, materialesyfonna de la estructura. Esta publicaciOn aclarapara los
estudiantestodos losfactores que infiuyen en Ia eieccinfinal de un proyecto adecuado.

Se analizan dferenresformas de ed/lcios as! como la elecciOn de revestimiento y sus

elementos de soporte a nivel de diseflo conceptual. Se tratan ademds otrosfactores influyentes
relacionadoscon lafabricaciOn,transportey montaje.

Se escoge como modelo una estructura aporticada de aceroformada porperfiles de alma ilena
en lospilaresy una celostapara la cubierta, desarroiidndosecompletamente todos los detalles
del proyecro.

Como ilustraciOn se incluye ci ca/cub dew//ado de un edficiode 30 m. de anchura, 48 m de

iongitud y 6 m. de altura. La soluciOn comienza considerandolas cargas principales sobre
las barras. A continuaciOn se 1/eva a cabo un anlisis dew//ado as( como la comprobaciOn de
todas las barras (la celos(a de cubierta estdformada por tubos rectangulares). Tamb(en se
proyectan los nudosy zapatas t(picos.

vii
1. INTRODUCTION

In general the basic brieffor the design of the majority of single storey buildingsfor industrial
and commercial use is to provide, for the client, a structure which has no internalcolumns. If
some columnsare essential the numbershould be limited. Thus, in principle,the requirement
is for the constructionof four walls and a rooffor a singleor multi bay structure. The walls
can be formed of different materials e.g. steel columns with claddingwhich may be of
profiled or plain sheet, precast concrete, or masonry load bearing walls etc. The designer will
generally considerfor the roof a system of beams or latticed frameworks in structural steel to
supportthe roofcladding. Solid web beams will make use of universalbeam sections.

The use of lightlatticed frameworks for the roofof an industrial buildingprovides a neat,
efficientstructurewhich frequently satisfies architectural requirements. The design of the
steelworkis simple. Modern fabrication systems and erectionprocedures make these
structural forms economic.

This is particularly apparent when it is appreciated how many industrial buildings today
employ latticed roof framing and how many makers of standard buildings, as well as suppliers
of industrialised buildingsystems, make use of this type of framing in preferenceto solid web
beam construction.

The purpose of this publication is to discussthe many factors which can influence the decision
making process and can lead to adoptinglatticed framework construction. Alternative design
solutions are then illustrated by means of a practical example.

1
2. SCOPE

The scope of the publication is mainly restricted to plane frame structures. Other forms, such
as space frames, are not considered in detail.

Various types of steel sections are used in the construction of the components for this type of
structure, viz, hot rolled structural shapes such as universalbeams, universal columns, angles,
structural hollow sections and cold formed sections,etc.

Importantfactors which must be considered at the conceptual stageof the design process are
the questions of workshopfacilities - including size - and transportationbetweenworkshop
and site. Whilst long girders or large sectionsmay appear to be desirable, in order to reduce
the number of site connections, this can reduce the numberof fabricatorswho couldtender for
a given project.
In the UnitedKingdom, road transport is normally used and loads up to 2.9 m width, 18.3 m
long and 76,200 kg weight may be moved withoutany problems. Above these dimensionsthe
Police need to be notified of "Abnormal IndivisibleLoads" and indemnity to Highway and
Bridge Authorities is required. Where the dimensions exceed width 6.1 m, length 27.4 m, or
weight 152,400 kg a Department of TransportSpecial Order is required. (Reference
'Abnormal IndivisibleLoads', "Aide Memoirefor Requirements as to Notice and Authorisation
when not complying with Construction and Use Regulations",Source: Director (Transport),
Departments of the Environment and Transport).

It should be noted that the various police authorities have different periods when abnormal
loads are allowed to movethrough their districts. If neighbouring "times" are significantly
out of phase and general traffic hold-upscause disruption to the movement of abnormal loads
it is possiblefor the latter to be delayed by up to 24 hours. If one or more cranes and
associated erection staff are held up by these enforceddelays, the additional costs can be very
significant.

Certain towns and cities place length restrictionson materials which can be moved by road
e.g. certain areas of London restrict lengthsto 12 m.
Girders can be fabricatedand despatched lying flat, the overall height of the load is dependent
upon the route travelledand the clear height of any bridges likely to he encountered. Rail
transport can accommodate long pieces, but width and height are more restricted.

One solutionto limit the length and height of units being transported is to use a system as
illustrated in Figure 1. The two external sections are shop welded and the central section is
site or shop assembled; the whole being bolted togetheron site. The completed rafter can be
craned into position.

For export where shipmentis involved, pieces up to the same dimensions as for road transport
may be accommodated but it should be appreciated that shipping charges are often based on
volume rather than weight. Often there are relatively severe restrictionson the length of a
piece that can be carried in the hold of a ship. The ship's engineer may refuse to carry the
steelwork as deck cargo. It may be found more economical to despatch the steel piece-small
for subsequent assembly on site. Care must then be taken to ensure that the site work is
satisfactory.

Other factors of importance which can influence the economics of this type of construction are
the facilities available for fabrication and for erectionon site.

2
Many fabricationshops now have equipment which can cut and hole steelworkin a
semi-automatic manner thus reducingdirect labour costs. Jigs can also be used for the rapid
assembly of components. All these tend to make lattice construction more attractive. On site
the lighter overall weight of individual components can result in the use of simple lifting
equipment; site costs rise appreciably if heavy cranes have to be installed for erection
purposes.

For the design examplein this publication it is assumed that the building is for the home
market and that a well equipped fabricatorwill manufactureand erect the steelwork. It
follows that the design must be in accordance with the appropriateBritish Standards, codes
and regulations. Brief explanatory notes on these publications are given in Section 3.

External Central
section section

7,7,7 Z7rr

Figure 1 Sectionedgirder

3
3. STANDARDS AND CODES OF PRACTICE

3.1 British Standard 5950 - Structural use of steelwork in building

This document' is in nine parts combining codes of practiceto cover the design, construction
and fire protectionof steel structuresand specifications for materials, workmanship and
erection.

The relevantparts incorporated into this publication are Parts 1 and 5.

3.1.1 BS 5950: Part 1: 1990 Code of practice for design in simple and
continuous construction: hot rolled sections
This limit state specification provides limiting values for strength and deformationfor various
elements which form part of structures, and for whole systems. The document' covers
aspectsrelated to hot rolled sections i.e. UBs, UCs, angles, channels, hollow sections,etc.

3.1.2 BS 5950: Part 5: 1987 Code of practice for design of cold formed
sections
This specification2, using limit state philosophy, provides limiting values for strength and
deformation and identifies full design procedures and empirical methods. Within this
publication, it is used in the design of purlins and side sheetingrails.

3.2 BS 5502 - Buildings and structures for agriculture

Various parts which cover materials,design, construction and loadings3.

3.3 BS 6399: Part 1: 1984 - Design Loading for Buildings

This is a "Code of practice for dead and imposed loads" for use in designing buildings(4(this
is providedas a revisionto CP3 Chapter V Part 1: 1967 which it supercedes).

3.4 BS 6399: Part 3: 1988 - Code of practice for imposed roof

loads
This is a "Code of practice for imposed roof loads" and in particular suggests methods of
considering snow loads for various buildings5. The loads can be used for permissiblestress
design or where factored loads are adopted.
This code recognises the variationin snow loading throughout the United Kingdom and the
effect of variable snow loads on a roof due to drifting effects.

3.5 CP3: Chapter V: Part 2: 1972 - Wind Loads

The effect of wind on a buildinghas been found to be very complex and dependentupon
many factors such as the geographical location, the shape of the building and its relationship,
to other buildings and natural features. The various rules for calculating the design wind
loads on a structureand its cladding are given in this codeof practice6, supplemented by a
guide published by the Building Research Establishment7.

4
This code will be replaced by BS 6399: Part 2.

3.6 Statutory regulations

In additionto the above the buildings must comply with the requirements of the Building
Regulations, which apply in Englandand Wales, and where appropriatewith the special
variations or equivalentregulationsapplicable throughout the UK. Particularthermal and
sound insulationrequirements of the cladding must also be met. For buildings outside the
United Kingdom the local regulations must be observed. Whilstmany places accept structures
designedto British Standards care must be taken to considerany unusual features such as
typhoonsor earthquakes.

3.7 National structural steelwork specification for building

construction (2nd Edition)
The object of this publication8 by BCSA and SCI is to achieve greater uniformity in contract
specifications issued with tender and contract documents.

3.8 Quality assurance

BSI Handbook provides a comprehensive documentof the relevantstandards associated
with this topic. Of particular interest to the designer/fabricator/erector is BS 5750 : 1987'
which provides a three level specification of QA requirements in the contractual situation.

5
4. BUILDING FORM

4.1 General
Before proceedingto the detailed design of a lattice framed roof it is desirable to consider the
alternatives available.

At the outset is must be appreciated that if an industrial building is to be warm during the
winter and cool during the summersome form of heating and ventilationis required in
addition to the thermal insulation called for by the Thermal Insulation(Industrial Buildings)
Regulations. The roof space, which will be heated with the restof the buildingunless cut off
completely by a horizontal ceiling, is a constantcharge on running costs withoutcontributing
to the work space. There are, therefore, financial advantages in keeping the roof space to a
minimum bearing in mind that services can be accommodated in this space. This can be
achieved by keeping the roof space as shallow as possible, commensurate with economy of
initial cost and efficiency of the cladding.

A flat roof, or a roofwith only a nominal camber, can reduce the roofspace to the minimum
but may be expensive to build since the roofcladding will have to be of a more sophisticated
nature to ensure adequate weather protection. Again, with a flat roofof any reasonablespan,
deflectionof the structureor girders becomes important and extra steelworkmay be required
merely to reduce it. A portal frame design helps to reducethe deflection but it does not
reduce the cost ofthe cladding and the provisionof the necessary rigid joints is an added cost
on the structure.

Probably the most economical form of roofconstruction is one of low pitch (say 50 which is
the preferred minimum) on which a simple form of cladding can be used with success and
which at the same time reduces deflection whilst maintaining reasonable heating costs.
However care is required in the selection of the type of sheet, the type of fixing and the
sealing of end laps (which should be avoided, if possible). Special care is required where
translucent sheets are required (see section 5.3 on cladding). For other than raised seam

roofing 7 is the preferredminimum slope.

4.2 Low pitch roofs

Such low pitch roofs can be supportedbyeither solid web beams, castellated beams or lattice
frames. Each has advantages and disadvantages which must he examined before a decision
can be made.

4.2.1 Solid web beam

This is the heaviest form though relatively simple and cheap to make. However, the depth of
section satisfactoryfor structural purposes may be too shallow for the penetration of service
ducting. A monorail or underslung crane can be supported at any positionbut local stiffening
of the section may then be required.

4.2.2 Castellated beam

This is a method of increasing the sectional propertiesof a beam without materially increasing
the weight. The roof space increases but some servicescan be accommodated in the
castellations. Monorails can be located as required but it may be necessary to fill in local
castellations and stiffen the flange to carry the load. Castellated beams increase the bending
strength and flexural stiffness quite significantly. Enhanced shear capacity at points of high
shear can be accommodated by filling the castellations in that region.

6
 4.2.3 Lattice frame
Figure 2 showsthreedifferent types of rafter and indicates the facilitiesfor services and
monorails. It also illustratesthat, notwithstanding its extra depth, the lattice frame has a
distinct advantage where serviceshave to be carried in the roof. In addition, the reduction in
weight of the girder can result in economy in the supportingstructure and foundations.

This is the lightestform of construction though it requiresmore fabrication. The roof space
increases but services can usually be accommodated withinthe depth of the girder. Monorails
supported at the panel points cause little problem, but if they are located betweenthem some
local stiffeningmay be required.

The latticed girder will have a much larger second moment of area and section modulus (about
XX axis) than a corresponding solid web beam of a similar weight. Therefore there will be
enhanced strength and stiffness.

Solid web beam

Type (a)

Monorail

Type (b)

Type (c)

Figure 2 Typicalroof girders

7
5. LATTICE FRAMED ROOFS
5.1 Simple forms
Depending on the overall dimensions of the building,the latticeframed roof can take many
forms, some of which are examined below:

5.1.1 Single bay low pitch roof

Economicallyspans up to 30m are often fabricated using standard UB, UC section portals.
Above this span lighter rafters are providedby latticed girders, as shown in Figures 1 and 3.
The advantage of the horizontal boom is that designing for the "kick out" effect, Figure 4, is
removed. Columns are then only designed for axial load and moment (due to the eccentricity
of the load) from the roof, in addition to wind load on the vertical cladding. A factor to be
consideredis the possible lengthening of the bottom boom due to tensile strain.

Figure 3 Single baylow pitch roof

Eaves displacement

Figure 4 "Kick out "effect

5.1.2 Multi-bay low pitch roof

The single low pitch roofcan be extended into a series of similar bays (Figure 5). Alternate
stanchions in the valley can be omitted, the intermediate roof frames being carried on a
longitudinal valley girder, spanning two longitudinal bays, as indicated.

5.1.3 Single bay monopitch roof

When the slope of the roof is low it is sometimes advantageous to use a monopitch roof
(Figure 6). The extra roof space can be compensated for by the saving in drainage since a
gutter is requiredonly along one edge and not two. Monopitch roofs are mainly used for
relatively small spans.

8
 Eaves
Ridge Cladding
gutter

Side
cladding

Figure 5 Multi-bay pitch roof

flashing

Side
claddi
bolts

Figure 6 Single bay monopitch roof

5.1.4 Multi-bay roof

In combiningframes to obtain a multi-bay system alternate stanchions can be omitted
(Figure 7). The roof is supportedat the apex and the valley by girders spanning two
longitudinal bays. Alternatively a multi-bay frame can be provided using a multi-monopitch
roofarrangement(Figure 8.)

It is preferableto ensure that a valley gutter is wide enough for an erector or maintenance
operative to stand in.

In the alternativecase using mono pitch roofs (Figure 8) the latticeframes all slope in the
same direction. Extra gutters are requiredbut advantage can be taken to introduce lights
above the valley gutters. This system is particularlyuseful if direct sunlightinto a building is
to be avoided. The glazing can then be provided in the north facing slope of the saw-toothed
roof.

Ridge flashing
Side

Longitudinal girders
Stanchions at alternate frames

Figure 7 Alternative multi-bay pitch roof

9
 North light Cladding

Figure 8 Alternative form of multi-bay using monopitch roof

5.2 More complex forms

Where large internalareas are to be relatively free of stanchions,a doublelatticed system can
be adopted. Here, secondary frames in one direction are supportedby primary frames
spanning in the other direction between widely spaced stanchions.

These notes on latticeframed construction would not be completewithoutsome reference to

more complicated forms built up of lattice frames or lattice girders and trusses and of space
frames.

5.2.1 Umbrella roof

In thisform of construction light trusses are slung either side of main lattice girders
(Figure 9). The pitch of the roof must be sufficient to accommodate the main girders which
in turn should be of sufficient depth to avoid excessiveflexibility, bearing in mind the
incidental application of imposed and wind loading. Care needs to be taken to ensure
adequate provisionfor drainage of rainwater.

The trusses act as cantilevers with the bottom chord in compression from imposed loading but
wind loading may cause a reversal of stress. Since these compression members are not
laterally restrained (in normal truss construction the rafters are the main compression members
and they are restrained by the purlins etc.) a system of inclined or horizontal bracing is
required.

Eaves Roof Ridge

Cantilever trusses
Stanchion

Floor, level

cladding

Figure 9 Umbrella roof

10
5.2.2 Space frames
When large areas need to be coveredby a roof, with minimum use of internal columns, a
possiblesolution is to use a spaceframe. Generallythese are formed of tetrahedronsas
shown in Figure 10. In principle, parallel series of lattice booms (top and bottom) are
connected by a system of diagonal members to form a latticed 2-way spanning plate of
significant stiffness.

