- , 14

14. - -

, (pH,
, ),
. 3
,
.
,
.

1.
( 14.1)
, ,
(Adcock, 1998). ,
, .

14.1 .

1
 - , 14

.
,
, ,
.
1. =25C, 15g/m3;
, 2
60%
70% RH, , . 63% ( 14.2).

14.2 (1 2) .

2. =25, 63%;
, 25C
63% ( ,
) (. )
15g/m3 ( 14.2).
3. 20C, 30%
( ). ;
, 20C 30% RH 5g/m3.
,
. 17,5g/m3 ,
100%. . ,
. , , (
). 100% 17,5g/m3,
.

2
 - , 14

4. , 30C 15g/m3.
; ,
10C; ;
;

14.3 (4) .

30C 15g/m3, 47% (

14.3). ,
( ). 17C
( ), 100%, 15g/m3.
,
, 100%.
10C, 9g/m3,
100%. ( ) 17C
6 (15-9) .
14.1.

14.1 4.

3
 - , 14

2.
2.1. , , pH
+ ( ):
HCl H+ + Cl-
COOH, H + ,
:
CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO-
- ():
Ca(OH)2 Ca2+ + 2OH-
, +
- .
, :
Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + 22O
pH : pH
+ . ,
, , .
( )
. pH + .
, 1
( ) 14 ( ) ( 14.4). pH 7 , pH
7 . , pH
1, ( ) pH 14.
pH , pH 4
10 pH 5, 10
pH 6 ... ( pH 4 100 pH 6).
, pH 9 10 pH 8.

14.4 pH.

, ,
. ,
pH (7) (8 ).
, pH ,
7 () , (6 ).
pH ,
pH 100 ml 2 gr (ISO 6588, 1981),
. pH
pH . pH .

4
 - , 14

2.2.
,
. .
1, 2, 3 4.
1 , 2, 3 4. .

, .
, , .
, .

, ,
, .
, , ,
.

,
.
.

.
, .
,

.
( ), , ,
, .

5
 - , 14

3.
3.1.
,
.
,
.
:


,
,
pH
(
, , ..)
,



.
,
.

,
.
.

. ,
,
.
. ,

(Zervos, 2010).

3.2.

3.2.1.
.
.
, (Roberts, 1996).
,
. , ,
. ,
,
.
,
( ) (Roberts, 1996). (newsprint)
( ,
) (Roberts, 1996).
,
(Roberts, 1996).
.

6
 - , 14

. ,
. .
,
( ) .
, .
, . ,
,
().
, (Zou et al., 1993).

3.2.2.
,
. , ,
(Klemm et al., 1998).
( 14.5, . 1.14
1.16, . 1, 5.1.1).
, ,
.
:
(Zervos,
2010). , ,
, ().
1 (Klemm et al., 1998).
( ) ,
(Daniel et al., 1990; Havermans, 1995).
( ) (Valentin et al., 1998).

14.5 .
.
( )
( ).

3.2.3.
, .

. ,
( ) ( )
(Zervos, 2010). ,
.
.
(DP, Degree of Polymerization) (Klemm et al.,
1998). ,
. , , .

. , ,

1
: , .

7
 - , 14

, . . 1, 5.5.1,
DPo t DPt % %
t, ( 1):

% ,
(. 1, 5.5.1) ( 2):

% .
,
, .
(folding endurance).

(Fellers et al., 1989):
= FE = log [ ]
15 mm
10 cm (ISO 5626) (. . 1, 5.4).
( ) (Shahani, 1995;
Zervos, 2007) (Barrow &
Sproull, 1959). ,
(Gray, 1969; Roberson, 1981).
,
.
,
. .
80C 65%
. ,
.
.
,
. 60
. 10 10 5 ,
10 10 ..., 25 .
.
2 ( 14.2):

14.2 .

( 14.6).

2
FE = log [ ]. .. 1000 (
) FE = log(1000) = 3. ,
,
,
.

8
 - , 14

,
, . FE
.
( ), . ,
, ( 3):

FE . ,
:

. 2 .
3.

14.6 .

,
%,
. (.. 5 )
(DPt), %
( 1). %, (. ),
0 ,
. 14.7
%, 3 %,
0.02 % .

3
, ,
,
.

9
 - , 14

14.7 (%),
.

,
. ,
,
. , ,
(Roberson, 1981; Feller et al., 1986; Zou et al., 1996).

3.3.
.

; , :
.
, .
(Wilson et al., 1955; Wilson & Parks, 1980)
(Shahani et al., 2001; Zervos et al., 2014), ,
, .
(Browning & Wink, 1968; Gray, 1969, 1977; Zou et al., 1996; Zervos, 2010)
Arrhenius:

(1)
k = , = , = , R =
T = Kelvin4.
Arrhenius ,
.
. ,

. ,
(Zou et al.,

4
R 8,314 J/K.mol.
() : ( ) = ( ) + 273.

10
 - , 14

1996). Arrhenius
k
. ,
, .
, .
, % ,
, (Zou et al., 1996).
,
,
.
,
Arrhenius .
(Strofer-Hua,
1990; Shahani, 1995; Zervos, 2010),
.
, , k ,
.
,
.
. , 1 1a, .
() 5:

1a :

y = a . x + , a
14.8, . ' , 1a
14.8, . y = a . x + y ( 1a
lnA) 6:

, (1a) :

lnk 1/T,
14.8, lnA
y Ea/R ( a, R ) .