Angle section
upper ch

Tubular

bars

Secondary
tie bars
Space deck module

Figure 10 Typicalspace frame

11
5.2.3 Butterfly roof
Thebutterflyroof (Figure 11) is unlikely to have the drainage problemof the umbrellaroof.
Since the latticegirders do not directly govern the slope, the roofcan be flatter. The lattice
girders being placed in the valleys do, however, call for increased roof space.

5.2.4 General comment

Thesevarious forms, and indeed many others, are frequentlyadopted to suit the requirements
of a particularproject, but it must be remembered that they can increasethe unit cost of a
structure compared with the more simple forms.

Roof
Eaves ci

H.D. bolts
Side
cladding

Figure 1 1 Butterfly roof

5.3 Cladding
Claddingto a building (roof and walls) has to be provided to satisfy aestheticand functional
criteria and to satisfy the economics of the project.

A satisfactoryappearance is accomplished by selecting the appropriatecolour and shape to

blend in with the remainderof the building and neighbouring structures.

A useful "Product Selector" for "Roofing and Cladding in Steel" has been produced by BSC
Strip Mills Products''. This providesdetails of about 70 different products.

Functionally,the system has to provideresistanceto atmospheric conditions, sound

transmission,and light reflection. It is essential to ensure that both roof and walls are
watertight under all conditions, wind causes no damage to either cladding or structure, and
adequate insulation is provided against heat and cold. Structurally, cladding has to be of
adequate strength and stiffnessto resist induced stresses and excessive deformation. Profiled
sheetingis commonly used since it satisfiesthese requirements and is additionally light,
durable and easy to erect quickly.

Coated steel sheets are extensively used for cladding all types of industrial buildings. They
are available in a wide range of profiles(rib depths) and colours. Many proprietary cladding
productsprovide integral insulation systems, making use of expanded polystyreneor similar
insulationmaterial. Doubleskin metal systems are available and are considered by some
designers to be the best type of cladding. Clearly where composite cladding systems are used
there is only one operation for the erectors.

12
In general a single skin is used for stores where heat retention is not a significant factor
e.g. timber stores etc. In factories and offices where the envelope is dependenton the "U'
value, double skin cladding is a sensiblesolution. However, lining sheets may be a critical
factor in the design for wind suction.

Sheets, supported by purlins (Figure 12), are available in long lengths. Where possible,
sheets are lifted into positionby cranes to providebetter safety conditions for the fixer.
Hencethe numberof laps should be minimised in order to reducethe possibility of water
ingress, particularlyon shallow slopes. It is possibleto vary the spacingof supportsfor
cladding depending upon the thickness and shape of the profile. Three factors generally
control the spacing. The first is purlin size and the second is the limitations of lining
supports. Often the length of the inverted 'T' sectionsused to support lining panels is limited
to about 1.8 m, consequently purlin centres are restrictedto that dimension. Finally purlins
are often used to provide lateral restraintto the rafters or frames. All of these factors need to
be considered to determinethe most economical solutionto the roofing system.

Aluminium sheetingis similar to steel sheeting, although it tends to be lighter. The

aluminium coating may provide better resistanceto industrial atmospheres, greater solar heat
reflection and brighter appearance.

Natural lighting can be provided by the introduction of translucent sheets (which structurally
can be very weak), or stretchesof patent glazing. The latter is clearly more expensive and is
often limited to slopes greater than 12. Translucentsheets can be moulded to the profile of
the main cladding and would use similar fixings.

Care must be taken in positioningroof lights. It is generallynecessary to have a metal or

similar main cladding sheet at the top and bottom of the roof light in order to provide
adequatestrengthto the system. When lights are placed near to the eaves and/or ridge there
may be inadequate support.

Claddingcan be fixed by the use of selftapping screws or hook bolts. Selftapping screws
may have recommended torques. An aspect to be carefully considered is the thicknessof the
purlin. It is essential to ensure there is sufficient thickness of metal to accommodate self
tapping screws. If there is any doubt it is advisable to check with the cladding and purlin
manufacturers of the adequacy and safety of the composite system.

Screw sizes vary and their strengths are dependenton their "pull-out" capacity. In checking
these the screw manufacturer has to take into account the high "local" wind suction effects.

Often gutters are placed inside at eaves level to provide enhanced appearance. However,this
advantage needs to be weighed againstthe difficulties which may be encountered in the repair
and maintenance of the gutter. With this system the use of overflow weirs should be
considered to allow for blocked pipes and freak storms.

5.4 Purlins
Purlins are required to support any of the types of cladding available. Cold formed sections
have been developed to provideelements of adequate strength and stiffness which also allow
maximum speed of erection.

If the design criteria is such that cold formed sections are inappropriatethen use can be made
of hot rolled sections.

13
For frame spacings between6.0 m and 10.0 m a propped purlin system can be adopted
constructed from either light angle, tee or channel sections or structural hollow sections, as
shown in Figure 12. For even wider frame spacingthe use of lattice purlins should be
considered. They can be made up in many ways, e.g. using flats with rod lacing or small
structural hollow sections. (Cold formed latticepurlins are also available). Castellated beams
have been used on occasions.

It should be noted that both propped and lattice purlins can be useful for providingrestraint to
the bottom of the main supportingframes.

As indicated in Section 5.3 on cladding it may be necessary to limit the purlin centres to
1.8 m (generally fabricatorsprefer 1.7 m to 1.9 m).

Ofparticular consideration is the locationof the purlins relativeto the node positions of the
lattice frame. If they coincidewith the nodes then the top boom would only transmit axial
loads. If they are locatedbetweennodes then bendingis induced in the boom member in
addition to axial forces.

The span of purlins may be controlled by a fixed specification for the main frame centres.

Alternatively frame centres can be determined by selecting specific purlins which may have
limiting spans. Cold formed sections are normally available in lengthsup to 10 m and depths
-
from 120 mm to 300 mm. Normallyspans are of the order of 4.5 6 m. To enhancethe
lateral stiffnessof the purlins it is sometimes necessary to use anti-sag bars - Figure 16. This,
however, can increase labour costs and therefore their use should be weighed againstlarger
purlins or closer frame centres.

An aspect to be considered concernsthe design for snow loads. Cold formedpurlins have
generally been developed on the basis of tests carried out using uniformlydistributedloads.
Snow loading may be trapezoidal and care is required in the interpretation ofthe
manufacturers'literature.

A further design criteria which has implications on purlin size is the incorporation of a
dominantopening in the side of a building. This can significantly increasethe uplift due to
wind.

Purlins are often used to providelateral restraint to the compression flange of the main
supportingframes, and to transmit wind loads to the bracing system. Ifthis is the case
combined loading needs to be considered when selecting the appropriatepurlin i.e. it could be
subjected to the maximum dead plus superimposed (snow) loads, which induce bending, and
additionally axial load from wind effects.

Eaves purlins are also available which have a slopingtop flange. Various types of purlins are
shown in Figure 12.

5.5 Side rails

In general the comments providedin the previous Sectionon purlins are applicable to side
rails. The loads acting on these will be different since vertical forces are induced by the self
weight of the cladding which acts perpendicularto the wind loads. Sheeting rails are often
fixed at about 1.8 m. Generally, a limitof 2 m is placed on their centres. Anti-sag rods are
more easily fixed to stiffen these elements.

14
 Purlin

Lattice Purlin
girder stays

Asbestoscement
sheets

Hook bolts Self tapping

screws Hook
5)L
Steel sheets i
Sheeting

Insulation

Rafter Rafter
S%iRaft:):;;:ul:tion
Angle Cold formed Z 'Structural hollow section
(Anti-sag bars required (circularor rectangular)
for spans over 4.5 m)

Props to bottom of roof girder

Roof girder
Propped angle purlin

Sheeting and insulation

Lattice purlin

Roof girder

Figure 12 Types ofpurl/n

15
6. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
Before considerationis given to the method of analysis and designto be adopted certain
decisions have to be taken, which may later be modified as the design progresses. The effect
of any modifications clearly can alter the detailed design and alterations to calculations would
ensue.

There are four principalcomponents of a light industrial building i.e. the cladding, the
cladding supports, the main frame and the foundations.

Early decisionsare required on type(s) of cladding and type of purlin and sheetingrails.
Since these are all supported by the main frame.

If the frame is considered as a simple portal, Figure 13, it is necessary to decide on the
type(s) of fixity to be providedat the base, eaves and ridge. Generally, the columns to the
frame will be of I or H section, unless the building incorporates a high capacity overhead
travelling crane when a compositecolumn might be required.

If the rafters are to be latticed structural

steelwork it is possibleto use different layouts of the
internal members, Figure 14. However, since the diagonals are likely to be subject to stress
reversal, dueto wind effect, the warren type truss is generally preferred. In selectingthe
layout it is necessary to decide on the positionof purlins. If these are located at node points
then local bendingin individual top boom members are avoided. In principle,forces in all of
the members are either direct tensile or compressive, with bendingand shear effects being
secondary, as a result of deformation of the truss.

Analysis of the framework can be carried out by hand calculation,drawing or computer. In

the first two methods, it is essential to assume that all joints are pinned and preferably end
support conditions to the rafters are such that the truss is statically determinate.

When a software package is used there are a number of options, three of these are:

(i) assume all joints of the truss and the connections to the columns are pinned;

(ii) assume full rigidity of all joints;

(iii) assume the internal bracing members are pinned to the booms which are considered to
be continuous and therefore rigid.

In adopting(i) or (iii) it is necessary to consider the possible effect of secondary stresses

caused by:

(a) loads applied betweenthe truss nodes;

(b) moments resultingfrom the actual rigid joints and truss deflections.

Additionally, in all cases care needs to be taken in member layout, since secondary stresses
can be induced by eccentricity at the connections. (Specific reference should be made to
BS 5950: Part 1, Clause 4.l0' and Structural SteelDesign'2 by Dowling, Knowles and
Owens), Dowling et al suggestsecondary stresses should be calculated for heavy trusses used
in industrial buildings(e.g. those supportingoverhead cranes) and bridges. It is traditionally
recognised (e.g. in British Steel Publication,Design ofSHS Welded Joints'3)) and Dowl ing et
al also suggest that latticed structuresare assumed, for design purposes,to have pinned joints.
This may lead to higher defiections than those induced in a rigidjointed truss, but in practice

16
this is unlikely to be significant with the exception of girders supportingcrane beams.

The design exampleillustrated uses a package hut initial hand calculations are used to
ascertainmember sizes. These are useful for the software data input.

Generallya decision will be taken early during the conceptual design process on the type(s)
of member(s) to be used for the latticed frame. There are many options:
(a) Hollow sections - circular or rectangular.
(b) Traditional sections - angles, tees, channels, UCs.
(c) Combination of (a) and (b).

The selected truss should reflect the need not only to producethe lightest frame but also to
minimize the cost of fabrication and erection.

Rigid

Pinned Pinned Fully rigid

Rigid

Pinned Pinned

Rigid Rigid

Figure 13 Basic arrangementforportal frames

'Pratt' or 'n' truss

'Warren' truss

Figure 14 Typicalarrangementfor latticedgirders

17
An example of compositeform is shown in Figure 15 where the booms are of UC section and
the internalmembers RHS. The UCs enable easy connection of servicesto the truss and easy
connection to columns. Also bracing in the plane of the roof can be provided using simple in
plane membersand simple connections, or by using the relative stiffnessof an I or H section.

When hollow sectionsare used with weldedjoints reference should be made to the British
Steel Publications, listed in Section 7.5. It is essential to ensure that it is possible to make a
full weld. Difficulties can arise where large booms and small internal members are used
which may requirejoint stiffeners. These may be expensive and it is likely to be prudentto
increasethe member size. The designermust be aware of problems which can arise in the
detail design at the joints.

The specific advantages of hollow sections(and tubes) when compared with traditional
sections(UBs, UCs, Channels,Angles etc.) are the high strengthto weight ratio, maximum
efficiency in tension, efficiency as struts, good torsionalproperties, appearance and
maintenance. In deciding to use CHS or RHS the designer should remember that some
fabricatorsare not fully equipped to use circular hollow section.

Their main disadvantages can be the higher cost of connections especially at nodes involving
overlapped CHS bracings and chords, the relative difficulties of making on site connections
for services (electrical etc.) and higher basic costs than traditionalsectionson a tonnage basis
(overall, however, lighter weight frames are produced).
Relevantto the design code BS 5950: Part 1(1) is the consideration of section classification
(Fable 7 of the code). Tees cut from UBs are generally slender, hence a reduced yield stress
has to be used. Tees cut from UCs are not affected in the same manner.

In designing the joint it is necessary to examine whether high local stresses will be induced by
the selectedarrangementand member sizes. These high local stressesmay even occur when
member axes intersect.

The relative slopes of the internal members are relevantto the detailingfor the fabrication
process. If they are parallel to each other then the angle of cut at each end is identical for all
members.

The final decisionon the type(s) of member(s) to be used may be influenced by aesthetics and
not cost.

CHS UC UC RHS

OHS RHS RHS RHS

CHS UC UC RHS

Figure 15 Alternative lattice girder layouts

18
7. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

The designof all the steelworkfor low rise lattice framed buildingsshould satisfy the "aims
of economical structural design" and "limit state" philosophies outlined in the appropriate
Codes of Practice.

Basic design assumptions are made as to the behaviourof the various units which make up the
structure.

7.1 Purlins and side rails

Purlins and side rails can be designed to satisfy the strength and deformation requirements of
the appropriatecodes or they can be designed using empirical rules given in Clause 4.12 of
BS 5950: Part 1' and Section 9 of BS 5950: Part 5(2)

It is of note that the empiricalrules are based on unfactored loads and also that the tables of
section properties (A checklistfor designers'6 published by the SCI) do not list plastic moduli
for angles.

Purlins are generallydesigned as continuous members, over two or more spans, supporting
uniformly distributed loads. In this case connections have to be made to transmit shear and
bending.

Cold formed sections can be selected from manufacturers' catalogues where it is guaranteed
that the carrying capacity of the various systems is based on the results of extensive research
and development.

Continuity is obtained by the use of sleeves, and the effectivelength of purlins are reduced by
the use of anti-sagbars (Figure 16).

When applied loads are not uniformly distributede.g. trapezoidal snow loading or when
purlins are used to support ventilation systems etc. then original calculations are required.
These will make use of BS 5950: Part 5 and section properties for cold formedpurlins
providedin manufacturers'catalogues.

7.2 Lattice framed roof girders

As indicatedin Section 6 the design will be based on the assumption that joints are pinned,
rigid or a combination of the two.

The girder will support vertically applied dead and superimposed loads plus wind loads. The
latter is likely to induce stress reversal in the members. The rafter will also transmit the
horizontalwind loads from the vertical cladding and may act to transmit wind loads in the
plane of the roof. Typicalload directions are shown in Figure 17.

7.3 Stanchions
When pinnedbases are adopted then moment fixity is required at the column head. The
column will be designed for axial and shear forces only at the bottom but for axial, shear and
bendingin the upper length. Use of fixed bases enables the stanchions to be designed as
propped cantilevers, although it should be noted that simply linking the top of the stanchions
with the rooftrusses does not providea fully rigid propped system. The column heads and

19
girders can all movetogether. It is of note that the relative stiffnessof the rafter and column
are significantly different (possiblyof the order of 4 to 1). Also changes in the overall depth
ofthe rafter can significantly increase or decrease the stiffnessof that member.
The stanchion size is controlled by its effectivelength, which is likely to differ about
orthogonal axes. Care is required in the selection of end and intermediate fixity conditions.

Cleat (behind)

rafter

rail

Figure 16 Sleevedpurlln system

Dead & I Vertical

loads
imposed

I I
Reversible
\ wind loads

Vertical cladding
Reversible (dead) load
wind loads

Figure 17 Frame loads

20
 7.4 Bracing
Bracing must be provided to accommodate wind loads on the gable columns. This can be
used to facilitateplumbingand squaring the building during erection. It can also provide
essential stabilityto the steelwork during erection.