5
:
ln(a . b) = lna + lnb ln(ex) = x
6
(. ) .
, . = /.

11
 - , 14

Arrhenius. ,
lnk
1/T.

14.8 : y = ax +. : 1a.

3.2.3 , %
. ,
. ,
(Strofer-Hua, 1990; Zervos, 2010).
100C,
, 50C,
.
.
, ,
. ,
(lnk) (1/T)
lnk 1/T. lnA a
( ) ( 14.9). ,
.
, (Zou et al., 1996).
, lnA , 1a
lnk k . 20C
80C, 80C 20C ( 14.9).
80C
,
20C.
.
, Zou et al.
(1996). , a
(Strofer-Hua, 1990).
, .. 50 ,
50 100 100 (Wilson & Parks, 1983; Shahani et al., 2001).
,
,
.
, 4
(ISO), ISO 5630-3
(1996). 80C 65% RH
. (
)
.

12
 - , 14

,
.
, .. ,
.
Arrhenius, (Wilson & Parks,
1980; Wilson & Parks, 1983).

14.9 Arrhenius ( 1a).

5 60C, 70C, 80C, 90C 100C.
3.2.3
(FE ) (%).

3.4.
3.4.1.
,
, 11.1
(Graminski et al., 1979; Wilson, 1995).
Ea 20 kcal,
6,3C. ,
. ,
. 20C 50%
1
.
11.1 10
25%, 20C 50% 30C 75%,
. , 400
20C 50% RH, 100 30C 75% RH.
, ,

13
 - , 14

7.
35-40%, (Den Teuling, 1996). ,
. ;
, .
.
,
10 .
35C,
25C. ,
8.
24 24 , .
,
, .
,
.
. . ,
, .
. , ,
.

(Stehkamper, 1988).
( 2C 5% RH), .

- ,
(2-3C)
.
.
,
.
( 55-
60% RH 20-23C) . ,
, , .
.
.
,
30-50% ( 5% RH), ,
21C, 17C 2C (Wilson, 1995;
Australian Standard AS 4390, 1996; Ogden, 1999; BSI [British Standards Institution] BS 5454, 2000; ISO
11799, 2003; BSI [British Standards Institution] PD 5454, 2012; State Records Authority of New South
Wales, 2012) (. . 11, 1.2).

3.4.2.
, 15
18 ,
, 19 ,

7
.
.
8
, 15C
, ,
, .

.

14
 - , 14

,
10 . Barrow (Barrow & Sproull, 1959; Roberson, 1981)

.
.
:
.
,
. pH (
), (Zou et al., 1996).
Barrow , .
, ,
.
,
. ,
.
, ,
,
(. . 8, 5.1) (Lienardy & Van Damme, 1990; Lienardy, 1991, 1994; Cedzov et
al., 2006; Baty et al., 2010; Zervos, 2010).

(Hey, 1979; Lienardy & Van Damme, 1990).
, .
: ,
.
, pH ,
,
. , "
", (Lienardy, 1994; Begin et al., 1999;
Zervos & Moropoulou, 2006).
. ,
. .
. .

3.4.3.
,
, .
1970 . , 18

, .
(Gurnagul et al., 1993).
,
(Crouse & Wimer, 1991).
(filler) (Crouse & Wimer, 1991; Gurnagul et al., 1993;
Roberts, 1996; ANSI/NISO Z39.48, R1997). .
, . ,
.

. , , ,
,
. ,
(pH 7,5 10).

15
 - , 14

(ISO) : ISO 9706 (1994)

9. .

. ISO 11108 (1996) ,
),
.

3.4.4. pH
, ,
( ),
(Gurnagul et al., 1993; Klemm et al., 1998). pH,
.
pH , (Wilson et al., 1955).

, (Havermans, 1999). ,
.
(Bulow et al., 2000).

, , .

(Shahani, 1995; Zervos & Moropoulou, 2005).
, , ,
, .
, , .
. ,
(alkaline reserve/buffer),
. ,
, (Begin et al., 1999)
. ,
, (Hofenk de Graaff
et al., 1996). ,
.

3.4.5.
,
,
, :
( ), ,
.. (. . 8).
.
. .
, ,
, (Aubier et al., 1996).
, ,
.
,
.

9
, ,
. ,
. ,
.

16
 - , 14

(. . 7, 4).
, .

.
(, 2000;
Moropoulou et al., 2001; , 2004; Zervos, 2007).

3.5.

,
.
.

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ANSI/NISO Z39.48. (R1997). Permanence of paper for publications and documents in libraries and archives.
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, . (2000).
/
( ) , .
: .
, . (2004).
. : .

19