Bracing normally consists of diagonal membersbetweencolumns and trusses both in the walls
and plane ofthe roof. The bracing can be single diagonal or cross members (Figure 18). If
the former system is adopted the members are designedto support compressive and tensile
loads. When cross members are used only the members in tension are assumed to be
effective, those in compression are designed to satisfy the slenderness criteria, Clause 4.7.3.2
of BS 5950: Part 1: 199O'.
When masonry is used as all or part of the vertical cladding, it is feasible to use that element
as part of the bracing system.

/\NN/7NNNN Single diagonal roof bracing

>< >< x><

Cross member roof bracing
Figure 18 Roof bracing

7.5 Connections
A very important aspectof design using any material is the design of connections. Structural
membersare designed to carry axial loads, shear force, bendingmoment and torsion.
Consequently connections must be designed to transmit these forces from one element to
another withoutinducingexcessivestressesor deformations.

To producea good design of a complete structural assembly it is essential for the designerto
clearly state at an early stage the basic methods by which various members are to be joined.

Sophisticated methods of analysis are now available to determineto a good degree of accuracy
the forces and deformations throughout both simple and complex structures. This degree of
sophistication is not howevergenerally available in connection design. The stresses induced
by connections are often indeterminate and their distribution throughout a joint is not always
consistent even in identical conditions. Stress is always a function of deformation and the
latter can vary with the irregularities of the properties of the members being connected, the
type of fasteners,the quality of workmanship in making the connection and "built in" stresses
in the parent members.

21
Most connection design is, at present, only approximate. The essential aim is to provide the
type of connection stipulated by the designerwhich is efficient, economical and aesthetically
pleasing. The latter is not always essential. Use will be made principally ofthe basic laws of
statics i.e.:

EX =EY =EZ
= =
=0
=
EM EM 0

i.e. all jointbehaviourwill be considered to be statically determinate. The distributionof

internal forces in a connection has to be assumed and either elastic or limit state design may
be appropriate.

The fabricationof connections is particularlylabour intensive and therefore in order to keep

overall costs down it is necessary to try to producesimple but efficientmethods ofjoining
members, by weldingor bolting.

In general the design of connections will follow the recommendations given in BS 5950:
Part 1: 1990, Section Six. Connections.

In the case of the following design example using hollowsection the design is carried out
using as referencesthe followingpublications produced by British Steel viz:

Design of SHS Welded Joints TD 338'

Jointing TD 325
Welding ID 328'
Hot finishedstructural hollow sections;
sizes, properties and technical data TD 167

Useful reading in the first instance is TD 325 which provides an indication of the wide
spectrumof application of RHS.

PublicationTD 338 provides a clear method of DesigningSHS Welded Joints. As indicated

in Section Six of BS 5950: Part 1, it is common practice to carry out the analysison the basis
of pin-jointed frames with members in direct compression or tension and the centre lines of
members intersecting at the nodes, as shown in Figure 19. Often it is necessary to providea
gap or overlap as shown in Figure 20. Joints may take a variety of geometric forms as shown
in Figure 21. TD 338 details the method of establishing the joint's design capacity in limit
state terms, compatible with BS 5950 and Eurocode3.

It should be noted that fillet welds generally providethe most economic method of connecting
members in structuressubject to static load. Clearly one exception is the case of end to end
connections where butt welds can be provided to develop the full strength of the sections
connected. In this case with RHS sections internal backing members are provided, which are
formedfrom strips 20-25 mm wide and 3-6 mm thick.

Of note is the recommendation in a paper by N Yeomans,NewDevelopments in the useof

StructuralHollowSections17:

"Because ofthe influence of member and joint geometry on the jointbehaviour, it

is important that engineers design the joints when determining member sizes; with
SHS design this job should not be left to the detailer".

22
 a

Figure 19 Nodingjoints

a) Gap joint with positiveeccentricity b) 100% overlap joint with negative eccentricity

Figure 20 Definition of eccentricity

X joints
/ I and Y joints

/
,es
/ Y-------k-

N and K joints with gap N and Kjoints with overlap

I
/ /
oy[1%e2
-
-*

Figure 21 Joint geometries

23
8. EXAMPLE - DESIGN BRIEF AND APPROACH
8.1 Brief
The client requires a single storey, single bay industrial building to be used as a light machine
shop. It is to be sited on an industrial estate on the outskirts of Leicester.

Main dimensions - 30 m wide x 48 m long x 6.7 m to eaves

Cladding - Colour coatedsteelsheets to roof, sides and ends with 20%

natural lighting provided by translucent sheet inserts.

Insulation - A lining system to be provided to wall and roof sheeting.

Access - A roller shutter door 4 m X 4 m is to be providedin both gable

ends with personnel doors 1 m x 2 m adjacentand along the
side walls.

Note: The possibilitythat the roller shutter doors would be open

during a severe storm was discussed with the client. The final
decisionwas that the design should be based on the assumption
that both doors would be closed during a severe storm.

Services - Allowance was to be made to support set-vices from the roof

structure. Mechanical handlingwas not required.

General - It was agreed that:

(a) The roof pitch would be set at 50

(b) The roof to be of hot rolled hollow section latticed

framework.

(c) Hot rolled I sections would be used for the columns.

The outline of the buildingbased on the above brief is shown in Figure 22.

Selection of RHS for the roof structureis based on its enhanced efficiency and the cost
effectiveness ofjoints which will, in general, be quite simple. The girders will be shop
fabricated in two halves, approximately 15 m in length and 1.2 m deep.

Hollow sections can be used in simple, semi-rigid and rigid design and can adequately carry
axial (tensile and compressive) loads, bending, shear and torsion.

8.2 Cladding
Since the decisionhas already been made to use colour coated steel sheets with insulation
lining and translucent sheet inserts, it is only necessary to settle upon the most suitable
thicknessand profile of sheet to be adopted. This need not be the same for both roof and
sides and they are therefore considered separately.

24
/ /

0
E
0 (5.;
4,
>.
(5

co

30.Om

Plan - Centre lines of frames

5 pitch

Cross section

Roller shutter
door
End elevation

Figure 22 General layoutof building

25
8.2.1 Roof sheeting
The span of the roofis 30 m and with a 5 pitch the length of one slope is marginally over
15 m. Not all manufacturers produce sheeting of such length and it may be necessary to use,
say, 2/8 m sheets lapped at the centre. The laps should be bedded in sealant because of the
low rise.

A suitablespacingfor the purlins will be 1.85 m, which on a slope length of about 15 m,

dividesthe rafter of the roofframe into eight panels. A typical sheetingsystem would be the
"Warmclad 1000R", with lining, manufactured as a BSC Profile (Reference 6), this is suitable
for roofand walls.

8.2.2 Wall sheeting

The height from the floor to the eaves is 6 m hence sheeting rails can be spaced at 1.5 m c/c.
To achievea different architectural effect to the building either a different sheet and/or an
alternativecolour could be adopted.

Figure 23 shows a cross section of the building.

Lined roof cladding

and translucent sheets Ridge tie

6.0 m Lined wall

cladding

'Weathering curb

0.7m
ground level

,1
15.0 m Half span

Figure 23 Cross section

26
9. DESIGN OF STEELWORK

9.1 Loading
The loading for which the steelwork must be designed is in four parts:

(1) Dead load - from cladding and structure, assessed from the mass/unitof the
various items (Reference 4).

(2) Imposed load - (Reference 5).

(3) Service load - allowance for trunking etc. required by client.

(4) Wind load - (Reference 6).

The first three loading conditions can be calculated as the design proceeds but the assessment
of the wind load requires consideration of the complete structure at the outset.
9.1.1 Load factors
Table 2 of BS 5950: Part iW

.yf

Dead load 1.4

Dead load restraininguplift or overturning 1.0

Dead load acting with wind and imposed loads 1.2

Imposed load 1.6

Imposed load acting with wind load 1.2

Wind load 1.4

Wind load acting with imposed load 1.2

Forces due to temperatureeffects 1.2

9.2 Assessment of roof load

BS 6399: Part 3 : 1988 provides the detailed method of evaluating minimum imposed roof
loads (Clause 4). With no roof access the load is taken as the greater of:

(a) the uniformlydistributedsnow load.

In this case Figure 1 in the code provides the "basic snow load on the ground", say
0.6 kN/m2 = s0.

The roof snow load Sd = js where 0.8 (Figure 4 in the code).

Hence Sd = 0.48 kN/m2

27
(b) a uniformlydistributed load (u.d.1.) of 0.6 kN/m2
For simplicityin this example drifting has been ignored and the roofsnow load is therefore
taken as 0.6 kN/m2.

9.3 Assessment of wind load on structure

CP3 : Chapter V : Part 2 : 1972(6) gives a detailed method of calculating the design wind
loads on a structure. The code was preparedfollowing extensive investigation at the Building
ResearchEstablishment.

The dynamic pressure q exerted by the wind is found in the formula:

q = kV2 N/rn2

where: q = dynamicpressure
k = constant having a valueof 0.613
V design wind speed
= V x S1 x S2 x S3
where V = basic wind speed for geographical location
S1
= topography factor, usually taken as unity (except where conditions are
abnormal)
= ground roughness, building size and height above ground factor
S3 = building life factor, usually taken as unity.

S3 is a factor inserted in the formula to enable accountto be taken of any special

circumstances which may justify a variation in the design wind speed.

For a factory located in the Midlands the basic wind speed V, from the map in the code, is
44 rn/sec. Then, if unity is accepted for S1 and S2 the design wind speed, V V x S2.

2
A wide range of values for are given in Table 3 of the code. These are divided into four
groups related to the surroundingsof the building under consideration, and each group is
2
divided into three classes relatingto cladding or structure and its size. The value of also
varies with the height above ground level, stepped at intervals.

The building in this exampleis located on an industrial estate where it will be surrounded by
other buildings. Group 3 is thus applicable, with Class A factors for the cladding and, since
none of the main dimensions exceeds 50 m, Class B factors for the structure.

Table 3 gives values of S2 at heightsof 3, 5 and 10 m above ground. As the overall height
from ground level to ridge is say 8 m the value of S7 for the structureat that height may be
obtained by interpolation between the tabulated values at 5 m and at 10 m and this results in a
value of 0.70. The values of S2 are therefore as shown in Figure 24. (For more detailed
informationon the values of S, reference should be made to Wind loading handbookpublished
by BRE7).

Figure 24 Values of coefficientS2

28
 2'
Using these values for thedesignwind speeds and dynamic pressuresover the two height
ranges are as tabulated below:

Table 1 Wind speedsand dynamicpressures

Height Cladding Structure

range

m S2 V q S2 V, q
rn/s N/rn2 rn/s N/rn2

(a) Oto3 0.64 28.16 486 0.60 26.40 427

(b) 3 to 8 0.75 33.00 668 0.70 30.80 582

The design wind loads on either the claddingor the structure are found by multiplying the
dynamic pressure, q, by the area applicableand by a further coefficient C, in the case of
externallyapplied forces and Cfor the internal effects i.e. internalpressure or suctionwhich
dependon the permeability ofthe building shell.

Values for the external pressure co-efficient, C , are relatedto the shape and dimensions of
the building and are given in Tables 7 and B orc3 : Chapter V: Part 2: 1972(6).

For the building under consideration the relevant information is:

Widthofbuilding, w = 30.0 m
Lengthof building, 1 = 48.0 m
Heightto eaves, h = 6.7 m
Then hiw = 6.7/30 = 0.22 < 0.5
and 11w = 48.0/30
= 1.6 i.e. between 1.5 and 4.
From Tables 7 and 8 of the code the values of C are:
(a) wind on side ofbuilding

Windward side = +0.7

Leewardside = -0.25
Windward roof slope (5) = -0.9
Leewardroofslope (50) = -0.4
Eithergableend = -0.6
(b) Wind on end of building

Windward gable = +0.7

Leewardgable = -0.1
Both roofslopes = -0.8 maximum
Either side = 0.5

The followingcalculations are based on the assumption that the doors will be closed during a
severe storm, which has validityand also simplifies the design process for this example.
Hence C is taken as the more onerous of +0.2 and -0.3.

29
However, it should be noted, as stated in Appendix E to CP3: Chapter V: Part 2: 1972, that
the value taken for the internalpressure coefficient, must be related to the permeabilityof
the cladding and the presenceor otherwiseof large openings. It is necessary to ensure the
correct decisionis taken concerningthe permeabilityof a buildingwhich is constructed with
one or more large doors. It is often, quite incorrectly, assumed that the door(s)will always
be closed during a severe storm. In reaching this decisionno account is taken of loadings
which will arise during the construction period when it is very likely the doorwill not be in
position. Nor does it take into account the use of the buildingwhich, during its lifetime, is
likely to be such that the doorwill be unavoidably opened. An argument also put forward is
that in the event of the doorbeing open during a severestorm, the sheetingwould probably
"blow out" before damageto the structureoccurred.

The various coefficients to be used to determine wind loads on sides and roofof the structure
only are shown diagrammatically in Figure 25.

As far as general stabilityi.e. overturning, is concerned internalpressure has no effect since

the horizontal forces on the sides and horizontal components ofthe forces on the roofall
cancel each other. For the design of individual members and for decidingon the minimum
anchorage required, the most adverse conditions are taken from (e), (f), (g) and (h) of
Figure 25.

0.7f}225 o[_'b}.5
Wind on side Values of c1 Wind on end

Pressure Values of c,, Suction

0.5
4TfO.45 0. 0.7

(C) - ( 0.2) -
(C,,) ( 0.2)

1.0 0.
TIj..o.os
(C) - ( 0.3) (C) - C 0.3)

Figure 25 Evaluation of totalpressurecoefficients (Cpe and C,,1)

30
The followingcalculations are made using the values of q applicable to the structure. The
cladding and its fixings must be capable of resistingthe higher values shown in Table 1,
adjustedby the values of C and Cr1. The areas adjacentto the eaves, ridge and verges, and
the corners of the building are designed using the local coefficients in Tables 7 and 8 ofthe
code, which are aimed at avoidinglocal damage. These local coefficients for the fixing of
claddings are significantly different to those shown for the structure, but these are not included
within the scope of this publication. This is information which wouldbe requiredby the
manufacturers of claddingand fixings.

9.4 Design of purlins

These may be either cold rolled or hot rolled sections and both a cold rolled zed section and a
hot rolled angle are designed for comparison.

The purlins have a span of 6 m and are spaced at 1.85 m centres.

9.4.1 Cold rolled Z purlin

Normally a cold rolled purlin can be selected from a manufacturers' catalogue(e.g.
Metsec'8) where safedistributedloads are given for various sizes and shapes. No further
design checks are necessary if these have been designed to BS 5950: Part 5: 1987(2).

Dead load, sheetingand lining, say 0.19 kNIm2

Imposed load QQ kN/m

Total dead and imposed loads 0.79 kNIm2

Selfweight, say kN/m2

Total load 0.82 kNIm2

Using a load factor of 1.6 the design load due to dead and imposed is 1.6 x 0.79 = 1.27
kN/m2. Purlin design is based on a normal load acting on the member. The dead and
imposed loads are gravitational. Howeverthe difference between gravitational and normal
loads for a low pitch roof is not significant.

Froma manufacturer'scatalogue a 202 x65x60x 1.8 mm thick Z purlin (Figure 26) will
carry an allowable(unfactored) load of 1.29 kN/m2 (excluding putlin selfweight of
5.01 kg/rn).

The maximum wind uplift on the roof will be 0.582 x 1.1 = 0.64 kN/m2 (see Table 1 and
Figure 25(e)).
In selectingan appropriatepurlin it is necessary to considerthe effect of using the purlin as
part of the bracing to transmit wind loads in the plane of the roof. See Section 10.7.1.
-
Gross uplift on a purlin spanning 6 m at 1.85 m centres = (0.64 0.22) x 6 x 1.85
= 4.44 kN. With a factor of 1.4 the design wind uplift = 4.44 x 1.4 = 6.3 kN.

According to the manufacturer'scatalogue the Z purlin selected is capable of resisting a wind

load of 9.215 kN. To support this load no anti-sag bars are required.

Use 202x65x6Ox 1.8

31
 H 65b
1 ______

1.8

Figure 26 Z purlin
9.4.2 Hot rolled purlins
(I) Anti sagrods
Purlins(and rails) can be designedin accordance with Clause 4.2' i.e. as beams, or
empirically(as in this example) using the rules detailed in Clause4. 12.4'. The elements are
designedassuming the cladding provides lateral restraint to the section. Clearly the cladding
and fixings have to be capableof providingthe necessarysupport (in particularcare is needed
in areas ofhigh local wind effects).

Anti-sagrods may not be required when hot rolled sectionsare used for purlins spanningless
than 6 m. They may howeverbe used to providestabilityduring erection. This will reduce
deflections in the plane of the cladding.

(ii) Anglepurlins (Figure27)

wp

wp

Rafters
@ 6 m c/c

Figure 27 Loadingon purlins

Dead + imposed load = 0.8 kN/ir? (referto Section 9.4.1)
Howeverthe minimum imposed load (Reference 1 Clause 4.12.4.3) should be taken as
0.75 kN/m2. Henceload/purlin = 0.95 x 1.85 = 1.76 kNIm.

32
For selfweightfirst consider:

= 6000 = 133
45 45

B
6O L6000_100
Minimum section to satisfy D and B would be 200xlOOx 10 angle.

This weighs 23 kg/rn.

Total load = Wp/m = 1.76 + 0.23 = 1.99 kN/m.

Hence W, = 1.99 x 6 = 12.0 kN (note- unfactored loads are used).

Therefore Z WL 12x6000 40 cm3

1800 1800

This will be satisfiedby the 200x100x10x23 kg/rn angle (Z = 93.2cm3).

(ii!) RHS Purlins

The limiting factors in this case are:

WL 40 as before
1800 say

600040

Minimum sectionto satisfyD and B is a 100x50x6.3 RHS, this weighs 13.4 kg/rn and
Z = 40.5 cm3, or consider lOOx6Ox5x 11.7 kg/rn RHS, Z, = 38.5 cm3.
Thus W, = (1.76 + 0.12)6 = 11.3 kN.

zi 11.3 x 6000 37.7 cm3

1800

Section is satisfactory.

Of note is the significant difference in weightsof the cold formedZ section (5.01 kg/rn), the
hot rolled angle section (23 kg/rn) and the hot rolled R}IS (11.7 kg/rn).

a
Unless special conditions dictate it is highly unlikely that other than cold rolledsection will
be usedforpurlins.

Ofnote is thepossibilitythat tubes with open ends may be subject to internal corrosion. It is
recom,nended that hollowsections are sealed.

33
9.4.3 Design of side rails
These may be cold or hot rolled. Side rails span of 6 m horizontally and are at 1.5 m c/c
vertically. From Figures 25(f) and (g) and Table 1 the characteristic wind loads are:
Pressure 1.0 x 0.582 = 0.582 kN/m2 Factored pressure = 1.4 x 0.582
= 0.815 kN/m2
Suction 0.7 x 0.582 = 0.407 kN/m2 Factored suction = 0.570 kN/m2
(I) Cold rolled Z rail
From manufacturer'scataloguea suitablesection is 142 x 54 x 49 x 1.8 mm thick Zed
sleeved system, using one row of side rail supports.

(ii) Hot rolled angle rail (BS 5950: Part 1, Clause 4.12.4)
Using weight of sheetingand lining of 0.2 kN/m2, the vertical load on a rail = 0.2 x 6 x
1.5 = 1.8 kN. Allow for self weight of 0.2 kN/m. Hence W1 = 1.8 + (6 x 0.2) = 3.0 kN
(Figure28).

W2 = 3.0 kN

1
W1=5.24kN
-Y

Figure 28 Side rail arrangement

W1L (0.582 x 1.5 x 6) x 6000 -

5.24 x 6000
17 5 cm2
1800 1800 1800

where W1 is the unfactored horizontal load

Z, 17.5 cm3

W2L 3x6000 15cm3

1200 1200

L
6000
D 134mm

B 6000100mm

A 150x 150x10x23 kg/rn angle satisfies(Z = 56.9, Z, = 56.9 cm3). CheckD since Z1
provided is greater than minimum Z1 required from Table 30 and Clause 4.12.4.4(d)(').

34
D'..
tmi __
= 6000
45
x=41
17.5
56.9

ButD B hence check a 120x120x8x14.7 kg/rn angle (Z1 = Z2 = 29.1 cm3)

In this case the controlling factors are Z1 = 17.5 cm3 and Z2 = 15 cm3, which are satisfied.

Check D x = 80 mm, which is satisfied.

Use 120 x 120 x8x 14.7 kg/rn angle.

(iii) Hot rolled RHS

Z1 17.5 cm2 Z2 15 cm3.

O857
B
A 100x60x3.6x8.59 kg/rn RHS would satisfy. Adjustment can be made for D i.e.

6000 17.5
D1.. 70
x___52
29.3

In this case there is no available lighter section, a thicker walled section might be preferable.

Use 142 x54 x49 x 1.8 Zed sleeved system with one row of anti-sag bars.

9.4.4 Eaves detail

At the eaves a possible solutionwhen using a Zed purlin system is to use a cold formed eaves
beam. A typical section is shown in Figure 29.

Figure 29 Special eavespurl/n

35
9.4.5 Design of gable rails
These will be of different size to the side rails since, althoughthe vertical spacingwill be set
at 1.5 m c/c, the spans are 7.5 m. Considerationcould be given to maintaining the spans at
6 m. Side rails would then be of the same size throughout.
The loading is the same as the side rails i.e. pressure 0.582 kN/m2 and suction0.407 kN/m2.

From manufacturer'scataloguea suitable section is 202 x60x60x 1.6 mm thick Zed single
span system, using 2 rows of side rail support. It should be noted the gable rails are single
span, whereas the side rails are sleeved. The latter are used providing there are two or more
spans. The gable end is broken by the provision of the large roller shutter doors.
Use 202 x60 x6Ox 1.6 Z.

9.4.6 Typical system

Typical arrangementsfor a building which incorporates Z purlins and Z side rails are shown
in Figure 16.

9.5 Design of main roof frame

In orderto design the members it is necessary to decide on the method(s) of analysisto be
used to obtain member actions (forces, moments etc) and deformations. In this example it is
initially assumed, in order to determinepreliminary member sizes, that the frame is a portal as
shown in Figure 30, where:

(a) the columns are pinned at the base;

(b) the girder is initially treated as a "beam with partial restraints at the end". The bending
moment and deflection at the centre can then be evaluated;

(c) Having deducedthe bendingmoment in the girder the joints of the latticed truss are
assumed to be pinned (this complies with Clause 4. lOW).

Figure 30 Lattice girder/pinned portal analogy

9.5.1 Preliminary design - joints of latticed truss pinned

Span 30 m; spacing6 m.

To proceed with the design it is necessary to estimate the self weight of the girder. Initially
assumethat the selfweight will approximate to 50% of the weight of the cladding.

36
The frame adopted is a lattice girder (beam). As such there are two main design criteria to be
considered namely strength and deflection.

In the case of strength, assuming use is made of Grade 43 steel, the maximum yield stress
allowed is 275 N/mm2(Table 6(1)). Allowance has to be made for slenderness and member
classification in order to determinethe design strength (p for struts (Tables 7 and 27(1)). The
reduction can vary from 2% to 75% of the full member compressive capacity.

Generally the smaller the member cross section the larger the percentage reduction.

With respectto deflection limitations are not specified, in fact Table (1) particularly excludes
pitched roofs. Howeverexperience has shown that a deflectionlimitof span/200 is a useful
guide for such a shallow pitch.

If the girder is assumed to be subject to a uniformly distributedload (as distinct from 17 No.
purlin loads) then, say, deflection limit is

384 El 200

where W (kN) is the unfactored imposed load and L is in metres. (Note: deflection for a
simply supportedbeam supportinga udl (14') is 5WL31384 El and for a fixed ended beam it is
IVL3/384 El. Hence for partial restraint assume deflection is 214L3/384El).

Taking E = 205 kN/mm2 and re-arrangingthe required I = 0.51 WL2 cm4.

Preliminarycalculations are thus carried out assuming the selfweightof the girder
approximates to 50% of the weight ofthe cladding, the compressive stress in the boom is
I
250 N/mm2, in the diagonal strut 220 N/mm2 and required is 0.51yp2 cm4.

9.6 Preliminary calculations

9.6.1 Loading (excluding wind) - based on full sheeting width say 30.6 m

kN
Dead load (characteristic)
Sheets and lining 30.6 x 6 x 0.2 = 36.8
Purlins 18 No. x 6 x 0.04 = 4.3
Selfweight of girder, say = 18.4
Services load, say =
=
1L
Total 71.0

Imposedload (characteristic) 30.6 x 6 xO.6 110 kN

Design load (Table 2 of BS 5950: Part 1)

F=(1.4x71)+(1.6x 110)=276kN.

37
9.6.2 Initial member size
(i) Main booms

a) Assumemaximum bendingmoment (BM) in the girder =

WL = 276 x 30 = 5l8kNm
16 16

The assumed BM of WL/16 takes into account the partial restraint producedon the
whole girder by the connection to the columnsi.e. BM at the centre lies betweenWLI8
for a simply supportedbeam and WL/24 for a fixed ended beam (both subjected to a udl
of WkN).

b) Sincethe girder depth (d) is 1.2 m the approximate force in the top and bottom boom
members is 518/1.2 = 432 kN.

c) Using an assumed compressivestress for the top boom, of say 250 N/mm2 the area
required =

432x10
______ 2
= 17.3cm.
250

d) The designermay chose to incorporatethe slenderness criteria provided in

Clause4.10(1). These limitations have not been brought into this design since it is
considered that secondary stresses in this "lightly loaded" truss will not be significant.
(This is checked in Section 11.0).

Use a 120x80x5.0X18.4 kg/rn RHS (A = 18.9 cm2) for top boom.

Whilst the bottom boom will be subject to tensionand compression (the latter at the
support)select its preliminary size on the basis of a tensile force of 432 kN, at the
centre.

For bottom tie area required

= 432 x 10 = 15.7 cm2

275

Use a 120x60x5x13.3 kg/rn. (A = 16.9 cm2) for bottom boom.

e) Deflection

Requiredl=0.51 x 110x302=5.0X
Considering area of top and bottom booms as 16.9 cm2.

I providedis approximately equal to 2A (d/2)2 = 0.5Ad2.

= 0.5 x 16.9 x 1202 = 12.2 x cm4, which is satisfactory (and indicates that
deflection will not be critical).

-
38
(ii) Diagonals

Total load = 276 kN.

Hence shear in end panel = say 138 kN.

The diagonal slopes at an angle approximately tan'(1.2/0.925) = 52.4 and has a length of
1.52 m.

Force in diagonal = 138/sin 52.4 = 175 kN (tension and compression). Hence area of strut
= 175 x 10/220 = 8.0cm2.

Use 60x40x5x6.97 kg/rn RHS. (A = 8.88 cm2)for diagonal struts.

Area of tie = 175 x 10/275 = 6.4 cm2.

Use 60x40x4x5.72 kg/rn (A = 7.28 cm2)for diagonal ties.

Ciii) Check SelfWeight

Selfweight = 30.6 (14.8 + 13.3) + 16 x 1.52 (5.72 + 6.97)

= 1169 kg
11.7kN

(compared with the assumed value of 18.4 kN). Hence figure used in the final calculation
could be reduced. Say selfweight = 13.4 kN (i.e. reduction of 5 kN).

(iv) Final loads, excluding wind

Dead,say =66kN
Imposed = 110 kN.

(v) Columns (preliminary sizing)

The columnswhich have pinned bases are subjectto axial load, bendingmoments and shear.
The combination of axial load and bendingaffects are assessed using the equationsgiven in
Clause 4.8 of BS 5950: Part 1. Consequently a simplified approach,based on axial loads and
moments, is much more difficult to define. A useful guide to the size of the column is to
considerthe second moment of area 'F. The ratio of'girder: 'column normally lies between
4:1 to 1:1. A further guide is to use the relationship 'c"g = 3h/2L.

Hence 1c = 'g X 3 X 6.7/(2 x 30)

i.e. say = Jg/3.
Since 'g = 12.2 x i04 cm4 then assume Ic = 4 x i0 cm4. A suitable sectionfor the
column would be 457 x 191 x 89 UB = 4.1 X i0 cm4).
(vi) Preliminarymembersizes

The preliminarymember sizing is assumed to be as calculated and the relevant section

properties have been incorporated into the computer analysis.

39
9.7 Loading Cases (for characteristic loads)
DEAD (see 9.6.1 (iv))
Dead load on girder = 66.0 kN
Load/purlin= 66/16 = 4.13 kN

IMPOSED

Imposed load on girder = 110 kN

Load/purlin = 110/16 = 6.87 kN.
WIND CASE I (refer to Figure 25(e)).
Slope area of sheeting = 6 x 15.4 = 92.4 m2.
Load/purlin,left hand slope = 1.1 x 0.582 x 92.4/8 = 7.4 kN (uplift).
Load/purlin,right hand slope = 0.6 x 0.582 x 92.4/8 = 4.04 kN (uplift).

Load on left hand column (rail area = 1.5 x 6 = 9 m2), allowance needs to be made for say
300 mm sheetingoverhang to top and bottomrails i.e. area supported = 6 x 1.05 = 6.3 m2.

Lower rails = (0.5 x 0.427 x 9) = 1.92 kN (pressure)

Upper rails = (0.5 x 0.582 x 9) = 2.62 kN (pressure).

Load on right hand column

Lower rails = (0.45 x 0.427 x 9) 1.73 kN (suction).

Upper rails = (0.45 x 0.582 x 9) = 2.36 kN (suction).

WIND CASE II (Refer to Figure 25 (fT))

Load/purlin,both sides = 6.72 kN (uplift)

Lower rails, both columns = 2.69 kN (suction)
Upper rails, both columns = 3.67 kN (suction)

WIND CASE Ill (refer to Figure 25 (g))

Load/purlin,left hand slope = 4.04 kN (uplift)

Load/purlin,right hand slope
Lower rails, left hand side
Upper rails, left hand side
Lower rails, right hand side
Upper rails, right hand side
= 0.67 kN (uplift)
= 3.84 kN (pressure)
= 5.24 kN (pressure)
= 0.19 kN (pressure)
= 0.26 kN (pressure)

9.8 Analyses
The general frame layout is shown in Figure 31.

For "hand" analysisthe sizes of respective members do not effect the calculations of
pin-jointed frames.

40
C'1

\
(59) - Member number 28 - Joint number

vi

Pinned base

J 3O.

Figure 31 General layout of frame

For the computer analysisthe propertiesof the following member sizes are used:

Top boom 120x80x5 RHS

Bottom boom 120x60x5 RHS
Diagonals - struts 60x40x5 RHS
-ties 60x40x4 RHS
Columns 457x191x89 UB

For the computer analysisthe columns are assumed to have pinned bases and are continuous
from base to eaves e.g. joints 2, 3, 4, and 5 are rigid. The joints of the lattice girder are
assumed to be pinned including the connections to the columns at joints 5, 6, 39 and 40. The
girder acts as a brace to the two pinned columns. The respectivetension and compression in
the top and bottombooms provide an effectivemoment at the top of the column providingan
analogous pinned portal, as shown in Figure 30. This is Frame Type No. 1. In Section 11
alternative frame analyses are considered.

The positioning of the purlins at node points removes the effect of local bendingbetween
joints in the case of the pin-jointed truss. In practice it is possible the numberof panels would
have been reduced from 8 to say 6. In this case bending would be induced in the rafters.
Designcould then have been in accordance with Clause 4.10(c) of BS 5950: Part 1,
incorporating a BM of WLI6 with theaxial forces or using bending moments obtained from
the computer analysis.

Typical loading diagramsare shown in Figures 32 and 33. These were used in the respective
computer analyses. The results of the analyses are listed in Tables 2-5.

42
 2.22 kN 15 x 4.44 kN
2.22 kN

Imposed
15 x 6.87 kN
3.fi kN
3.44 kN

(58) (5q)

(3)

In

I
.1
30. Om
I

Figure 32 Vertical loading due to dead and imposed loads on girder

 7 x 1. kN 3.7 ,. 2.02 7 x 4.04 kN

2.02 kN

0. 1.3S kN
(61) (62) (65)
(60) (66)
(61)
(56) 1.13 kN
It,
c'J
0
c 2.36 kN
U,

2.05 IcN
In

0 1.13 kN

0.81 kN
30.Om
II,

Figure 33 Loading on columns and girder due to wind case 1

Table 2 Axial forces (kN) and bending moments (kNm) in columns

MEMBER DEAD IMPOSED WIND I WIND II

F M F M F M F M
1 -33.0 0 -55.0 0 +50.4 0 +54.6 0
2 -33.0 28.5 -55.0 47.4 +50.4 -51.6 +56.6 -38.9
3 -33.0 57.0 -55.0 94.9 +50.4 -100.3 +54.6 -81.8
* * -33.0 85.5 -55.0 142.3 +50.4 -145.6 +54.6 -129.5
* * -23.8 104.6 -39.5 173.9 +35.6 -173.3 +39.4 -164.3

73 23.8 104.6 39.5 173.9 +26.4 -116.0 +39.4 -164.3

74 -33.0 85.5 -55.0 142.3 +37.2 -91.7 +54.6 -129.5
75 -33.0 57.0 -55.0 94.9 + 37.2 -58.2 + 54.6 81.8

76 -33.0 28.5 -55.0 47.4 + 37.2 -27.8 + 54.6 -38.9

77 -33.0 0 -55.0 0 +37.2 0 +54.6 0

Notes: ye BM indicates tension on inside of column face.

ye Force indicates compression.
+ve Force indicates tension.
Wind Case Ill has not been tabulated- examination of computerprint-out indicatedthat the loads
were not significant.

* * Members highlighted by two asterisks are critical members for subsequent design.

45
Table 3 Axial forces (kN) in top boom

Truss Members Pin Jointed

MEMBER DEAD IMPOSED WIND I WIND II

6 +64.9 + 107.3 -107.8 -98.7

7 +21.8 +36.2 -37.3 -30.1

8 -14.5 -24.1 +21.6 +27.9
9 -44.3 -73.7 + 68.8 + 75.3
10 -67.6 -112.5 +104.4 +112.2
11 -84.4 -140.4 128.2 +138.5
12 -94.8 -157.7 +140.5 +154.2
* -98.7 -164.1 + 141.1 +154.2

14 -98.7 -164.1 + 135.0 + 159.3

15 -94.8 -157.7 +124.8 +154.2

16 -84.4 -140.4 +108.3 +138.5
17 -76.6 -112.5 +85.3 +112.3
18 -44.3 -73.3 +56.0 +75.5
19 -14.5 -24.1 +20.4 +28.1
20 +21.8 -36.2 -21.7 -29.9
21
* 64.9 -107.3 -70.1 -98.4

Notes: ye BM indicates tension on inside of column face.

ye Force indicates compression.
+ ye Force indicates tension.
Wind Case III has notbeen tabulated - examination of computer print-out indicatedthat
the loads were not significant.
** Members highlighted by two asterisks are critical members for subsequentdesign.

46
Table 4 Axial forces (kN) in internal boom members

Truss Members Pin Jointed

MEMBER DEAD IMPOSED WIND I WIND II
* 22 * +35.6 +59.3 -58.6 -56.8

*23 * -38.8 -64.6 +63.9 +61.8

24 30.6 + 50.9 -49.6 -48.6
25 -33.3 -55.5 +54.0 + 52.9
26 +25.6 +42.6 -40.6 -40.4
27 -27.9 -46.4 +44.2 +44.0
28 +20.6 +34.2 -31.6 -32.2
29 -22.4 -37.3 + 34.4 + 35.1
30 + 15.6 + 25.9 -22.5 -24.0
31 -16.9 -28.2 + 24.5 + 26.2
32 10.5 + 17.5 -13.5 -15.8
33 -11.5 -19.1 + 14.7 + 17.2
34 +5.5 +9.2 -4.5 -7.6
35 -6.0 -10.0 +4.9 +8.3
36 +0.5 +0.8 +4.6 +0.6
37 -0.5 -0.9 -5.0 -0.6
38 + 13.9 + 23.1 -18.9 -20.0
39 -0.5 -0.9 +5.6 -0.7
40 +0.5 +0.8 -5.2 +0.6
41 -6.0 -10.0 + 11.0 +8.3
42 +5.5 + 9.2 -10.1 -7.6
43 -11.5 -19.1 + 16.4 + 17.2
44 + 10.5 + 17.5 -15.0 -15.8
45 -16.9 -28.2 +21.7 + 26.1
46 + 15.6 +25.9 -20.0 -24.0
47 -22.4 -37.3 + 27.1 + 35.0
48 +20.6 +34.2 -24.9 -32.2
49 -27.9 -46.4 + 32.5 +44.0
50 +25.6 +42.6 -29.8 -40.4
51 -33.3 -55.5 + 37.9 + 52.9
52 +30.6 + 50.9 -34.8 -48.6
53 -38.8 -65.5 + 43.2 + 61.9
54 + 35.6 + 59.3 -39.7 -56.8

Notes: ye BM indicates tensionon inside of column face.

ye Force indicates compression.
+ve Force indicates tension.
Wind Case III has not been tabulated - examination of computer print-outindicated that the
loads were not significant.

** Members highlighted by two asterisks are critical members for subsequent design.

47
Table 5 Axial forces (kN) in bottom boom members

Truss Members Pin Jointed

MEMBER DEAD IMPOSED WIND I WIND II

*55* -106.6 -177.2 +170.8 +175.2

* 56 * 60.6 -100.8 +95.2 + 101.9

57 -21.1 -35.1 +31.1 +39.2

58 +12.0 +19.9 -21.2 -13.0
59 +38.5 +64.0 -62.0 -54.5
60 +58.6 +97.4 -91.0 -85.5
61 +72.2 +120.0 -108.5 -105.9

*62* +79.3 +131.8 -114.2 -115.7

* 63 * + 79.3 + 132.9 -108.4 -115.0
* 64 * +79.9 + 132.9 -108.4 -115.0

*65* +79.3 +131.9 -101.7 -115.7

66 +72.2 +120.0 -88.7 -106.0

67 +58.6 +97.4 -69.3 -85.6
68 +38.5 +64.0 -43.6 -54.7
69 +12.0 +19.9 -11.4 -13.1
70 -21.1 -35.1 +27.1 +39.0
71 -60.6 -100.8 +71.9 +101.6
72 106.6 -177.2 +123.2 +174.9

Notes: ye BM indicates tension on inside of column face.

ye Force indicates compression.
+ve Force indicates tension.
Wind Case Ill has not been tabulated- examination of computerprint-out indicatedthat
the loads were not significant.
* * Membershighlighted by two asterisks are critical members for subsequentdesign.

48
10. FINAL DESIGN

Use Grade 43C steel throughout.

10.1 Top boom

From the tabulationof forces it is noted that members 6 and 13 are the most heavily loaded
elements.

Maximum axial loads (to 3 significant figures) (Table 3)

Member 6 Member 13
Dead 65 kN (T) 99 kN (C)
Imposed 107 kN (T) 164 kN (C)
Wind 108 kN (C) 159 kN (T)

Maximum compression due to dead and imposed loads (member 13).

F = (1.4x99)+(1.6x164)=4OlkN(C)

Maximum tension due to dead and Imposed loads (which is significantly greater than the
compression due to dead and wind), (member 6).

FT = (1.4 x 65) + (1.6 x 107) = 263 kN (T)

Effective length (BS 5950: Part 1, Clause 4.10(e)) = 1.85 m

Referringto the preliminary design it is appropriate to try a 120 x 80 x 5 RHS

D= 120 mm B = 80 mm t = 5.0 mm
A= 18.9 cm2 r = 4.43 cm ry = 3.21 cm

Design strength (Table 6, Reference 1), p, 275 N/mm2 since t < 16.0 mm.
Design as a Compression Member in accordance with Clause 4.7 (Reference 1).

Section classification (Clause 3.5)

= = 1 (Table 7, Reference 1)
py
From Figure 3 (Reference 1)

The possibleeffect of secondary stressesin the section can be reduced by placing the 80 mm
side in the vertical plane, as shown in Figure 34.

0.85 185 = 40 < 180 < 50

Hence x,'
(Clauses 4.7.3.2
and 4.10 of Reference 1).
=J8! =42<180
4.43

49
This is also a better way for the section when considering connections to the internal bracing
members and purlin support cleats.

b = B 3t therefore b = 120-3x5 = 21.0

__________
t 5

d = D 3t therefore d 3x
80
= = 13.0
r 5

Hence from Table 7 (Reference 1)

t
< .
t
< 39 section is NOT SLENDER

i.e. section capacity will not be reduced by local buckling(Clause3.6, Reference 1).

120

- 80

fxs

Figure 34 Section through top boom

Compressivestrength

= AgPc where, accordingto Table 25 (Reference l) is obtained from Table 27(a).

For p, = 275 N/mm2 and X = 49 (say)

= 252 N/mm2 (Note this is an 8% reduction).

Hence = 18.9 x 252 =

476 kN > 401 kN
10

SECTION IS SATISFACTORY IN COMPRESSION.

Check for tension Clause 4.6.1

Tension capacity P = A Py
Since Ae = A then

= 18.9 x 275 =
520 > 263 kN
10

SECTION IS SATISFACTORY IN TENSIONAND IN FACT THIS SHOULD BE

OBVIOUS SINCEp, > and F1. p F>

50
As an alternativeto the abovedetailed calculationuse the SC!publication "Steelwork Design
Guide to BS 5950 Vol. 1, Section properties membercapacities

For a 120x80x5RI-IS this shows P, 446 kN when Le' 2.0 i.e. > 1.85 m and
P = 520 k/V.
lop boom use 120 x80 x5 RHS, 80 mm size vertical (the reader should check to determine
whether a lighter section would be satisfactory).

10.2 Bottom boom

Examinationof the force analysis tables and considering member, and therefore effective
lengths, it is clear that there are several members in the bottom boom which need to be
considered.

(a) Members 62 and 63

Maximum axial loads (Table 5):

Member Member63
62
Dead 80 kN (T) 80 kN (T)
Imposed 132 kN (T) 133 kN (T)
Wind (Case II) ll6kN(C) 115 kN (C)

Maximum tension due to dead plus imposed loads

FT = (1.4 x 80) + (1.6 x 133) = 325 kN (1').

Compressioneffects are low in comparison with members adjacent to the column.

(b) Members 55 and 56

Maximum axial loads

Member 55 Member 56
Dead 107 kN (C) 61 kN (C)
Imposed 177 kN (C) 101 kN (C)
Wind (Case II) 175 kN (T) 102 kN (I)

Maximum compression in member 55

= (1.4 x 107) + (1.6 x 177) = 433 kN.

Maximum compression in member 56

= (1.4 x 61) + (1.6 x 101) = 247 kN

From the above the controlling load is 433 kN (C) in member 55. Since the maximum tensile
load in the boom (325 kN) is smaller than the maximum compressiveload (433 kN) the
bottom boom has only to be designed for compression.

51
Try the assumed size of 120 x60x5 RHS.
D= 120 mm B = 60 mm r
t = 5.0 mm A = 16.9 cm2 = 4.24 cm ry
= 2.43 cm.

Provide a purlin brace from joint 8 as shown in Figure 12.

Also place 60 mm side vertically.

Check section classification

b = 120(3x5) = d = 45 =
- 5
21
t 5

then < . < 2&, hence section is plastic (Table 7, Reference 1).

Hence r' =
r = 2.43 cm

r' = r = 4.24 cm

Lex1

= .
= 92.5 cm

2.43
x 0.85
Ley'

= 33
185 cm

< 50

= ---
4.24
= 44

Hence p = 257 N/mm2 (Table 27a, Reference 1).

= 257 x 16.9 = 434 kN > 433 kN.

10

Hence section is satisfactory.

The purlin brace, at an angle of 45 would be approximately 1.2 = 1.7 m long. Load in
the brace is 2% of load in the boom (Clause4.3.2') i.e. 43.3kN. Assuming an effective
length of 1.7 m a suitable brace would he a 40x40x3 RHS (Reference 19).

Use of sheetingbrace. Occasionally it may he advantageous to brace node 7 of the bottom

boom to the sheetingrail. In that case Ley' = 92.5 cm. The reader should check the effect
of the bracing.
Bottom boom use 120 x60x5 RHS (60 side vertical), braced to nurlin at node 8 using
40x40x3 RHS.

52
10.3 Internal members
Diagonal bracing - Members 22 and 23

Note - Member 22 is a tie and

Member 23 is a strut.

Maximum axial loads (Table 4):

Tie (22) Strut (23)
Dead 36 kN (T) 39 kN (C)
Imposed 59 kN (T) 65 kN (C)
Wind 59 kN (C) 64 kN (1)

10.3.1 Tie design (22)

Maximum tension due to dead + imposed load

= (1.4x36)+(1.6x59)
= 145kN(T)

Maximum compression due to dead plus wind

(1.0x36)-(1.4x59)=47kN(C).
Memberlength = 1.59 m

Selecting member size for tensile force, hence area required =

145 x 10 = 5.3 cm2.

275

Try6Ox4Ox3RHS
A = 5.60 cm2 = 1.59 cm

Check for compressive strength.

Xy
= x 0.85 = 81 (See Reference 1, Clause 4.10 allow for some end fixity).

p = 201 N/mm2 (Table27a of Reference 1)

= 201 x 5.6 = 113 kN > 45 kN

C
10

Diagonal ties 60x40x3 RHS

53
10.3.2 Strut design (23)
Maximum compressiondue to dead + imposed load

= (1.4 x 39) + (1.6 x 65) = 159 kN (C).

Maximum tension due to dead + wind
= -(1.0 x 39) + (1.4 x 65) = 52 kN (T)
Clearly compression design will control.

Try 80 x 40 x 5 RHS
A = 10.9 cm2 r = 1.55 cm

X. =ix0.85=84
1.55

= 194 N/mm2 (Table 27a Reference 4)

= 194 xlO.9 = 211 kN > 159kN

Diagonal struts 80 x40 X S RHS

10.4 Comparison of member sizes

It is perhaps useful to compare the assumed sizes of the girder membersused in the analysis
and the calculated values of the RHS sections.

Member Assumed section Designed section

Top boom 120x80x5 120x80x5
Bottom boom 120x60x5 120x60x5
Diagonals:
Struts 60x40x5 80x40X5
Ties 60x40x4 60x40x3
i.e. The basis for assumed sectionsizes is basically justified. Note: Using the top and bottom
boom with the 120 mm horizontal side is convenient for welding the diagonal strut.

The reader could easily check the possibilityof using a 90x50x3.6 RHS (Reference 19)
which is lighter and which could be a suitable member.

In Section 9.6.2 (e) it was stated that deflection would not be critical. From the computer
analysis the maximum deflections in the girder occurs at joint 23.

Dead load deflection = 35.3 mm

Imposed load deflection = 58.8 mm

Ratio of imposed load deflection/span = 58.8/30000 = 1/510, which is satisfactory.

54
10.5 Column design - members 1 to 4 and 5
Axial loads and moments (Refer to Table 2)

Member 1 to 4

Maximum axial loads Maximum BM

Dead 33 kN (C) 86 kNm
Imposed 55 kN (C) 142 kNm
Wind 1 50 kN (C) -146 kNm
Wind 2 55 kN (1') -129 kNm

Design load: dead + imposed

= (1.4 x 33) + (1.6 x 55) = 134 kN (C)

Dead BM: dead + imposed

= (1.4 X 86) + (1.6 x 142) = 348 kNm

Design load: dead + wind I

= (1.0 x 33) - (1.4 x 50) = 37 kN (T)
Design BM: dead + wind I
= (1.0 x 86) -(146 x 1.4) = 118 kN.m.
Hence worst effect in column is due to dead and imposed load effects.

Selection of the effective length for the column provides an interesting problem. About the
XX axis member 1 to 5 is restrained in positionat the base but not in direction. At the top it
is partially restrained in positionand direction. This condition does not relate to any of the
standardcases in Table 24 or Appendix D of BS 5950: Part 1. Reference to the computer
frame analysisprovides the horizontal and rotational movements. The figures for the separate
dead and wind load conditions indicate points of contraflexure in the column occur between
joints 3 and 4. Assume contraflexureoccurs at joint 4 which is 4 m above the base. Then the
corresponding effective length of an analogous pin-ended strut would be 8 m. As a ratio of
the member length, this provides an effective length factor of 8/5.5 = 1.45. Figure 17 of
BS 5950: Part 1 indicates Lex = 1 .5L for a fixed base. However, the connection effect of the
latticed girder is clearly stiffer than that provided by the roof connection shown, but the
(partial)fixity providedat the base is not the same as that used in Figure 19 of BS 5950:
Part 1.

The abovediscussionindicates the careful consideration which must be given to the selection
of an appropriateeffective length factor. When in doubt it is essential to use a conservative
value i.e. in this case 2.OL = 2.0 x 5.5 = 11 m.

Aboutthe YY axis the base is restrained in positionand directionand the head of the column
is restrained in position, but not direction(by the eaves rafter and first rafter purlin). Hence
as in Figure 17, (Reference 1) assume Ley = 0.85L = 0.85 x 6.7 = 5.7 m.

Lex = 11 m, Ley = 5.7 m.

55
In selectinga column size a useful starting point is item (v) of Section9.6.2 i.e. try the
457x191x89 UB.

D = 463.6 mm B = 192.0 mm t = 10.6 mm T = 17.7 mm d = 407.9 mm

bIT = 5.42 dIr = 38.5
41000 cm4 r = 19.0 cm r = 4.28 cm = 1770 cm3 S,
= 2010 cm3
A =114cm2 x =28.3

Since 40 > T> 16 mm then = 265 N/mm2 (Table 6(1))

Hence:

= s/275/265 = 1.02

Section Classification (Table 7 and Clause 3.5.4W).

Examinethe "outstand of the compression flange" and "web generally".

For the flange bIT = 5.42 < 8.5E, henceflange is plastic. The web is in combined axial and
flexural compression (Figure 35). Determine the positionof the neutral axis and check
footnoteto Table 7(1)
192.0

t*17.7
'I yc
cv,I
(0
(V)
x - 3.854
(0
1

Figure 35 Stress diagram

Check section classification for "web generally".

'<
Length of web subjected to direct axial load = 47.7 mm

From Figure 35 the plastic neutral axis is (47.7/2) = 23.85 say = 23.9 mm from the XX
axis.

The footnote to Table 7(1) indicates that a =

d
In this case y = (463.6/2) + 23.9 = 256 mm
a=2 x 256/407.9 = 1.26

56
 79 = 79 x 1.02 = 70 > = 38.5
0.4 + 0.6a 0.4 + (0.6 x 1.26) t
Hence web and flange are plastic. Two checks are required for the design: Local capacity
and overall buckling.

(a) Local capacity (Clause 4.8.3.1')

__
F
M
M
+__ +_Li M
AgPy M
NowM = 0

For plastic section

= S,p = 2010 x 265 x i0 532.7 kNm

or l.2p,,i' = 1.2 x 1770 x 265 x i0 = 562.9 kNm
134 x 10 348 = =
Hence + 0.044 + 0.653 0.697 < 1.0
114 x 265 532.7

Section satisfies local capacity check.

If use is made of the relationship:

M M
+
Mrx M
thenZ1 = 2.0 = 1.0 and
M= 0.

i.e.

M2
__f_
M
i
Now Mrx = Srx Jy

where S, = K! K2 (n)2 (Reference 19).

.p, = 134 x 10/(1 14 x 265) = 0.044

n = F/A
K1
= 201f
K2 = 3070
Srx
= 2010 - 3070 x 442 = 2004 cm3.
Mrx = 2004 x 265/1000 = 531 kNm.

M2 = =0.43
531

This provides a much more conservativeanswer than 0.697 obtained above.

57
(b) Overall buckling (Clause 4.8.3.3.1")

F
____ +
mM
+ _2
mM
1

AgPc Mb

Compressivestrength, p
>x
= Lex/rx = 1100/19.0 = 58
= = 570/4.28 = 133
Lc,/r,,
From Tables 25, 27a and 27b Reference 1, i' = 234 or 90 N/mm2.

Usep = 90 N/mm2

Bucklingresistancemoment Mb. Use the conservative approach (Clause4377(1))

From Table 10 (Reference 1) on the basis that the base is restrainedlaterally and torsionally
and the top of the column has a lateral restraint to the "tension flange", assume:

Le = 0.7L and m = 1.0

Take n = 0.94 (Table 20w).

X = 0.7 x 550 x 0.94/4.28 = 85
Whenx = 28.3 and X = 85

= 184 N/mm2 (Table l9a')

Mb = S,(p = 2010 x 184/1000 = 370 kNm.

The interaction expression

134 x 10 l.Ox34.8 = 0.131 + 0.941 > 1.0

Therefore, lower section of column is not satisfactory if the simplified approach is used.
There are four options:

(i) use full calculation to obtain Mb (see Clause 4.3.7 Reference 1)

(ii) increase size of column

(iii) provide a restraint to the compression flange from the sheetingrail, say at joint 4.

(iv) use the more exact approach (Clause4.8.3.3.2(1))i.e. check the interactionequation

58
1
mM
M
where M is taken as the lesser of:

Pcx
or Mb (1
F/P)
1+ 0.5F
Pcx

= 265 x 2010/1000 = 533 kNm (Clause4.25').

F = 134 kN P= Ag = 114 x 234/10 = 2668 kN

Mb = 370 kNm = Agp 114 x 90/10 = 1026kN.

Hence

M = 533 x (134/2668)] = 494 kNm
[1+(0.5 x 134/2668)]

or

= 370 (1
(134/1026)) = 322 kNm

Hence M = 322 kNm.

To obtain 'm' use Table 18 of Reference 1 = 0, sincethemoment at the base of the column
is zero. Hence m = 0.57.

Therefore

?nM = 0.57 x 348 =

0.62 < 1
322

The more exact approachappearsto indicate that the column can adequately support the
applied load and bendingmoment. Howeverthe footnoteto Clause 4.8.3.3.2 states "In cases
where M or M approaches zero the more exact approach may be more conservativethan the
simplified approach. In such situations the values using the simplified approach (should?)
be used". Clause 4.8.3.3.2 probablyshould only be used for bi-axial conditions. In this
y
solutionprovidea column/rail restraint.

Check member 5.

Maximum effects dueto dead and imposed loads (Table 2)

Axial load = (1.4 x 24) + (1.6 x 40) = 98 kN

Bendingmoment = (1.4 x 105) + (1.6 x 174) = 425 kNm

59
Checkinglocal capacity.

98 x 10 + 425 = 0.032 + 0.8 = 0.832 < 1.0.

114 x 265 532.7

A check is also made on the overall bucklingcapacity of member 1-5, usingthe more exact
method.

= 533 kNm F= 98 kN M = 425 kNm

= 2668 kN i.e. using the value determined for the column section 1-4.

Mb is evaluated for X over the full height of column.

i.e. X = 0.7 x 670 x 0.94/4.28 = 103.

Hencep = 154 N/mm2 (Table 19a' for x = 30).

Mb = 2010 x 154/1000 = 310 kNm.

is evaluated for = 0.85 L/r (Table 24').

i.e. = 0.85 x 670/4.28 = 133.

Hence p = 90N/mm2 (Table 27b').

= 90 x 114/10 = 1026 kN (Note it is coincidental that this is the same value as that
evaluated for the column length 1-4).

Hence M = 533 x (1(98.2668)) = 504 kNm.

(1 + (0.5 x 98/2668)

or = 310 (1 - (98/1026)) = 280 kNm.

Hence M = 280 kNm.

Therefore
mM
____ 087
. x 425 0.87 < 1.
M 280

Hence overall bucklingof column length 1-5 is satisfied.

Check horizontal deflection

Deflection at Deflection at
Joint 4 Joint 39
mm mm
Dead -5.0 +1.5
Imposed -8.2 +2.5
Wind 1 +11.9 +3.5
Wind 2 +7.3 +3.4

Maximum deflection at joint 4, due to dead and imposed loads

= 5.0 + 8.2 = 13.2 mm 13.2/4000

= 1/303

60
Maximum deflection at eaves

= 1.5 + 2.5 + 3.5 = 7.5 mm

= 7.5/6700 = 1/893
BS 5950: Part 1 does not provideguidance for portal frame, however Table 8.1 in Reference
20 specifies a limiting deflectionof height/100at the eaves, which is satisfied.

The selected section satisfiesall design criteria. The interaction equations, for local and
overall buckling, clearly show the main design criteria are bending effects. This justifies the
use of a universal beam section.

Use 457x 191 x89 UB for column.

10.6 Gable steelwork

There are a number of alternative methods of design of the gable steelwork.

Gable columns can be considered as pinned or fixed at the base. Normallythey will be
designed as pinned at the top being supported in this positionby the gable rafter and/or
"wallbracing" and purlins and/or roof bracing. Consequently gable columns are designed as
propped cantilevers or simply supportedbeams. Figure 18 shows typical roof bracing
arrangements. It should be noted that the props at the head of propped cantilever gable
columns are not fully rigid. The wall and roof bracing can be single diagonal members or
cross diagonals. In the former the members need to be designed to transmit direct tensionand
compression (normallydue to wind loads). With cross bracing the members in compression
are ignored, the members in tensionare assumed to transmit all of the load (to the foundations
in the case of wall bracing and into the roof in the case of roofbracing). In the following
design singlebracing is used. Purlins need to be checked for the additional axial load since
they are providingthe propping reaction.

10.6.1 Gable rafters

These are simply supportedon a span of 7.5 m betweenstanchions. They are held in place
and loaded by the purlins at 1.875 m c/c (Figure 36). The loads will be dead, imposed and
wind (uplift) loads on the rooftogether with some end sheeting vertical load.

W/2 W W W/2

4 x 1.875 = 7.5 m

Figure 36 Gable rafter loading

61
Loading (see Section9.7)
Load/purlin
Dead 4.13/2 = 2.07 kN

Imposed 6.87/2 = 3.44 kN

Wind (Uplift) 7.4/2 = 3.70 kN

Vertical Sheeting, say 0.2 x 1.88 x 1.5/2 = 0.3 kN

Maximum downward load (W) = 1.4 (2.07 + 0.3) + 1.6 (3.44) = 8.8kN

Hence reaction = 8.8 x 2 = 17.6 kN

Maximum uplift = 1.0 (2.37) - 1.4 (3.7) = -2.8kN.

Maximum bending moment at C due to 'W' 1.5W x 3.76 - W X 1.88 = 3.76W.

Max. BM = 3.76 x 8.8 = 33.1 kNm.

Allowing for self weight, design say for 34 kNm.

The rafter should be designed as a laterally restrained beam, clearly with low shear.
(Clause4.2.5').

Try 203x102x23 UB

= 5.46 = 32.6 T= 9.3 mm

t t

r= 2.37 cm S, = 232 cm3 x = 22.6 = 206 cm3

= 2090 cm4
p, = 275 N/mm2 From Table 7 (Reference 1) section is plastic.

Moment capacity M = Sp, 232 x 275 x i0 = 63.8 kNm < 1.2

> 34kNm
Z

usingtheconservative approach (Clause4.3.7.lW).

Bucklingresistance,

Mb=pbSX m=1.0
As an approximation assume n = 1.0

X = Leiry 188/2.37 = 79

"Roundingup" to assume X = 80, x = 25 then Pb = 201 N/mm2 (Table l9bW).

Mb = 201 x 232 x i0 = 47 kNm

> 34 kNm

Note: Reference 19 indicated that Pb 46 kNm for n = 1.0 and Le = 2m. This is
satisfactory.

62
 The reference also states section is "plastic".

Clearly wind uplift will not create a critical situation.

Deflection check.

Assumetotal imposed load of 6.88 kN acts as a central point load then central deflection is
wi. 3/48E1.

= 6.88 x 753 X i05 = 14.1 mm

C
48x205x2090
This provides a deflection/span ratio of 14.1/7500 = 1/532. Hence showing that deflectionis
not significant,even when the loads are considered as a single central point load.

Use 203 x 102 x23 UB for gablerafter.

10.6.2 Gable columns

These support the gable rafters, which induce vertical load, and gable rails which transmitthe
wind load, as shown in Figure 37.

Assume gable columns are tixed at the base and pinned at the top therefore consider as a
propped cantilever. The central column is say 8 m high.

Sheeting Load from

load gable rafters

______ Roof bracing

acts as prop

Assume uniform
wind load 8m

I//I
Figure 37 Loads on gable columns

Dead plus imposed load reactions =2x 17.6 = 35.2 kN.

Sheetingselfweight (Section 9.4.3) = 0.2 kN/m2.

Rail weight = 0.2 kN/m (5 No. at 7.5 m long).

Total weight from sheetingand rails = (0.2 x 7.5 x 8) + (0.2 X 5 X 7.5) = 19.5 kN.

Design vertical load = 35.2 + (1.4 x 19.5) = 62.5 kN say 65 kN, allowingfor self weight.

63
Wind load (Section 9.3) and Table 1.

On end = (Cpe
C) = 1.0.

As a conservativedesign assume wind load over the full heightof the gable is 0.582 kN/m2.

Total design load from wind = 1.4 x 1.0 x 0.582 x 8 x 7.5 = 49 kN.
Maximum bending moment in a propped cantileveroccurs at the base and equals WL/8.

Max. BM due to wind = 49 x 8/8 = 49 kNm.

Ignoring wind uplift, design the gable column for vertical load of 65 kN and BM of 49 kNm.
It will be noted that bendingis the controlling applied action.
The reaction at the pinned end of a propped cantilever is:

W=x49 =
8 8
18.4kN

This will be the load transmitted to the wind (root) bracing.

In consideringbuckling effects:

For axial load design the slenderness should be limited to 180 (Clause4.7.3.2')

Lex 0.85L = 0.85 x 8 = 6.8 m (propped cantileverTable 24(1))

Ley
= 0.85 x 8 = 6.8 m (Appendix D').

For lateral torsionalbucklingdesign, the effectivelength is again problematical. Consider the

deflected shape for a propped cantilever subject to a uniformly distributedload. Zero slope
occurs at a point 0.4215 L from the free end i.e. column head. Allowing for some movement
of the prop it is appropriateto suggest Le = 2 x (0.5L) = 1 .OL. HenceLE = L = 1.0 x 8
= 8 m (Table 9(1))
In designingfor buckling use is made of Table 19 and Clause 4377(1)

To initially assume a section size either use Reference 19 (Axial Load and Bending Tables) or
assume a value for Pb For low loads and moments with L = 8 m the use of Reference 19 is
notapplicable. Hence assume a value for Pb = 150 N/mm2.

Then S = M/p = 49 x 10/150 327 cm3

Also if X < 180 then r < 680/180 = 3.78 cm.

Try 305 x 165 x 40 UB.
D = 303.8mm B = 165.1 mm t = 6.1mm T = 10.2mm
bIT = 8.09 d/t = 43.6
= 8520 cm4 r
= 12.9 cm = 3.85 cm
A = 51.5 cm
= 561 cm3
S, = =
3
624 cm x 31.1

Note: dit = 43.6 > 39 (Table 7(1))

64
Howeverthe latter is used for webs subject to compression throughout. Whilst this is the
situation when considering dead plus imposed loads it does not apply when the bendingdue to
wind effects are present. As will be seen the axial effects on the column are small and
p
therefore a reduced value of (Clause3.6(1)) has not been considered.

Since T < 16 mm then p = 275 N/mm2.

Usingthe approach outlined in Section 10.5 it will be deducedthat the section classification is
plastic. Fable 7(1))

Local capacity check (Clause4.8.3.1(1)). Whilst it is suggested the relationship:

M
+
M
__2. should be checked for plastic sections, use is made of:
M,.),

F +
M + M
M
AgPy

being a simplified (conservative) approach in this case.

= 0

= = 624 x 275 x 1O = 172 kNm (Check Reference 19)

F M 65x10 +
AgPy
+
M 51.5 x 275 172

= 0.041 + 0.285 = 0.326 < 1

Section satisfies local capacity

Overall bucklingcheck (Clause 4.8.3.3.1(1)).

Compressivestrength, p
> = 680/12.9 = 53 k, = 680/3.85 = 177 < 180

From Tables 25, 27a and 27b (Reference 1)

p = 55 N/mm2.
Bucklingresistancemoment Mb

X = 800/3.85 = 208.
From Table 19(1)Pb = 75 N/mm2 (say).

Mb=SJb=624 x75 x 103=46.8kNm <M=49kNm.

Hence buckling is not satisfied using the simplified approach.

65
The critical condition has been induced by the high slenderness value, when considering
buckling. The option used in this case is to examine the exact approach Clause 4.8.3.3.2(1).

mM
i.e. 1

M
where M is the maximum bucklingmoment about the major axis in the presenceof axial
load and is taken as the lesser of:

________
0.5F
1+_
or Mb 1 - -
F

Pcx

In this case the moment at the top of the column is zero hence = 0 (Table 18(1)), therefore
m = 0.57, = 172 kNm.
M
For X = 53 then = 248 N/mm2 (Table 27a').

= 248 x 51.5 = 1278kN.

10

=
For 177 then p, 55 N/mm2 (as before)

= 55 x 51.5 = 283 kN.

10

1- 65
1278
= 172 _______________ = 159 kNm
0.5F 10.5x65
1278
1+__c_

Mb 1 - -L 46.8 1 - = 36.1 kNm

283

Hence take M = 36.1 kNm.

mM = 0.57 x 46.8 =
M 36.1

i.e. section is satisfactory.

The significant difference between the simplified and exact analysis is dueto the reduction in
the applied design bendingmoment i.e. the effect of 'm'.

Use 305x 165 x40 UB for gable columns.

66
10.7 Bracing
10.7.1 Roof bracing (at both ends of building)

33.8 33.8 kN

1'
7.7 16.9 18.4 16.9 7.7 kN

Figure 38 Use of cross bracing

The wind load at the top of the central column = 18.4 kN. At the top of the intermediate
columns = 18.4 x 7.35/8 = 16.9 kN. (i.e. in proportion to column height).

/N
At the top of the corner columns = 18.4 x 6.71(8 x 2) = 7.7 kN.
If cross bracing, Figure 38, is used the members in tensionare assumed to carry all of the
load; compression members need only satisfy the slenderness criteria (Clause4.7.3.2(1)). i.e.
350 where member length is 9.6 m. For ease of construction single bracing is used,
Figure 39.
33.8 33.8 kN

6m1

16.9

18.4
I
16.9
I
7.7 kN

1I,
4x7.5m

Figure 39 Use of single or tension bracing

Maximum tension occurs in member (a) = (33.8 7.7) x 9.6/6 = 42 kN.
Since single bracing is used the member will be designed for compression forces, noting the
load will be smaller since it is only necessary to design for suctionpressure coefficients
= (0.6 (+0.2)) 0.8 (see Section 9.3), instead of 1.0.
(Cpe Cr1)

67
Design load = 0.8 x 42 = 34 kN and slenderness criteria = 250 (Clause4.7.3.2').
Using circular hollow section, required area of section
= 34 x 10/275 = 1 .24 cm2.
Required radius of gyration 960/250 3.84 cm.

Try 114.3 x 5 CHS A = 17.2 cm2 r = 3.87 cm I = 257 cm4 S = 59.8 cm3
Dit = 114.3/5 23 < 40 (Table7(1))hence section is plastic.

Need to satisfy P = Ag P
X = 960/3.87 = 248 < 250.

1
Hencep = 31 N/mm (Tables 25, 27a''1'').

P = 17.2 x 31/10 = 53 kN > 34 kN.

Note a check needs to be made on the selfweight deflection (Clause4.7.3.2(1)).

Selfweight deflection = 5WL31384E1

= 5 x 0.135 x 9.6 x 10/(384 x 205 x 257)
= 28.3 mm.
Since this is greater than L/1000 = 9.6 mmtheeffectof bendingmust be considered.
(Clause4.8.3).

Selfweightbending moment = = 0.135 x 9.62/8 = 1.6 kNm.

MCX
= p S (Clause4.2.5) = 275 x 59.8/10 = 16.5 kNm.

In the interaction equation

F + M 34 x 10 + = 0.07 + 0.1
M 17.2 x 275 16.5
AgPy

= 0.17 < 1

i.e. local capacity is satisfied

Checkoverall buckling.

BucklingresistanceMb = = 16.5 kNm.

In the interactionequation

__
F +
mM
Mb
X+....064+010074<1
34
53
16
16.5
AgPy

Hence bendingcriteria is satisfied.

68
The disadvantage of havingto use a larger member for the single bracing system (as compared
to smaller membersfor cross bracing)is outweighed by the savings in connections and
erectioncosts.

Use 114.3 x5 CHS for roofbracing in plane oftop chord.

Check also the end purlin for the effect of transmitting axial load (gable column reaction) of
18.4 kN.

From Section 9.4.1 it is noted the proposed202x65x60x1.8 mm thick Z purlin will support
a factored load of 1.29 kN/m2. The applied total factored load is 1.27 kN/m2. Hence there is
little reserve for the axial load effect.

It would be necessary to check with the manufacturer on the effect of axial load plus bending,
since theirliterature does not normally considercombined loading. It is also noted that
generallythe load tables listed by manufacturers for their cold rolled sectionswere obtained
by testing. A possibilitywill be to use a thicker section for the end bays only.
10.7.2 Gable bracing (at both ends of the building)

6.7 m

7.5m

Figure 40 Gable bracing

Member (a) is 10.lm long (Figure 40) and has to resist a wind load say,

F = [Yj (Cpe - C q A/2J where (C Cr1) = 1.0, q = 0.582 kN/m2 (see Section 10.6.2)
)
andA = 3 x 6.1= 20.1 m2.
F = (1.4 x 1.0 x 0.582 x 20.1)/2 = 8.2 kN
Forcein member (a) 8.2 x 10.1/7.5 = 11.1 kN.

Radius of gyration 1010/250 = 4.04 cm

Use 139.7x5 CHS for gable brace (Reference 19)

10.7.3 Longitudinal side wall bracing (at both ends of the building)
Member (b) is 9 m long (Figure 41). The wind force at the eaves level is 33.8 kN (Figure
39) Hence force in (b) = 9/6 x 33.8 = 50.7 kN.

Radius of gyration 900/250 = 3.6 cm.

Use 114.3 x5 CHS (Reference19).

69
 6.7 m

71111/ 7i,i1/i YiJ/

k 6m 6m
I 'I I

Figure 41 Longitudinal side wall bracing

10.8 Column Base (Reference 1. Clause 4.13)

The basic assumption in the frame analysis was that the connection at the column base would
be pinned. The connection has to be capableof transmitting axial compression, shear and
uplift as shown in Figure 42.

Axial compressive force

F = 135 kN
Axial tensile force (uplift)
F = 44 kN
Shear = 80 kN
F
457 x 191 x 89 UB

t = 20mm
bleed holes

Concrete grade 20
/
Length of holding down bolts
8 will depend on type used
o e.g. expansion bolt or bolt
set in clearance holes which
are grouted (using mortar or
epoxy)

a / Bolt edge distance is

satisfied (Cl. 6.2)

Figure 42 Baseplatedetails

A simple slab baseplatewill be used, weldedto the column.

To comply with current safety requirements it is necessary to provide four bolts to ensure
stabilityof the columnsduring erection. These4 bolts can be positioned closely together, as
shown in Figure 42. Keeping the bolts close to the axis of the column will ensure that any
moment restraint effect will be kept to a minimum.

70
Loading (Fable 2) Unfactored loads (kN)

Maximum vertical dead load = 33

Minimum vertical imposed load = 55

Maximum wind uplift = 55

Shear in conjunction with the loads (computer analysis)

Dead =19
Imposed = 32

Wind, with max uplift = 26

Vertical design loads

Due to dead + imposed = (1.4 x 33) + (1.6 x 55) = 135

Due to dead + wind = (1.0 x 33) - (1.4 x 55) = -44 uplift

Shear design loads due to dead and imposed = (1.4 x 19) + (1.6 x 33) = 80

Shear design loads due to dead and wind = (1.4 x 19) + (1.4 x 26) = 63

10.8.1 Baseplate
Only thedesignof the main frame baseplate and plate are detailed within this text. These
being designed to resist vertical load and shear only.

For the gable post bases referenceshould be made to Reference 21, Steelwork Design Guide
to BS 5950: Part I . 1990 Volume 2 "Worked Examples". This details the baseplate design
for shear, vertical load and moment.

Assumeconcreteto base to have a 28 day cube crushing strength

= 270 N/mm2 (Clause4.13.2.2(1)). (f)
of 20 N/mm2. Use an
allowable bearing stress of 0.4f.

135x
Hence area required = __________
0.4 x 20

Minimum size = 16,875 mm2

This is impracticable for the size of column.

Try a baseplate600 x 400 mm, area 240,000 mm2.

X 10
Hence actual baseplate pressure = 135 = 0.57 N/mm2
600 x 400

71
Due to a concentric force the minimum baseplate thickness (Clause4.l3.2.2W)

t = .w (a
0.3b2)
pyp

In this case a = (400 - 192)/2 = 104 b = (600 - 463.6)12 = 68 mm

t = x 0.57(1042 0.3 x = 7.1mm

682)]
This is again impracticable. Match the base plate, approximately to the flange thickness
(T = 17.7 mm) i.e. use 20 mm base plate. (Clause4.13.2.2').

Baseplate 600x400x2Omm.

10.8.2 Holding down bolts

Thesebolts (4 No.) are to be designed to resist the tension due to uplift and accompanying
shear (Clause 6.3.6.3) and positioned to satisfy Table 3l'.
Assumebolts are M20 where tensile stress area = 245 mm2,Grade 4.6.

Shear capacity (Clause6.3.2).

=
= 160 N/mm2 (Table 32W).

(Reference 19, Bolt Capacities).

=4x 160 x 245 x i0 = 157 kN.

Tensile capacity(Clause6.3.6)

= pA1 = 4 x 195 x 245 x i0 = 197 kN.

Combined shear and tension (Clause 6.3.6.3).

F F
+ 1.4
PS P1

+ = 0.63 < 1.4

157 197

Hence use 4 No. M20 Grade 4.6 holdingdown bolts.

72
10.8.2 Welds (Reference 1, Clause 6.6)
It is likely that a fillet weld would be providedaround the full perimeterof the UB to avoid
the formationof corrosion pocketsbetween the column and base plate. Weld strength
= 215 N/mm2 (Table 36'). It is suggested that for practical purposesthe weld should be
at least 6 mm leg length.

Total perimeter is approximately (2 xd) + (4x 7) = (2 x407.9) + (4X 192) = 1584 mm.

The shear capacity of say a 6 mm fillet weld is 0.7 x 6 x 215 x i0 = 0.903 kN/mm.
(SeeReference19).

Hence shear strengthof weld

= 0.903 x 1584 = 1430 kN

which is far in excess of any forces to be transmitted.

Generally it is recommended, web weld 0.5t and flange weld 0.5T.

However, it should be noted the cross-sectional area (and therefore relevant cost) of welds is
proportional to the square of the leg length.

Hence use 6 mm f.w. for web and 8mm f.w. for flange.

10.9 Foundation
The foundationhas to be capable of transmitting the vertical and horizontal loads to the
supportingsoil and to resist uplift (Figure 43).

Maximum vertical load = 135 kN

and uplift = 44 kN (both factored)

135 kN

52 kN

450 55O
900
1500 1500
7/
Figure 43 Mass concrete foundation

73
To prevent uplift isolated foundation pad needs to weigh at least 44 kN. Using a concrete
weightof 24 kN/m2 then volume of concrete = 1.84 m3. A base 0.9 m thick and 1.5 m
square will be adequate.

This size needs checking against magnitude and distribution of ground pressure under
serviceability load conditions.

Vertical service load = (33 + 55 + self weight) = 137 kN

Horizontalservice load = 52 kN

Taking moments about a bottom corner of the foundation, positionof resultant vertical load is
at (137 x 0.75 - 52 x 0.9)/137 = 0.408 m, hence eccentricity = 1.5/2 0.408
= 0.342 m.

As this falls outsidethe middle third the linear distribution of ground pressure is triangularon
a base of (3 x 0.408) = 1.224 m.

Maximum ground pressure =

2 x 137 = 149 kN/m2 for which the soil must be
1.224 x 1.5
adequate to sustain.

Factor of safety against overturning:

Overturningmoment = 52 x 0.9 = 46.8 kNm

Restoringmoment = 137 x 0.75 = 102.8 kNm

Hence factor of safety againstoverturning

= 102.8 .
= 2.2 which .
is satisfactory.
46 8

A check should be also required for the factor of safety against sliding.

Use foundation 1.5 m square x 0.9 m deep. Grade 20 concrete.

74
11. ALTERNATIVE FRAME ANALYSIS
As indicatedin Section9.8 two alternative systemswere to be considered for the frame
analysis:

(a) assuming base is pinned and all joints of the latticedtruss are pinned (Frame Type 1).

(b) assuming base is pinned and all joints of the latticed frame are rigid (Frame Type 2).

Two membersof the top chord are checked for these two frame systems.

Frame Type 1 was used for the design in Section 10.

MEMBER 6

FRAME TYPE
Load Type Number I Number 2
Max. axial load (kN) Max. axial load (kN) Max. BM (kNm)
Dead 65 (1') 64 (T) 0.70
Imposed 107 (1') 107 (T) 1.16
Wind 108 (C) 107 (C) 1.15

It is noted the ("rounded off") axial loads are identical for this member, Frame Type No. 2
includesa small bendingmoment. Considerthe effects of this bendingmoment.

Design tensile load (dead + imposed) = (1.4 x 64) + (1.6 x 107)

= 261 kN(T)

Design bendingmoment (dead + imposed) = (1.4 x 0.70) + (1.6 x 1.16)

= 2.84 kNm

Design compression load (dead + wind) = (1.0 x 64) - (1.4 x 107)

= -86 kN(C)
Design bendingmoment = (1.0 x 0.70) + (1.4 x 1.16)
= 2.32 kNm.

75
MEMBER 13

FRAME TYPE
Load Type Number I Number 2
Max. axial load (kN) Max. axial load (kN) Max. BM (kNm)
Dead 99 (C) 99 (C) 0.35
Imposed 164 (C) 164 (C) 0.58
Wind 159 (T) 159 (T) 1.55

Design compressive load = (1.4 X 99) + (1.6 X 164) = 401 kN

Design bendingmoment = (1.4 x 0.35) + (1.6 X 0.58) = 1.42 kNm

Comparingthe forces and moments of the two members a check is made on the compressive
capacityof Member 13 and then on the tensile capacityof Member 6.
Check Member 13, 120 x80 x5 RHS, for axial compression and moments, considering local
capacity and overall buckling. (Clause 4.8.3').
Local CapacityCheck

The clause indicates the use, for plastic sections,of the relationship:

M
Mrx

where Mrx is the reduced moment capacity in the presenceof axial loads obtained from
published tables. These values are not generally available for RHS hence use is made of:

F M
____ + _..L whereF = 401 kN MX = 1.42 kNm
AgPy M
is obtained from Clause 4.2.5 i.e. M, = S but 1.2 pZ where S = 75.4 cm3
Z = 61.7 cm3. However 5,7 = 1.21 i.e. > 1.2.

From footnoteto Clause 4.2.5 it is noted that the value 1.2 is replaced by Factored
Load/Unfactored Load ratio = say 1.4.

i.e. = 275 x 75.4 x i0 = 20.7 kNm

or = 1.4 x 275 x 61.7 x
= 20.7 kNm (See Reference
i0 = 23.8 kNm
i.e. Use 19).

Hence in the interactionequation

401 X 10 + = 0.77 + 0.07 = 0.84 < 1

18.9 x 275 20.7

Local capacity is satisfied(notice the effect of the moment is relatively small).

76
Overall bucklingcheck (Clause4.8.3.3W).

Simplified approach

F +mMx1
AgPc Mb

In considering the bucklingresistancemoment Mb reference is made to Appendix

The footnoteindicatesthat if X = Le/ry < co (for DIB takenas 1) then lateral torsional
bucklingneed not be checked.

PbPy andMb=SXpY=20.7kNm
Hence, p = 476 kN (as in Section 10.1).
In the interaction equation assume m = 1.0. Clearly for secondary moment design 'm' will
be less than unity and a value from Table 18' could be used with advantage.

401 + = 0.842+0.069
= 0.911 < 1

Satisfactory. Again the effect of the moment is small.

Check Member 6 for the axial tensile load and moments (Clause 4.8.2).

F + M
_____ where F = 263 kN, MX = 2.84 kNm.
AePY M
263 x 10 + = 0.51 + 0.14
18.9 x 275 20.7
= 0.64 < 1

This is satisfactory.

Similar checks can be madeon other members of the framework.

It is apparent that the basic assumption to use pinned joints in the analysisand rigidjoints in
the built structure for the latticetruss is justified. The use of pinned joints for the analysis
and design process leads to a simpler and therefore quicker solution to the problem. It is of
note that relative to the slenderness limitation of 50 stipulated in Clause 10(1) that members55
and 72 are significantly below that value. It is suggested that the reader checks these
membersfor the secondary stress effects.

77
12. JOINT DESIGN
A usefulguidefor the arrangements of connections is the British Steel/CIDECT Publication
Construction with HollowSteel Sections22.

A check is made of joint 8 (Figure 44) following the method given in design example No 3
(p 52) in TD 338'.

Member 6 Member 7

172 kN kN

80mm

15
80 x 40 x 3 RHS

104 Member 23 Member 24

A
Figure 44 Joint 8 (K gap)
Member Dead Imposed Total (Factored)
6 65kNcI') 107 kN (T) 262 kN (T)
7 22 kN (T) 36 kN (T) 88 kN (1')
23 39 kN (C) 65 kN (C) 159 kN (C)
24 3lkN(T) 51 kN (T) 125 kN (1')

This is a K-Gap Joint with RHS Chordsand bracings,andb0 > h0 hence refer to Table 11 of
Reference 13.

12.1 Application limit check list

-i
80 = 0.67 ) i.e. all satisfactory

H1
b1 = =0.5 ) 0.5
h2

60
=0.67 ) 2.0
b2

Bracing angles O = 02 = 52.3 90, 30.

b0 120 =
24.0 35
to 5

78
 to
=- 5
= 1635

b1 = = 0.67 0.35
120

b2 = = 0.50.35
b0 120

= = 0.33 < 0.35

b0 120

Hencethis criteria is not satisfiedusing a gap joint.

Note: The 90x50x3.6RHS suggestedas an alternative in Section 10.4 would satisfy the
criteria for a gapjoint.

For the 80x40x5 RHS try an overlap K joint, Table 13(13) (Figure 45) where:

0.55 h0 e 0.25 h0.

Member 6 Member 7

172 kN 58kN

0mm

80 x 40 x 5 RH x 40 x 3 RHS
mber 23
104 kN 82 kN

4
Figure 45 Joint 8 (overlap)

As above

h
0.5 _, h1 h2
, 2.0
b0 b1 b2

Bracing angles 900 02 30.

b1 = 80 = 0.67 0.25
b0 120

79
b2 = 60 = 0.5 0.25

= h= 40 = 0.33 0.25

Chord

h0 = 80 = 1640

b0 120 = 2440

RHS bracing in compression (p = 275) (E = 205 kN/mm2)

b1 = 80 = 16 30 where 30 = 1.1 /E/p1

RHS bracing in tension

b2 = 60 = 1635

All limits are satisfied.

Use of tabulated allowable loads

Pyo
= Pyi = Py2 (i.e. chords and bracingshave same design strength).

b1 80
BracingsO.8< = 133> 125

Henceuse followingequation:

Allow 30 mm actual overlap.

Actual overlap sin 0

Then percentageoverlap = <
Chord h

= 30 sin 52.3 x
________ 100 = 59%
40

Hence overlap 50 < 59 > 80%

80
Therefore the allowable joint capacity is given by:

1 + sin(0 + 0,)
N = ti (2h1

4t1 + be +
pyj be(ov)) 2 sin (0 + 02)

= inn p .t .
where b . b
b01t0 p,1 .

and

10.0 Pyj.tj
jj

OV
h/t ,
Pyi I
I

Note - suffix 'ov' refers to overlapped member

Therefore be = 10 x 80 x 275 x 5 x 5 = 333

120x275x5

10x275x5x80x5
50
be(ov) 80 x 275 x 5

N1
= 275x5 [2x40)-4 x 5)+33.3+50)] x [(1+sin 104.6)1(2 sinlO4.6)J x i0
N1 =200kN.
Since N1 = 200 kN > bracing compression load (104 kN) the joint is satisfactory.
The reader should carry out checks on otherjoints, as considered necessary. It is feasiblethat
bottomboom joints might not be satisfactory. These calculations have indicated the effect of
the member size and orientation.

12.2 Joint welds

Designof welds to latticegirder is carried Out using limit state design and Reference 15, SHS
Welding.

Note: use is made of an Amendment to Reference 15 - Revised Text for Pages 26 and 27.

The minimum fillet weld throat size is taken as the larger value of:

a = Applied factored load

(i)
pw xs
or

(ii) a = ffl) X f(w) x t

81
Where:

pw = weld design strength (Table on page 24') and equals 215 N/mm2 for Grade 43
steel.

s = intersection length (Table 2B'5).

t = thickness of branch member andf(7) is a functionequal to the higher value of:-

Actual applied factored load

Member tension capacity

or

Actual applied factored load

Joint capacity

The functionf(w) is the ratio of material strength to weld strength.

For Grade 43 steel:

f(w) = 275/215 = 1.28.

Design of weld for member 23.

This is a single 'T' joint, at 52.3.

When the fusion faces at the toe of the branch member is, at 127.7, greater than 1200 it is
necessary to prepare and makethe bracing toe connection as a butt weld, as shown in
Figure 46.

/.

/'\ = 30to6O

Figure 46 Preparation ofbracing member

Bracing memberis a 80x40x5 RHS carrying a factored load of 159 kN (Section 10.3.2).

The factored tensioncapacityof the brace = AePy 10.9 x 275 x 10 = 300 kN.
The chord is a 120x80x5 RHS with an unfactored joint capacity (Section 12.1) of 200 kN.
Assumea load factor of 1.5 then design joint capacity = 200 x 1.5 = 300 kN.

Total intersection length for 52.3 angle, s = 283mm. (Table 2B)5, b1 = 80 mm.

82
Hence:

a= 159 x 10 = 2.6 mm
(1)
215 x 282
or

(ii) a = f(7) X f(w) x t

f(7) = 159/300 = 0.53

or

f(l) = 159/300 = 0.53

Hence usef(1) = 0.53

Thus a = 0.53 x 1.28 x 5 = 3.4 mm.

Therefore the minimum throat size = 3.4 > 2.6 mm.
Hencethe minimum leg length = 3.4/0.7 = 4.9 mm.

Use a 5 mm fillet weld.

83
13. FINAL FRAME LAYOUT

Layout of the building steelwork is shown in Figures 47 to 50.

Finally a check must be made of the self weight of the girder, as estimated against actual.
The designer may need to decide whethera new analysisis required.

4-.

E
E

a,

I U
4-.
0.
0
I
U) In
x (I)
Eo
gco Em
U, .Q X
a.O ox
o c'1
)< I-'-- (0
0(0 x 1
'C
0
I C
C.,'
In
CD
U) w
4-. e0;
'C CO
c'l IC)
0C'IN 'C
OC .C
0 0
x <a,
V
C.-
o DC
'4-

b o
o
w
C .0 C U)
a,
U)
C
'C 0 0)
0) V U)
0 1 0 'C
'C I-
04- 0)
U)
x 0
'C
q)
(I)

U) ci'
> a, 0
V N
C wgL'wgL W 9.
U,

U.
W 8 0,
U-

84
 rF' 7
Om

3O'x 165 x UB
/ . gable column
-7
0 114.3x 5 CHS
CO
Wind girder in plane
/
/
J-I
of top chord
0 457 x 191 x 89 UB
CD Column
Lattice roof truss
/ .4

0
(0

/ 142x54x49x 1.8
0 Z side rail
CD
E /
co /
0
CO

/
0
CO

\
0 18 lines of 202 x 65 x 60 x 1.8
CD Z purlins at 1.85 m c/c
/
0
CD
Wind girder in plane
/ / of top chord

Figure 48 P/an ofroof stee/work

85
 Anti-sag bars 142 x 54x 49 xl. 8
___ side rail
I,7, I
N 7,
N T
\
.N.
I I
N I

457 x 191 x 89 UB
Main column
114.3 x 5 CHS
Wind brace
/

203 x 102 x 23 UB
gable rafter
139.7 x 5
bracing
202 x 60 x 60 x 1.6
457 x 191 x 89 rail
UB column

305 x 165 x 40
gable column nti-sag bars
gable brace

Figure 49 End elevation; general arrangementof steelwork

REFERENCES
1. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION
BS 5950: Structuraluse of steelwork in building
Part 1: Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction: hot
rolled sections
BSI, 1990

2. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION

BS 5950: The structural use of steelwork in building
Part 5: Code of practice for design of cold formed sections
BSI, 1987

3. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION

BS 5502: Buildingand structures for agriculture
Various parts

4. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION

BS 6399: Loadingfor buildings
Part 1: Code of practice for dead and imposed loads
BSI, 1984

5. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION

BS 6399: Loadingfor buildings
Part 3: Code of practice for imposed roofloads
BSI, 1988

6. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION

CP3: Chapter V: Loading
Part 2: Wind loads (This willbe supersededby BS 6399: Part 2)
BSI, 1972

7. BUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT

The designer's guideto wind loading ofbuildingstructures
Part 1; Butterworths, 1985
Part 2; Butterworths, 1990

8. THE BRITISH CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK ASSOCIATION / SC!

National steelwork specification for buildingconstruction (2nd Edition)
BCSA/SCI, 1991

9. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION

Handbook 22: Quality assurance
BSI, 1990

10. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION

BS 5750: Quallty systems
Parts 0 to 3
BSI, 1987

11. BRITISH STEEL STRIP PRODUCTS

Roofing and cladding in steel - Productselector
BS Strip Products, 1987

87
12. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION
BS 4360: Specificationfor weldable structural steels
BSI, 1990

13. BRITISH STEEL TECHNICAL MANUAL

TD 338/5E/91R Design of SHS welded joints
BS Welded Tubes, 1991

14. BRITISH STEEL TECHNICALMANUAL

TD 325/1OE/89 Jointing
BS Welded Tubes, 1989

15. BRITISH STEEL TECHNICALMANUAL

TD 328/10/90 Welding
BS Welded Tubes, 1990

16. THE STEEL CONSTRUCTION INSTITUTE

A check list for designers
SC!, 1987

17. YEOMANS, N.
New developments in the use of structural hollow sections
SCllBritish Steel Conference, December 1989

18. METAL SECTIONS LIMITED

Zed purlins technical manual to BS 5950: Part5
Metsec, 1988

19. THE STEEL CONSTRUCTION INSTITUTE

Steelwork design guide to BS 5950: Part 1: 1990
Volume 1: Section propertiesand member capacities
SCI, 1992

20. THE STEEL CONSTRUCTION INSTITUTE

Steetwork design guide to BS 5950
Volume4: Essential design data for designers
SC!, 1991

21. THE STEEL CONSTRUCTION INSTITUTE

Steelwork design guide to BS 5950: Part 1: 1990 (Revised Edition)
Volume 2: Worked examples
SCI, 1991

22. BRITISH STEEL GENERAL STEELS WELDED TUBES

In conjunction with CIDECT
Construction with hollow steel sections
First edition 1984

88
BIBLIOGRAPHY
In additionto the publications listed in the text, referencehas been made to catalogues
producedby:

METAL SECTIONS LIMITED

Buildingproducts
Birmingham Road, Oldbury
Warley
West Midlands B69 4HE

SPACE DECKS LIMiTED

Chard
Somerset TA2O 2AA

Reference has also been made to:

BRITISH STEELTECHNICALMANUAL
TD 16716E192Hot finished structural hollow sections; sizes, propertiesand technical data
BS Welded Tubes, 1992

89
RECENT SCI PUBLICATIONS:

P062 Steel Designers' Manual - 5th Edition

Sc, & Blackwell Scientific PublicationsLtd
P079 Steel Construction Yearbook- 1993
/
Thomas Telford Directories SC!

P083 Design of Composite Trusses

/
Skidmore 0wings Merrill SC!

P101 Curtain Wall Connections to Steel Frames - Interfaces

A G Ogden

P114 Steelwork Design Guide to Eurocode 3: Part 1.1 -

Introducing Eurocode 3
J C Taylor, N R Baddoo, A W Morrow & C Gibbons
P118 Design of Stub Girders
R M Lawson & R McConnel

P119 Design of Stainless Steel Fixings and Ancillary Components

N R Baddoo
P120 Technical Report - Slim Floor Construction using Deep Decking
0 L Mu/lett & A M Lawson
P123 Concise Guide to the Structural Design of Stainless Steel
B A Burgan

P124 Technical Report - The Fire Resistance of Web-Infilled Steel Columns

G M Newman

P205 Joints in Simple Construction Volume 1: Design Methods (2nd Edition)

SC! & BCSA

P206 Joints in Simple Construction Volume 2: Practical Applications

BCSA & SC!

For further information please contact:

The Publications Department, The Steel Construction Institute, Silwood Park,
Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7QN. Telephone: 0344 23345 Fax: 0344 22944

cto
Typeset and page make-up by The Steel Construction Institute, Ascot, Berks.
Printed and boundby Burgess SciencePress, Basmgstoke, Hampshire.
1500/3-1993

o&.